******************************************************************************** *********** IS THE WORLD HERITAGE JUST A TITLE FOR TOURISM? ******************** ******************************************************************************** **** This do file, using the data titled "world_heritage_china.dta", replicates **** major figures and tables in the article of "Is the world heritage just a **** title for tourism?" **** To use this data, please cite this data as: **** Gao, Yanyan and Su, Wei, "Is the World Heritage just a title for tourism?" **** Annals of Tourism Research, 2019, forthcoming. use world_heritage_china.dta, clear ******************************************************************************** ************ FIGURE 1: Trends of WH sites and cities having WH sites ******************************************************************************** by year, sort: egen s_wh=sum(no_wh) tab year, sum(s_wh) lab var s_wh "Number of prefectures having WH" gen td_wh=1 if no_wh>0 replace td_wh=0 if td_wh==. lab var td_wh "a time-varying dummy variable on having WH site" by year, sort: egen s_city_wh=sum(td_wh) lab var s_city_wh "Number of cities having WHs" xtset city_cod year tsline sum_whs if tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==99, yaxis(1) || tsline s_city_wh if /// tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==228, ttitle("Year") /// yaxis(2) /// saving(no_tour) /***Fig.1***/ ******************************************************************************** *************FIGURE AND TABLES in SECTION 4: EMPIRICAL STRATEGY ******************************************************************************** *** Figure 3: Trends of tourism outcomes by cities having and not having WH sites by year, sort: egen m_wh=mean(no_wh) tab year, sum(m_wh) by year, sort: egen m_ltinc=mean(ltour_inc) by year, sort: egen m_ltno=mean(ltour_no) by year hav_wh, sort: egen m_ltour_inc=mean(ltour_inc) br city_cod year hav_wh xtset city_cod year tsline m_ltour_inc if tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==99 || tsline m_ltour_inc if /// tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==228, ttitle("Year") /// ytitle("Ln(domestic tourism revenue)") title("(1)") /// saving(tour_inc2) /****Fig.3.1****/ by year hav_wh, sort: egen m_ltour_no=mean(ltour_no) tsline m_ltour_no if tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==99 || tsline m_ltour_no /// if tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==228, ttitle("Year" ) /// ytitle("Ln(domestic tourist arrivals)") title("(2)") /// saving(tour_no2) /***Fig.3.2***/ by year hav_wh, sort: egen m_lfor_inc=mean(lfor_tinc) tsline m_lfor_inc if tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==99 || tsline m_lfor_inc /// if tin(2000,2015)&city_cod==228, ttitle("Year" ) /// ytitle("Ln(foreign tourism revenue)") title("(3)") /// saving(fort_inc2) /***Fig.3.3***/ twoway scatter ltour_inc no_wh || lfit ltour_inc no_wh, /// ttitle("The number of World Heritages") /// ytitle("Ln(domestic tourism revenue)") /// title("(4)") saving(two_way) /***Fig.3.4***/ graph combine tour_inc2.gph tour_no2.gph fort_inc2.gph two_way.gph, c(2) /***Fig.3***/ by city_cod, sort: egen s_c_wh=sum(td_wh) tab s_c_wh gen all_tim_wh=1 if s_c_wh==16 replace all_tim_wh=0 if all_tim_wh==. lab var all_tim_wh "a dummy on cities having at least one WH site in all years" gen ltinc_pa=ln(1+tra_inc/tra_no) lab var ltinc_pa "Ln(1+domestic tourism revenue per arrival)" *** Table 1: Summary Statistics sum ltour_inc ltour_no lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc ttable2 ltour_inc ltour_no lfor_tinc no_wh a_tour2 lgdppc lpop_den /// lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc , by(hav_wh) /***Table 1***/ *** Table 2: Parallel trends test xtset city_cod year gen f1_nwh=f1.no_wh br f1_nwh no_wh gen f1y_nwh=f1_nwh-no_wh gen f2_nwh=f2.no_wh gen f2y_nwh=f2_nwh-f1_nwh gen f3_nwh=f3.no_wh gen f3y_nwh=f3_nwh-f2_nwh gen f4_nwh=f4.no_wh gen f4y_nwh=f4_nwh-f3_nwh gen f5_nwh=f5.no_wh gen f5y_nwh=f5_nwh-f4_nwh br f* gen l1_nwh=l.no_wh br l1_nwh no_wh gen l0y_nwh=no_wh-l1_nwh gen l2_nwh=l2.no_wh gen l1y_nwh=l1_nwh-l2_nwh gen l3_nwh=l3.no_wh gen l2y_nwh=l2_nwh-l3_nwh gen l4_nwh=l4.no_wh gen l3y_nwh=l3_nwh-l4_nwh br l* xtset city_cod year xtreg ltour_inc f5y_nwh f4y_nwh f3y_nwh f2y_nwh f1y_nwh no_wh lgdppc /// lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store test1 xtreg ltour_no f5y_nwh f4y_nwh f3y_nwh f2y_nwh f1y_nwh no_wh lgdppc /// lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store test2 xtreg lfor_tinc f5y_nwh f4y_nwh f3y_nwh f2y_nwh f1y_nwh no_wh lgdppc /// lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store test3 xtreg ltour_inc f3y_nwh f2y_nwh f1y_nwh no_wh lgdppc /// lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store test4 xtreg ltour_no f3y_nwh f2y_nwh f1y_nwh no_wh lgdppc /// lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store test5 xtreg lfor_tinc f3y_nwh f2y_nwh f1y_nwh no_wh lgdppc /// lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store test6 outreg2 [test1 test2 test3 test4 test5 test6] using table1, dec(4) /// word see replace keep(f* no_wh) /***Table 2***/ ******************************************************************************** **********************TABLES in SECTION 5: RESULTS ******************************************************************************** *** 5.1. Baseline results xtset city_cod year xtreg ltour_inc no_wh i.year, fe robust est store fe1 xtreg ltour_no no_wh i.year, re robust est store fe2 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh i.year, re robust est store fe3 xtreg ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe4 xtreg ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe5 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe6 outreg2 [fe1 fe2 fe3 fe4 fe5 fe6] using table1, word /// dec(4) see replace /***Table 3***/ *** 5.2. Robustness checks *** 5.2.1. Alternative DID specifications xtreg ltour_inc td_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe1 xtreg ltour_no td_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe2 xtreg lfor_tinc td_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe3 xtreg ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year if all_tim_wh==0, fe robust est store fe4 xtreg ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year if all_tim_wh==0, fe robust est store fe5 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year if all_tim_wh==0, fe robust est store fe6 outreg2 [fe1 fe2 fe3 fe4 fe5 fe6] using rob, word replace dec(4) /// see keep(td_wh no_wh) /***Table 4***/ *** 5.2.2. More controls xtreg ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 d_jc lfexppc lave_sal cpi_99 lfdipc a_tour2 i.year , fe robust est store fe1 xtreg ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 d_jc lfexppc lave_sal cpi_99 lfdipc a_tour2 i.year , fe robust est store fe2 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 d_jc lfexppc lave_sal cpi_99 lfdipc a_tour2 i.year , fe robust est store fe3 set matsize 800 set emptycells drop xtreg ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 d_jc lfexppc lave_sal i.year c.year##i.city_cod , fe robust est store fe4 xtreg ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 d_jc lfexppc lave_sal i.year c.year##i.city_cod, fe robust est store fe5 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 d_jc lfexppc lave_sal i.year c.year##i.city_cod, fe robust est store fe6 outreg2 [fe1 fe2 fe3 fe4 fe5 fe6] using rob, word replace /// dec(4) see keep(no_wh) /***Table 5***/ *** 5.2.3. Subsamples *** (1) Removing obs. from provincial capitals xtreg ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year /// if pro_cap==0&city!="北京市"&city!="上海市"&city!="重庆市"&city!="天津市", fe robust est store fe1 xtreg ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year /// if pro_cap==0&city!="北京市"&city!="上海市"&city!="重庆市"&city!="天津市", fe robust est store fe2 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year /// if pro_cap==0&city!="北京市"&city!="上海市"&city!="重庆市"&city!="天津市", fe robust est store fe3 *** (2) Removing WH sites that involve many cities *** Other cities sharing world heritage but not excluded here: *三江并流保护区 city!="丽江市"&city!="迪庆藏族自治州"&city!="怒江傈僳族自治州" *panda &city!="成都市"&city!="雅安市"/// * &city!="阿坝藏族羌族自治州"&city!="甘孜藏族自治州" /// *Ming and Qing Tombs 皇家寝陵 &city!="荆门市"&city!="唐山市"&city!="保定市"&city!="南京市"/// * &city!="北京市"&city!="沈阳市"&city!="通化市"&city!="本溪市"/// *Fujian 土楼 &city!="龙岩市"&city!="漳州市" gen gw_city=0 if city!="秦皇岛市"&city!="唐山市"&city!="张家口市"&city!="承德市" /// &city!="北京市"&city!="大同市"&city!="吕梁市"&city!="阳泉市" /// &city!="长治市"&city!="晋城市"&city!="朔州市"&city!="忻州市" /// &city!="晋中市"&city!="榆林市"&city!="延安市"&city!="铜川市" /// &city!="渭南市"&city!="韩城市"&city!="嘉峪关市"&city!="酒泉市" /// &city!="张掖市"&city!="金昌市"&city!="武威市"&city!="白银市" /// &city!="兰州市"&city!="阿拉善盟"&city!="巴彦淖尔市"&city!="包头市" /// &city!="呼和浩特市"&city!="乌海市"&city!="鄂尔多斯市"&city!="赤峰市" /// &city!="呼伦贝尔市"&city!="兴安盟"&city!="通辽市"&city!="牡丹江市" /// &city!="哈尔滨市"&city!="通化市"&city!="长春市"&city!="四平市" /// &city!="延边朝鲜族自治州"&city!="锦州市"&city!="阜新市" /// &city!="盘锦市"&city!="鞍山市"&city!="辽阳市"&city!="沈阳市" /// &city!="铁岭市"&city!="抚顺市"&city!="本溪市"&city!="丹东市" /// &city!="济南市"&city!="泰安市"&city!="莱芜市"&city!="淄博市" /// &city!="潍坊市"&city!="临沂市"&city!="日照市"&city!="青岛市" /// &city!="南阳市"&city!="平顶山市"&city!="漯河市"&city!="许昌市" /// &city!="周口市"&city!="驻马店市"&city!="新乡市"&city!="郑州市" /// &city!="开封市"&city!="西宁市"&city!="中卫市"&city!="吴忠市" /// &city!="固原市"&city!="银川市"&city!="石嘴山市" replace gw_city=1 if gw_city==. lab var gw_city "cities related to the Great Wall world heritage" gen gc_city=0 if city!="北京市"&city!="天津市"&city!="沧州市" /// &city!="德州市"&city!="聊城市"&city!="济宁市"&city!="枣庄市" /// &city!="徐州市"&city!="淮安市"&city!="扬州市"&city!="镇江市" /// &city!="苏州市"&city!="湖州市"&city!="杭州市"&city!="嘉兴市" /// &city!="绍兴市"&city!="宁波市"&city!="无锡市"& /// city!="常州市"&city!="宿迁市"&city!="商丘市"&city!="郑州市"& /// city!="开封市"&city!="洛阳市"&city!="焦作市"&city!="新乡市"& /// city!="宿州市" replace gc_city=1 if gc_city==. lab var gc_city "cities related to the Grand Canal world heritage" gen sr_city=0 if city!="西安市" /// &city!="咸阳市"&city!="汉中市"&city!="洛阳市"&city!="三门峡市" /// &city!="天水市"&city!="临夏回族自治州"&city!="酒泉市"&city!="昌吉市" /// &city!="吐鲁番市"&city!="阿克苏地区" replace sr_city=1 if sr_city==. lab var sr_city "cities related to the Silk Road world heritage" gen ts_city=0 if city!="喀什地区"&city!="克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州"&city!="巴音郭楞蒙古自治州"&city!="吐鲁番市" /// &city!="哈密市"&city!="伊犁哈萨克自治州"&city!="博尔塔拉蒙古自治州"&city!="石河子市" /// &city!="昌吉回族自治州" replace ts_city=1 if ts_city==. lab var ts_city "cities related to Xinjiang Tianshan world heritage" gen dx_city=0 if city!="遵义市"&city!="三明市"&city!="邵阳市"&city!="韶关市" /// &city!="鹰潭市"&city!="衢州市" replace dx_city=1 if dx_city==. lab var dx_city "cities related to Danxia landshape world heritage" gen kst_city=0 if city!="昆明市"&city!="黔南布依族苗族自治州" /// &city!="重庆市"&city!="桂林市"&city!="黔东南苗族侗族自治州"&city!="河池市" replace kst_city=1 if kst_city==. lab var kst_city "cities related to Karst landshape world heritage" xtreg ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year /// if gw_city==0&gc_city==0&ts_city==0&dx_city==0&kst_city==0, fe robust est store fe4 xtreg ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year /// if gw_city==0&gc_city==0&ts_city==0&dx_city==0&kst_city==0, fe robust est store fe5 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year /// if gw_city==0&gc_city==0&ts_city==0&dx_city==0&kst_city==0, fe robust est store fe6 outreg2 [fe1 fe2 fe3 fe4 fe5 fe6] using rob, word replace /// dec(4) see keep(no_wh) /***Table 6***/ **** (3) Using other tourism outcomes xtreg l(0/1).ltour_inc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe1 xtreg l(0/1).ltour_no no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe2 xtreg l(0/1).lfor_tinc no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe3 xtreg lno_hot no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe4 xtreg ltinc_pa no_wh lgdppc lpop_den lfexppc lave_sal hsr2 d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe5 outreg2 [fe1 fe2 fe3 fe4 fe5] using rob, word replace /// dec(4) see keep(no_wh) /***Table 7***/ *** 5.3. Heterogeneity analysis *** 5.3.1. Spatial heterogeneity gen west_wh=west*no_wh /***Interaction of WH sites with western region***/ gen mid_wh=mid*no_wh /***Interaction of WH sites with central region***/ gen east_wh=east*no_wh /***Interaction of WH sites with eastern region***/ xtreg ltour_inc east_wh west_wh mid_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal /// d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe11 xtreg ltour_no east_wh west_wh mid_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal /// d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe2 xtreg lfor_tinc east_wh west_wh mid_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal /// d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe3 xtreg ltour_inc east_wh west_wh mid_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal /// d_jc i.year if gc_city==0, fe robust est store fe12 xtreg ltour_inc l0y_nwh l1y_nwh l2y_nwh l3_nwh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc /// lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe41 xtreg ltour_no l0y_nwh l1y_nwh l2y_nwh l3_nwh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc /// lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe5 xtreg lfor_tinc l0y_nwh l1y_nwh l2y_nwh l3_nwh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc /// lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe6 xtreg ltour_inc l0y_nwh l1y_nwh l2y_nwh l3_nwh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc /// lave_sal d_jc i.year if gc_city==0&gw_city==0, fe robust est store fe42 outreg2 [fe11 fe2 fe3 fe12 fe41 fe5 fe6 fe42] using rob, word replace dec(4) see /// keep(east_wh west_wh mid_wh l0y_nwh l1y_nwh l2y_nwh l3_nwh ) /****Table 8***/ *** 5.3.2. Heterogeneity in terms of importance of World Heritage measured by the number of criteria it has met xtset city_cod year gen int_no_crit=no_wh*no_crit /***Interaction of WH sites with the no. of selection criteria***/ xtreg ltour_inc no_wh int_no_crit lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe11 xtreg ltour_no no_wh int_no_crit lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe21 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh int_no_crit lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe31 *** 5.3.3. Heterogeneity in terms of world heritage types xtreg ltour_inc no_wch no_wnh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe71 xtreg ltour_no no_wch no_wnh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe8 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wch no_wnh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year, fe robust est store fe9 xtreg ltour_inc no_wch no_wnh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year /// if gw_city==0&gc_city==0, fe robust est store fe72 outreg2 [ fe11 fe21 fe31 fe71 fe8 fe9 fe72] using rob, word replace dec(4) see /// keep(no_wh int_no_crit no_wch no_wnh) /***Table 9***/ ******************************************************************************** ********************Results not reported in the paper ******************************************************************************** *** Results indicated but not reported in footnote 9 gen sh_wh=1 if gw_city==0&gc_city==0&ts_city==0&dx_city==0&kst_city==0 replace sh_wh=0 if sh_wh==. lab var sh_wh "a dummy variable indicating cities sharing a WH site with other cities" gen int_sh_wh=sh_wh*no_wh /***Interaction of WH sites with shared WH sites***/ xtreg ltour_inc no_wh int_sh_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe1 xtreg ltour_no no_wh int_sh_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe2 xtreg lfor_tinc no_wh int_sh_wh lgdppc lpop_den hsr2 lfexppc lave_sal d_jc i.year , fe robust est store fe3 outreg2 [fe1 fe2 fe3 ] using rob, word replace dec(4) see keep(no_wh int_sh_wh) ************************THE END LINE********************************************