@article{ ISI:000223012600002, Author = {He, XH and Turner, C and Chen, GQ and Lin, JT and McKeon, TA}, Title = {{Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase from castor bean}}, Journal = {{LIPIDS}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{39}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{311-318}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The oil from castor seed (Ricinus communis) contains 90\% ricinoleate, a hydroxy FA that is used in producing numerous industrial products. Castor diacylglycerol acyltransferase (RcDGAT) is a critical enzyme, as it catalyzes the terminal step in castor oil biosynthesis in which the products contain two or three ricinoleoyl moieties. We have isolated a cDNA encoding RcDGAT from developing castor seeds. Analysis of the sequence reveals that this cDNA encodes a protein of 521 amino acids with a molecular mass of 59.9 kDa. Although there are regions of high similarity to other plant DGAT coding sequences, there are sequences that distinguish it as well. Southern blot analysis suggests that the castor genome contains a single copy of RcDGAT. Analysis by reverse transcription-PCR reveals that the accumulation of the mRNA reaches its highest level at 19 d after pollination and declines thereafter. Expression of the full-length cDNA for RcDGAT in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, strain 1NVSc1 results in sevenfold higher DGAT activity compared with controls. When different molecular species of DAG were provided as substrates to the microsomal mixture, the RcDGAT showed a greater preference to catalyze the transfer of oleate from {[}C-14] oleoyl-CoA to diricinolein than to diolein and dipalmitolein. With the addition of 0.25 mM substrates, diricinolein gave 318 pmol/mg/min diricinoleoyloleoylglycerol (RRO), while diolein and dipalmitolein gave only about 195 pmol/mg/min of triolein (OOO) and 120 pmol/mg/min dipalmitoyleoylglycerol (PoPoO), respectively. This work will facilitate investigation of the role of RcDGAT in castor oil biosynthesis.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11745-004-1234-2}}, ISSN = {{0024-4201}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000223012600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000220087600021, Author = {Feldman, TS and Morris, WF and Wilson, WG}, Title = {{When can two plant species facilitate each other's pollination?}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{105}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{197-207}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Facilitation occurs when an increase in the density of one species causes an increase in the population growth rate or the density of a second species. In plants, ample evidence demonstrates that one species can facilitate another by ameliorating abiotic conditions, but the hypothesis that pollination facilitation - in which the presence of one flowering species increases pollinator visits to a second species - can also occur remains controversial. To identify the necessary conditions for pollination facilitation to occur, we constructed population models of two plant species that share the same pollinator and compete for establishment sites, and we assumed that heterospecific pollen can interfere with successful seed set. We found that facilitation for pollination occurs only when the pollinator visitation rate is an initially accelerating function of the combined numbers of flowering plants of both species in a patch. The presence of a second species can allow populations of a focal species either to persist for a longer amount of time before going extinct ({''}weak facilitation{''}) or to persist indefinitely at a stable equilibrium density ({''}strong facilitation{''}). When only a single plant of either species can occupy a site, the plant species with the higher initial density can experience strong facilitation but will eventually out-compete the other species. However, when site occupancy was not exclusive, strong facilitation sometimes led to coexistence of the two species. Increasing the extent of pollen carryover increased the range of initial population densities leading to strong facilitation. In light of our theoretical results, we discuss the apparent rarity of pollination facilitation in nature.}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220087600021}}, } @article{ ISI:000221661400001, Author = {Levin, DA}, Title = {{Ecological speciation: The role of disturbance}}, Journal = {{SYSTEMATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{225-233}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Ecological speciation occurs in saturated floras as well as in unsaturated floras. Whereas much consideration has been given to ecological divergence in open habitats, the process of niche shifting in highly competitive environments hardly has been discussed. I propose that ecological speciation in relatively saturated communities is facilitated by disturbance, which relaxes the competitive pressures on populations entering a new habitat. Disturbance affords marginally adapted immigrants an opportunity to become established and form reproducing populations. These populations then may respond to local selective pressures for greater adaptedness, thereby placing them on a speciation trajectory. This conceptual model is bolstered by the role of disturbance in facilitating the invasion of communities by new entities, as is well documented in the literature on alien species.}}, DOI = {{10.1600/036364404774195449}}, ISSN = {{0363-6445}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000221661400001}}, } @article{ ISI:000220568100008, Author = {Sargent, RD}, Title = {{Floral symmetry affects speciation rates in angiosperms}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{271}}, Number = {{1539}}, Pages = {{603-608}}, Month = {{MAR 22}}, Abstract = {{Despite much recent activity in the field of pollination biology, the extent to which animal pollinators drive the formation of new angiosperm species remains unresolved. One problem has been identifying floral adaptations that promote reproductive isolation. The evolution of a bilaterally symmetrical corolla restricts the direction of approach and movement of pollinators on and between flowers. Restricting pollinators to approaching a flower from a single direction facilitates specific placement of pollen on the pollinator. When coupled with pollinator constancy, precise pollen placement can increase the probability that pollen grains reach a compatible stigma. This has the potential to generate reproductive isolation between species, because mutations that cause changes in the placement of pollen on the pollinator may decrease gene flow between incipient species. I predict that animal-pollinated lineages that possess bilaterally symmetrical flowers should have higher speciation rates than lineages possessing radially symmetrical flowers. Using sister-group comparisons I demonstrate that bilaterally symmetric lineages tend to be more species rich than their radially symmetrical sister lineages. This study supports an important role for pollinator-mediated speciation and demonstrates that floral morphology plays a key role in angiosperm speciation.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2003.2644}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220568100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000220704800010, Author = {Quek, SP and Davies, SJ and Itino, T and Pierce, NE}, Title = {{Codiversification in an ant-plant mutualism: Stem texture and the evolution of host use in Crematogaster (Formicidae : Myrmicinae) inhabitants of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{554-570}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{We investigate the evolution of host association in a cryptic complex of mutualistic Crematogaster (Decacrema) ants that inhabits and defends Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia. Previous phylogenetic studies based on limited samplings of Decacrema present conflicting reconstructions of the evolutionary history of the association, inferring both cospeciation and the predominance of host shifts. We use cytochrome oxidase I (COI) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in a comprehensive sampling of the Decacrema inhabitants of Macaranga. Using a published Macaranga phylogeny, we test whether the ants and plants have cospeciated. The COI phylogeny reveals 10 well-supported lineages and an absence of cospeciation. Host shifts, however, have been constrained by stem traits that are themselves correlated with Macaranga phylogeny. Earlier lineages of Decacrema exclusively inhabit waxy stems, a basal state in the Pachystemon clade within Macaranga, whereas younger species of Pachystemon, characterized by nonwaxy stems, are inhabited only by younger lineages of Decacrema. Despite the absence of cospeciation, the correlated succession of stem texture in both phylogenies suggests that Decacrema and Pachystemon have diversified in association, or codiversified. Subsequent to the colonization of the Pachystemon clade, Decacrema expanded onto a second clade within Macaranga, inducing the development of myrmecophytism in the Pruinosae group. Confinement to the aseasonal wet climate zone of western Malesia suggests myrmecophytic Macaranga are no older than the wet forest community in Southeast Asia, estimated to be about 20 million years old (early Miocene). Our calculation of COI divergence rates from several published arthropod studies that relied on tenable calibrations indicates a generally conserved rate of approximately 1.5\% per million years. Applying this rate to a rate-smoothed Bayesian chronogram of the ants, the Decacrema from Macaranga are inferred to be at least 12 million years old (mid-Miocene). However, using the extremes of rate variation in COI produces an age as recent as 6 million years. Our inferred timeline based on 1.5\% per million years concurs with independent biogeographical events in the region reconstructed from palynological data, thus suggesting that the evolutionary histories of Decacrema and their Pachystemon hosts have been contemporaneous since the mid-Miocene. The evolution of myrmecophytism enabled Macaranga to radiate into enemy-free space, while the ants' diversification has been shaped by stem traits, host specialization, and geographic factors. We discuss the possibility that the ancient and exclusive association between Decacrema and Macaranga was facilitated by an impoverished diversity of myrmecophytes and phytoecious (obligately plant inhabiting) ants in the region.}}, DOI = {{10.1554/03-361}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220704800010}}, } @article{ ISI:000225315200002, Author = {Ngugi, HK and Scherm, H}, Title = {{Pollen mimicry during infection of blueberry flowers by conidia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi}}, Journal = {{PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{64}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{113-123}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Infection of blueberry flowers by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease, occurs via the gynoecium and involves conidial germination on the stigmatic surface followed by hyphal ingress into the stylar canal and subsequent colonization of the ovary. The extent to which these events mimic pollen-pistil interactions during pollination was investigated. Similar to blueberry pollen tubes, conidial germ tubes of M. vaccinii-corymbosi adhered selectively to imprints of stylar transmitting tract tissue on nitrocellulose membrane, with adhesion in both cases occurring at the tips of the tubes. By contrast, hyphae of the related Monilinia,fructicola, which is nonpathogenic on blueberry and does not cause gynoecial infection, adhered indiscriminately to the entire membrane. Using monoclonal antibodies, the presence of epitopes of esterified and unesterified pectins and of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which have been implicated in adhesion and pollen tube guidance in other plant species, was documented on blueberry pollen tubes in vitro. Epitopes of certain AGPs. but not of pectins, were also localized on conidia and hyphae of M. vaccinii-corymbosi. However, such epitopes were also detected on M. fructicola, suggesting that they are unlikely to be a discriminatory factor between fungi capable or not capable of gynoecial infection. Microscopic observation of inoculated pistils showed that similar to pollen tubes, hyphae of M. vaccinii-corymbosi tracked the lobes of the stylar lumen, grew directionally (i.e. with very limited branching) in close proximity to cells of the stylar adaxial epidermis and to one another, and were surrounded by extracellular matrix. By contrast, hyphae of M. fructicola, while being able to ingress into the style, branched profusely within the stylar canal, showing no directional growth or affinity to specific regions of the lumen. We propose these results as evidence of specialized opportunism by M. vaccinii-corymbosi, whereby fungal hyphae appear to mimic host pollen tubes and take advantage of an infrastructure intended to support host reproduction in order to facilitate infection of the ovary. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.08.004}}, ISSN = {{0885-5765}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225315200002}}, } @article{ ISI:000188971000019, Author = {Gasque, M and Garcia-Fayos, P}, Title = {{Interaction between Stipa tenacissima and Pinus halepensis: consequences for reforestation and the dynamics of grass steppes in semi-arid Mediterranean areas}}, Journal = {{FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{189}}, Number = {{1-3}}, Pages = {{251-261}}, Month = {{FEB 23}}, Abstract = {{Alpha or esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) is a perennial tussock grass that coexists with Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) in semi-arid areas of southeast Spain and northern Africa where the pine is the tree most widely used in reforestation projects. Several authors have proposed that the improvement of soil characteristics by S. tenacissima in semi-arid slopes might be brought about in restoration programs by the introduction of shrubs and trees in these areas. In this paper we analyse the role of S. tenacissima as a nurse plant of P. halepensis and the consequences of pine canopy development on the performance of S. tenacissima. We hypothesised that an interaction between both species exists in alfa steppes, so that S. tenacissima facilitates the establishment of R halepensis, which then negatively affects S. tenacissima. Our results show that in steep slopes the presence of P. hatepensis individuals was heavily associated with the terracettes formed by the accumulation of sediments upslope of the tussocks of S. tenacissima. Even though the surface occupied by the terracettes was a third of the total, 72.9\% of R halepensis individuals occurred in this environment. Significant differences were also found in seedling emergence (P = 0.001) and establishment (P = 0.002) of R halepensis. Both were higher in terracettes than on the bare ground among the tussocks, although no seedlings survived after the drought season. P. halepensis interferes negatively on the performance of S. tenacissima in some but not all of its life stages. The number of spikes per tussock was higher in steppes without pines and was also dependent on the tussock size (P < 0.0001). Significant differences between both environments were also found in emergence (P = 0.037) and survival (P < 0.001) of seedlings of S. tenacissima. Seedlings that emerged in the sun also developed a higher number of leaves and root biomass (P = 0.041 and 0.015, respectively). Pollination rates did not differ between the sites with pine cover and those without pine cover. These relationships may have important consequences for the dynamics and management of these plant communities. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.014}}, ISSN = {{0378-1127}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{garcia-fayos, patricio/D-5208-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{garcia-fayos, patricio/0000-0003-3449-5075}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000188971000019}}, } @article{ ISI:000226244600026, Author = {Swanson, R and Edlund, AF and Preuss, D}, Title = {{Species specificity in pollen-pistil interactions}}, Journal = {{ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENETICS}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{38}}, Pages = {{793-818}}, Abstract = {{For pollination to succeed, pollen must carry sperm through a variety of different floral tissues to access the ovules within the pistil. The pistil provides everything the pollen requires for success in this endeavor including distinct guidance cues and essential nutrients that allow the pollen tube to traverse enormous distances along a complex path to the unfertilized ovule. Although the pistil is a great facilitator of pollen function, it can also be viewed as an elaborate barrier that shields ovules from access from inappropriate pollen, such as pollen from other species. Each discrete step taken by pollen tubes en route to the ovules is a potential barrier point to ovule access and waste by inappropriate mates. In this review, we survey the current molecular understanding of how pollination proceeds, and ask to what extent is each step important for mate discrimination. As this field progresses, this synthesis of functional biology and evolutionary studies will provide insight into the molecular basis of the species barriers that maintain the enormous diversity seen in flowering plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.092356}}, ISSN = {{0066-4197}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226244600026}}, } @article{ ISI:000220710700006, Author = {Duncan, DH and Nicotra, AB and Cunningham, SA}, Title = {{High self-pollen transfer and low fruit set in buzz-pollinated Dianella revoluta (Phormiaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{185-193}}, Abstract = {{We used pollinator observation, flower manipulation, controlled pollination and pollen-tube analysis to better understand the reproductive ecology of Dianella revoluta R. Br., a common species known to have depressed fruit set at fragmented sites. This buzz-pollinated species was found to receive large quantities of self-pollen even during a single pollinator visit, but is only partially self-compatible. This may be the first direct demonstration of pollinator-facilitated, autogamous self-pollen transfer accounting for a significant proportion of stigmatic pollen load. Frequent high self-pollen transfer may account for the observed low rate of fruit development in open-pollinated flowers. Self-pollen tubes reached the base of the style in comparable numbers and at the same rate as outcross pollen tubes, with no sign of pollen-tube competition favouring outcross pollen. Barriers to greater self-fertility occur late, probably through early abortion of selfed ovules. We also investigated what impact overlapping distribution with D. longifolia may have on D. revoluta pollination and reproduction. Although these species shared pollinators, they differed in terms of frequency of visits. There was also separation of floral phenology within the course of a day.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT03139}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cunningham, Saul/B-9947-2009 Duncan, David/H-2000-2013 Nicotra, Adrienne/C-1361-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cunningham, Saul/0000-0003-0703-6893 Duncan, David/0000-0003-4411-8214 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220710700006}}, } @article{ ISI:000220710700009, Author = {Hingston, AB and McQuillan, PB and Potts, BM}, Title = {{Pollinators in seed orchards of Eucalyptus nitens (Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{209-222}}, Abstract = {{Flowers of the commercially important tree Eucalyptus nitens (Deane \& Maiden) Maiden were visited by a diverse array of insects, but not by birds, in Tasmanian seed orchards. Most species of insects that visited the flowers of E. nitens are likely to be effective pollinators because all common species of visitors carried many grains of Eucalyptus pollen, and the open floral structure facilitates frequent insect contact with stigmas. Seed production also suggested that a wide variety of insects were effective pollinators because flowers were consistently well pollinated, despite differences in flower-visitor communities among orchards and particular branches of flowers. The generalised entomophilous pollination system of E. nitens suggests that effective pollinators should occur in seed orchards of this tree throughout the world, provided that flowering occurs at a time of year conducive to insect activity. Although a wide variety of insects appear to be effective pollinators of E. nitens, introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera L., that are often deployed as pollinators in seed orchards were consistently not attracted to the flowers. The reliance on wild insects as pollinators suggests that seed production in E. nitens may benefit from reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides in, and near, seed orchards.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT03015}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McQuillan, Peter/C-2373-2014 Potts, Brad/C-6489-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Potts, Brad/0000-0001-6244-289X McQuillan, Peter/0000-0001-6334-372X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220710700009}}, } @article{ ISI:000221953200009, Author = {Hingston, AB and Potts, BM and McQuillan, PB}, Title = {{The swift parrot, Lathamus discolor (Psittacidae), social bees (Apidae) and native insects as pollinators of Eucalyptus globulus ssp globulus (Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{371-379}}, Abstract = {{It has been argued that the production of sufficient nectar to attract bird pollinators would evolve if the fitness benefits accruing from pollination services by birds, compared with insects, outweighed the cost of increased allocation of photosynthate to nectar. This hypothesis implies that the pollination services provided by birds must be considerably better than those provided by insects with which the plant has evolved. Consistent with this, we found that the endangered native swift parrot Lathamus discolor ( Shaw) was a very effective pollinator of the native tree Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Tasmania, facilitating an average of 76\% of the maximum possible seed set for open-pollinated flowers in just one visit to a flower, whereas single flower visits by native insects did not facilitate any seed production. Flowers visited once by either species of introduced social bees, the honeybee Apis mellifera L. or the bumblebee Bombus terrestris ( L.), produced less than 7\% of the maximum possible seed set for open-pollinated flowers. Hence, easily managed social bees appear to be poor substitutes for bird pollinators in commercial seed orchards of this tree. We propose three possible reasons why this largely bird-pollinated tree has not evolved characters that deter insects from removing nectar.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT03018}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McQuillan, Peter/C-2373-2014 Potts, Brad/C-6489-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Potts, Brad/0000-0001-6244-289X McQuillan, Peter/0000-0001-6334-372X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000221953200009}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000189487500066, Author = {Wagner, C and Friedt, W and Ordon, F and Marquard, RA}, Editor = {{Craker, LE and Simon, JE and Jatisatienr, A and Lewinsohn, E}}, Title = {{Implementation of molecular techniques (RAPDs, AFLPs) on camomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) for genotyping and marker development}}, Booktitle = {{FUTURE FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2004}}, Number = {{629}}, Pages = {{509-516}}, Note = {{26th International Horticultural Congress, TORONTO, CANADA, AUG 11-17, 2002}}, Organization = {{Canadian Soc Hort Sci; Int Soc Hort Sci; Univ Guelph}}, Abstract = {{Camomile varieties of different provenience can be distinguished by morphological and physiological traits. However, these traits vary under different environmental conditions leading to difficulties in the discrimination of genotypes. PCR-based molecular techniques like RAPDs and AFLPs are useful tools to characterise genotypes rapidly and reliably on the DNA-level independently from ecological factors. Besides this, these techniques facilitate the development of molecular markers for ingredients of camomile oil, e.g. (-)-alpha-bisabolol, thereby enabling pre-flowering selection. Therefore, attempts were carried out to establish these molecular techniques on camomile. In a first step genetic similarity (Jaccard, 1908) was estimated in a set of released cultivars, breeding populations and twice self-pollinated lines. Based on data obtained by 20 RAPD primers and 16 AFLP EcoRI+3/MseI+3 primer combinations genetic similarity was estimated between 0.52 and 0.91 (RAPDs) and 0.58 to 0.79 (AFLPs). By cluster analysis as well as by principle co-ordinate analysis genotypes were grouped according to their different proveniences. Regarding the self-pollinated lines which differ in their (-)-alpha-bisabolol content a high degree of homogeneity within lines (0.81-0.94) and a relatively low genetic similarity between them (0.46-0.56) was determined by RAPDs. By crosses between these lines a segregating F-2-Population was created for developing molecular markers corresponding to the (-)-alpha-bisabolol content. Using bulked segregant analysis (Michelmore et al., 1991) a set of 200 RAPD-primers and 256 AFLP-primer combinations were tested up to now and two AFLP-markers linked to the (-)-alpha-bisabolol content were detected. Future work will aim at the development of additional more closely linked markers.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-507-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000189487500066}}, } @article{ ISI:000220137400004, Author = {Grosser, JW and Chandler, TL}, Title = {{Production of twelve new allotetraploid somatic hybrid citrus breeding parents with emphasis on late maturity and cold-hardiness}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{21-28}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The rapid development of adapted, high-quality, easy-to-peel, seedless mandarin/mandarin hybrid cultivars is paramount for the future success of the Florida tangerine industry. The primary approach of the CREC cultivar improvement team to achieve this objective is to develop superior triploid cultivars, which should be seedless regardless of cross pollination. At present, the most efficient method for producing large populations of genetically diverse triploids for selection is via interploid crosses of monoembryonic diploid females with tetraploid pollen parents. A broad germplasm base will facilitate the identification of superior interploid parental combinations. We have been using somatic hybridization to expand our base of superior tetraploid breeding parents, and in this report we introduce 12 new hybrids produced from parents selected for fruit quality, cold-hardiness, and late maturity as follows: `Murcott' tangor + `Sunburst' tangerine; `Murcott' + {[}'Clementine' x `Satsuma' hybrid]; `Murcott' + `Washington' navel orange; `Murcott' + `Osceola' mandarin hybrid; `Murcott' + `Ortanique' tangor; `Itaborai' sweet orange + G96 trifoliate hybrid; `Nova' mandarin hybrid + `Osceola'; `Nova' + `Ortanique'; `Meiwa' kumquat + `Changsha' mandarin; `Meiwa' + `Dancy' mandarin; `Succari' sweet orange + LB8-9 tangelo; and `Succari' + `Changsha'. Coldy-hardy late-maturing seedless triploid cultivars should provide excellent future opportunities for fresh-citrus growers in Florida and worldwide.}}, ISSN = {{1527-3741}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220137400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000224372900002, Author = {Plasencia, J}, Title = {{Aflatoxins in maize: A Mexican perspective}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-TOXIN REVIEWS}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{2-3}}, Pages = {{155-177}}, Abstract = {{Aflatoxins are carcinogenic metabolites produced by Aspergillus flavus, a fungal pathogen that infects maize both in the field and during storage. Mexico is the center of origin of maize and its production in most parts in the country is characterized by the employment of a wide diversity of open-pollinated genotypes adapted to certain environments. In most regions, maize is produced under rain fed conditions with low fertilizer and pesticide input and consequent low yields, probably fostering A. flavus infection in drought-stressed plants. In addition, poor pest control increases insect damage, facilitating fungal infection and aflatoxin contamination. Ideally, management of aflatoxin contamination should begin with the employment of resistant genotypes as has been demonstrated by several U.S. breeding programs. However, in Mexico the wide genetic diversity of maize has not been fully exploited to identify resistance to aflatoxin contamination in breeding programs, thus impeding the reduction of aflatoxin levels in the field. Additional complications come from the fact that transgenic maize expressing insecticidal protein or any other trait to reduce aflatoxin is not viable in Mexico,due to a government prohibition on the use of genetically modified maize. Maize is a staple crop in Mexico with high consumption in forms such as tortillas; thus, aflatoxin contamination is a significant threat to human health. Although aflatoxins are partially destroyed during the alkaline cooking procedure (called nixtamalization) to prepare tortillas, residual levels of aflatoxins might be considerable. Although important research has been conducted in several aspects of aflatoxin contamination of maize by universities, agricultural centers, and some government agencies, a full mycotoxin research program is,needed in Mexico to ascertain the extents of aflatoxin contamination in different parts of the country and to develop economically viable technology to reduce aflatoxin exposure.}}, DOI = {{10.1081/TXR-200027809}}, ISSN = {{0731-3837}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224372900002}}, } @article{ ISI:000224000400009, Author = {Lunau, K}, Title = {{Adaptive radiation and coevolution - pollination biology case studies}}, Journal = {{ORGANISMS DIVERSITY \& EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{4}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{207-224}}, Note = {{44th Phylogenetisches Symposium, Bonn, GERMANY, NOV 22-24, 2002}}, Abstract = {{The impact of coevolutionary interaction between species on adaptive radiation processes is analysed with reference to pollination biology case studies. Occasional colonization of archipelagos can bring together coevolving partners and cause coradiation of the colonizing species, e.g. the drepanidids and the lobelioids on Hawaii. Permanent reciprocal selective pressure between pairs of coevolving species can lead to a coevolutionary race and rapid evolutionary change. This is exemplified by spurred flowers and long-tongued flower-visitors. The geographic patterning of diffuse coevolution systems can lead to dramatic changes in species interactions. In different populations, interaction between pollinating and seed-parasitizing Greya moths and their host plants varies from mutualism to commensalism and antagonism, depending on the presence of copollinators. Asymmetrical coevolution between angiosperms and oligolectic flower-visitors may facilitate rapid reproductive isolation of populations following a food-plant switch, if the oligoleges use their specific food plants as the rendezvous sites. Diffuse coevolution between angiosperm species and pollinating insects may cause frequent convergent evolution of floral traits such as nectar reward instead of pollen reward, floral guides, zygomorphic flowers, or mimicry of pollen signals, since the multiple plant species experience similar selective pressures via the coevolving partners. Patterns of angiosperm adaptive radiation are highlighted in the context of coevolution with pollinators. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.002}}, ISSN = {{1439-6092}}, EISSN = {{1618-1077}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224000400009}}, } @article{ ISI:000187363200011, Author = {Johnson, SD and Peter, CI and Nilsson, LA and Agren, J}, Title = {{Pollination success in a deceptive orchid is enhanced by co-occurring rewarding magnet plants}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{84}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{2919-2927}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{It has been debated whether pollination success in nonrewarding plants that flower in association with nectar-producing plants will be diminished by competition for pollinator visits or, alternatively, enhanced through increased local abundance of pollinators (the magnet species effect). We experimentally evaluated these effects using the nonrewarding bumblebee-pollinated orchid Anacamptis morio and associated nectar-producing plants at a site in Sweden. Pollination success (estimated as pollen receipt and pollen removal) in A. morio was significantly greater for individuals translocated to patches of nectar-producing plants (Geum rivale and Allium schoenoprasum) than for individuals placed outside (similar to20 m away) such patches. These results provide support for the existence of a facilitative magnet species effect in the interaction between certain nectar plants and A. morio. To determine the spatial scale of these interactions, we correlated the visitation rate to flowers of A. morio with the density of sympatric nectar plants in 1-m(2) and 100-m(2) plots centered around groups of translocated plants, and at the level of whole meadows (similar to0.5-2 ha). Visitation rate to flowers of A. morio was not correlated with the 1-m(2) patch density of G. rivale and A. schoenoprasum, but showed a significant positive relationship with density of these nectar plants in 100-m(2) plots. In addition, visitation to flowers of A. morio was strongly and positively related to the density of A. schoenoprasum at the level of the meadow. Choice experiments showed that bees foraging on the purple flowers of A. schoenoprasum (a particularly effective magnet species) visit the purple flowers of A. morio more readily (47.6\% of choices) than bees foraging on the yellow flowers of Lotus corniculatus (17\% of choices). Overall similarity in flower color and shape may increase the probability that a pollinator will temporarily shift from a nectar-producing ``magnet{''} plant to a nonrewarding plant. We discuss the possibility of a mimicry continuum between those orchids that exploit instinctive food-seeking behavior of pollinators and those that show an adaptive resemblance to nectar-producing plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/02-0471}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/B-6564-2008 Agren, Jon/E-6093-2011 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/0000-0002-9741-6533 Agren, Jon/0000-0001-9573-2463 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187363200011}}, } @article{ ISI:000186956900003, Author = {Miyake, T and Inoue, K}, Title = {{Character displacement in style length between pollinator-sharing Clerodendrum trichotomum and C-izuinsulare (Verbenaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{243}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{31-38}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Competition for pollination may occur between pollinator-sharing sympatric plants and this may cause character displacement of their floral traits. We examined this possibility by comparing flower morphology of the sympatric population of Clerodendrum trichotomum and its co-flowering congener, C. izuinsulare, with that of the allopatric populations. The two species were visited in common by such insects as diurnal hawkmoths, bees, swallowtails and nocturnal hawkmoths, and were pollinated nocturnally as well as diurnally. Interspecific pollen transfer can occur by sharing pollinators; however, they did not hybridize when artificially pollinated. Flower size, including stamen and style lengths, is larger in C. trichotomum with an overlap in range. The style of C. izuinsulare in the sympatric population was significantly shorter than that in the allopatric population, while there was no significant difference in style length between the allopatric and the sympatric C. trichotomum. This seems to facilitate avoidance of interspecific pollen transfer in the sympatric population.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-003-0059-1}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186956900003}}, } @article{ ISI:000185552400007, Author = {Klein, AM and Steffan-Dewenter, I and Tscharntke, T}, Title = {{Pollination of Coffea canephora in relation to local and regional agroforestry management}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{837-845}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{1. Pollination of crops depends on local agricultural management and the quality of adjacent habitats. Lowland coffee Coffea canephora, is an important tropical cash crop. Fruit set depends on cross-pollination by bees, so inadequate pollination leads to reduced yield. In this study we analyse the relationship between bee pollinators, fruit set in coffee, and the local and regional agroforestry systems to identify the optimal conditions for pollinators. 2. We analysed the abundance and species composition of coffee flower-visiting bees in 15 agroforestry systems differing in distance to forest (important for wood-nesting species), light intensity (important for ground-nesting species), blossom cover of coffee and noncoffee-flowering plants, and species richness of flowering plants (as pollen and nectar resources) in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). We examined which factors were most important for optimal pollination success. We carried out bagged and open pollination experiments in each agroforestry system, to measure the pollination efficiency of 15 bee species. 3. The number of social bee species decreased with distance to forest, whereas the number of solitary bee species increased with light intensity (less shade) and greater quantities of blossoms. 4. Fruit set of open pollinated flowers (as opposed to manually cross-pollinated flowers) increased with the diversity and abundance of flower-visiting bees. In the agroforestry systems studied, a bee community of 20 species or more led to a higher fruit set (95\%) than a species-poor bee community of six species (70\% fruit set). 5. Pollination activity by members of the species-rich solitary bee assemblage led to higher levels of fruit set than that arising from pollination activity by members of the more abundant social bee assemblage. 6. Synthesis and applications. A species-rich and abundant bee assemblage will facilitate high pollination success in lowland coffee. This will increase fruit set and coffee yield. Farmers can encourage different species of bees through simple management measures such as growing coffee in shade beneath a variety of trees; by pruning trees to increase levels of sunlight and numbers of flowering herbs; and by increasing the availability of nesting sites for solitary bees. Weed control and the use of herbicides should be kept to a minimum so that a diverse nectar and pollen resource is available to bees throughout the year. Natural forests and forest fragments should be preserved in the vicinity of coffee agroforestry systems (< 500 m) so that forest-nesting social bees can travel easily to the coffee fields to pollinate the flowers.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00847.x}}, ISSN = {{0021-8901}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tscharntke, Teja/N-5123-2014 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf/0000-0003-1359-3944}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185552400007}}, } @article{ ISI:000185634900009, Author = {Singh, V and Chauhan, SVS}, Title = {{Bud pollination and hybrid seed production in detergent-induced male sterile plants of Brassica juncea}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{421-425}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{The efficacy of a synthetic detergent (Surf Excel) as a potential chemical hybridizing agent in Brassica juncea was studied. Foliar sprays with various concentrations of the detergent caused reductions in plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, size of leaves, anther size, pollen per flower, ovules per flower, pollen fertility, fruits per plant, fruit size, seeds per fruit, total yield per plant and 100 seed weight as compared with those of untreated plants. The style in the. oral buds of plants sprayed with different concentrations of Surf Excel elongated and so the receptive stigma protruded from the buds which facilitated cross-pollination by honey bees. The plants sprayed once with 2\% Surf Excel exhibited an elongated style with a raised receptive stigma and 100\% pollen sterility without causing a significant reduction in total yield.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00880.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185634900009}}, } @article{ ISI:000185930400008, Author = {Butenko, MA and Patterson, SE and Grini, PE and Stenvik, GE and Amundsen, SS and Mandal, A and Aalen, RB}, Title = {{INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION controls floral organ abscission in arabidopsis and identifies a novel family of putative ligands in plants}}, Journal = {{PLANT CELL}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{2296-2307}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Abscission is an active process that enables plants to shed unwanted organs. Because the purpose of the flower is to facilitate pollination, it often is abscised after fertilization. We have identified an Arabidopsis ethylene-sensitive mutant, inflorescence deficient in abscission (ida), in which floral organs remain attached to the plant body after the shedding of mature seeds, even though a floral abscission zone develops. The IDA gene, positioned in the genomic DNA flanking the single T-DNA present in the ida line, was identified by complementation. The gene encodes a small protein with an N-terminal signal peptide, suggesting that the IDA protein is the ligand of an unknown receptor involved in the developmental control of floral abscission. We have identified Arabidopsis genes, and cDNAs; from a variety of plant species, that encode similar proteins, which are distinct from known ligands. IDA and the IDA-like proteins may represent a new class of ligands in plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1105/tpc.014365}}, ISSN = {{1040-4651}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Grini, Paul/H-9471-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Grini, Paul/0000-0003-3898-6277}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185930400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000185764100008, Author = {Yuan, JH and Chen, PD and Liu, DJ}, Title = {{Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation lines using gametocidal chromosomes}}, Journal = {{SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{46}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{522+}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Specific chromosomes of certain Aegilops species introduced into wheat genome background may often facilitate chromosome breakage and refusion, and finally result in a variety of chromosome restructuring. Such a phenomenon is commonly called gametocidal effect of the chromosomes. The chromosome 2C of Ae. cylindrica is one of such chromosomes. In the present study, scab resistant wheat-L. racemosus addition lines involving chromosomes Lr.2 and Lr.7 were crossed to wheat-Ae. cylindrica disomic addition line Add2C. Then F, hybrids were subsequently backcrossed with wheat cv ``Chinese Spring{''}. BC, plants with chromosome structural aberration were identified by C-banding. In the self-pollinated progenies of these plants, three translocation lines were developed and characterized by mitotic and meiotic analysis combined with C-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using biotin-labeled genomic DNA of L. racemosus as probe. Some other putative translocation lines to be further characterized were also found. The practicability and efficiency of the translocation between wheat and alien chromosomes induced by gametocidal chromosomes, as well as the potential use of the developed alien translocation lines were also discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.1360/01yc0298}}, ISSN = {{1006-9305}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185764100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000187514400013, Author = {McWhorter, TJ and Powers, DR and del Rio, CM}, Title = {{Are hummingbirds facultatively ammonotelic? Nitrogen excretion and requirements as a function of body size}}, Journal = {{PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{76}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{731-743}}, Month = {{SEP-OCT}}, Abstract = {{Most birds are uricotelic. An exception to this rule may be nectar-feeding birds, which excrete significant amounts of ammonia under certain conditions. Although ammonia is toxic, because it is highly water soluble its excretion may be facilitated in animals that ingest and excrete large amounts of water. Bird-pollinated plants secrete carbohydrate- and water-rich floral nectars that contain exceedingly little protein. Thus, nectar-feeding birds are faced with the dual challenge of meeting nitrogen requirements while disposing of large amounts of water. The peculiar diet of nectar-feeding birds suggests two hypotheses: (1) these birds must have low protein requirements, and (2) when they ingest large quantities of water their primary nitrogen excretion product may be ammonia. To test these hypotheses, we measured maintenance nitrogen requirements (MNR) and total endogenous nitrogen losses (TENL) in three hummingbird species (Archilochus alexandri, Eugenes fulgens, and Lampornis clemenciae) fed on diets with varying sugar, protein, and water content. We also quantified the form in which the by-products of nitrogen metabolism were excreted. The MNR and TENL of the hummingbirds examined were exceptionally low. However, no birds excreted more than 50\% of nitrogen as ammonia or more nitrogen as ammonia than urates. Furthermore, ammonia excretion was not influenced by either water or protein intake. The smallest species ( A. alexandri) excreted a significantly greater proportion (125\%) of their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia than the larger hummingbirds (approximate to4\%). Our results support the hypothesis that nectar-feeding birds have low protein requirements but cast doubt on the notion that they are facultatively ammonotelic. Our data also hint at a possible size-dependent dichotomy in hummingbirds, with higher ammonia excretion in smaller species. Differences in proportionate water loads and/or postrenal modification of urine may explain this dichotomy.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/376917}}, ISSN = {{1522-2152}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McWhorter, Todd/E-5760-2017}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{McWhorter, Todd/0000-0002-4746-4975}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187514400013}}, } @article{ ISI:000186380200001, Author = {Chen, JJ and Henny, RJ and McConnell, DB and Caldwell, RD}, Title = {{Gibberellic acid affects growth and flowering of Philodendron `Black Cardinal'}}, Journal = {{PLANT GROWTH REGULATION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-6}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{A single foliar spray of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at concentrations of 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg L-1 induced flowering of Philodendron `Black Cardinal' (an interspecific hybrid developed from a series of crosses among P. wendlandii, hastatum, erubescens, imbe, fragrantissimum, and an unnamed species) in approximately 170 d. Percentage of plants induced and mean flower number per plant increased as GA(3) concentrations increased. Compared to unsprayed plants, the number of new leaves decreased, petiole lengths of new leaves and length of the largest leaf increased, but leaf width was unaffected among sprayed plants. One hour before the spathe started to unfurl, spadix temperatures increased, and temperatures in the male portion of the spadix rose by 10degreesC above ambient as the spathe fully opened. Elevated temperatures were recorded for about two hours and returned to ambient within five hours. Spathes remained open for about five hours. A creamy white spadix with a contrasting burgundy spathe resulted in more aesthetically pleasing plants than with foliage alone. Because of the short period of display, the open spathe would not increase additional ornamental value of Philodendron `Black Cardinal' in the marketplace. However, if breeding is the purpose of flowering induction, spathes should be cut away from the spadix to facilitate pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1027326705060}}, ISSN = {{0167-6903}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186380200001}}, } @article{ ISI:000186850800001, Author = {Kwon, YJ and Saeed, S}, Title = {{Effect of temperature on the foraging activity of Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) on greenhouse hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)}}, Journal = {{APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{38}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{275-280}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The bumble bee Bombus terrestris L. is an effective pollinator in the cultivation of greenhouse hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. Data indicates that colony traffic and foraging activity was highest at 25.7degreesC in greenhouse, whereas at 32.7degreesC, the foraging activity and colony traffic decreased 69.7 and 40.0\%, respectively. By increasing the number of larvae and workers, the colony traffic and foraging activity also increased, respectively. Moderate temperature in the morning probably facilitates the overall activity of bees in a greenhouse. The data indicates that bumble bee pollination increased the fruit mass and number of seeds by 27.2 and 47.8\%, respectively, compared to that of the control. These significant results substantiate the effectiveness of bumble bees in the pollination of pepper grown in greenhouses.}}, DOI = {{10.1303/aez.2003.275}}, ISSN = {{0003-6862}}, EISSN = {{1347-605X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186850800001}}, } @article{ ISI:000184268300010, Author = {Figueroa, ME and Castillo, JM and Redondo, S and Luque, T and Castellanos, EM and Nieva, FJ and Luque, CJ and Rubio-Casal, AE and Davy, AJ}, Title = {{Facilitated invasion by hybridization of Sarcocornia species in a salt-marsh succession}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{616-626}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{1 We examined salt marsh development over 17 years (1984-2001) in a rapidly accreting, well-drained lagoon of a macrotidal marsh in south-west Spain. Scattered, elevated tussocks of colonizing Spartina maritima expanded radially until they either coalesced or were separated only by narrow drainage channels. We recorded changes in elevation of the tussocks and investigated the cover and biomass of successive species invading them. 2 Sediment accretion produced a mean annual increase in tussock elevation of 3.5 cm. Sarcocornia perennis had begun to invade the raised centres of the tussocks by 1984, subsequently displacing Spartina maritima radially to become dominant by 1990. A hybrid form of Sarcocornia , which appeared on some of the tussocks occupied by S. perennis in 1997, also expanded radially and had achieved dominance on many of the invaded tussocks by 2001, by virtue of its more erect growth form and rapid accumulation of high above- and below-ground biomass. 3 Tussocks not yet invaded by the hybrid remain dominated by S. perennis and have maintained sediment accretion rates and redox potentials similar to those that have been invaded. 4 Genetic analysis, using random amplified DNA (RAPD) markers, indicated that the hybrid was a cross between the diploid Sarcocornia perennis (2n = 18) and the octaploid S. fruticosa (2n = 72), a high-marsh species, and suggested that each hybrid individual may have resulted from a separate pollination of an indigenous S. perennis plant. 5 Invasion by the new hybrid thus probably occurred as a result of pollen flow from high-marsh S. fruticosa , some 1 km distant, to the stigmas of the established dominant S. perennis . Succession might therefore be facilitated genetically rather than simply by the enhanced sediment accretion, which ameliorated the effects of submersion and low sediment redox potentials that presumably exclude S. fruticosa from lower parts of the marsh.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00794.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, EISSN = {{1365-2745}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Redondo-Gomez, Susana/E-6783-2010 Davy, Anthony/E-1542-2011 Figueroa Clemente, Manuel Enrique /L-7577-2014 Rubio Casal, Alfredo Emilio/E-6282-2010 Castellanos Verdugo, Eloy Manuel /S-1820-2016 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Redondo-Gomez, Susana/0000-0002-5280-9325 Davy, Anthony/0000-0002-7658-7106 Figueroa Clemente, Manuel Enrique /0000-0002-8806-4054 Rubio Casal, Alfredo Emilio/0000-0002-2358-5043 Castellanos Verdugo, Eloy Manuel /0000-0001-6182-9689 Luque Palomo, Teresa/0000-0001-8512-3584 Castillo, Jesus M/0000-0003-1949-4349}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184268300010}}, } @article{ ISI:000184310900006, Author = {Anderson, B and Midgley, JJ and Stewart, BA}, Title = {{Facilitated selfing offers reproductive assurance: A mutualism between a hemipteran and carnivorous plant}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{90}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1009-1015}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Reproductive assurance is frequently used to explain the evolution of selfing but has become controversial from lack of evidence. We studied the pollination system of the near carnivorous plant genus Roridula and showed that reproductive assurance is important in this system. Hemipterans have a digestive mutualism with Roridula and have been implicated in pollination but flowers show adaptations to hymenopteran pollination. We deduce that hemipterans are the primary pollinators of Roridula because seed set is significantly reduced when hemipterans are excluded from the flowers. Using allozyme electrophoresis, we show that hemipterans are responsible for mostly selfed progeny. Although bees still pollinate Roridula on very rare occasions, their exclusion does not affect seed set. The complicated floral structures that occur in Roridula most likely evolved as adaptations for bee pollination. Resident hemipterans facilitate selfing by Roridula, and this acts as a reproductive assurance mechanism because it increases seed production and ensures that plants still reproduce in the absence of more motile, outcrossing pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.90.7.1009}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{ANDERSON, BRUCE/E-5853-2011 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Anderson, Bruce/0000-0002-7264-4505}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184310900006}}, } @article{ ISI:000184969400011, Author = {Crisp, MD and Cook, LG}, Title = {{Phylogeny and evolution of anomalous roots in Daviesia (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae)}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{164}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{603-612}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The phylogeny of the Australian legume genus Daviesia was estimated using sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Partial congruence was found with previous analyses using morphology, including strong support for monophyly of the genus and for a sister group relationship between the clade D. pachyloma and the rest of the genus. A previously unplaced bird-pollinated species, anceps + D. D. epiphyllum, was well supported as sister to the only other bird-pollinated species in the genus, D. speciosa, indicating a single origin of bird pollination in their common ancestor. Other morphological groups within Daviesia were not supported and require reassessment. A strong and previously unreported sister clade of Daviesia consists of the two monotypic genera Erichsenia and Viminaria. These share phyllode-like leaves and indehiscent fruits. The evolutionary history of cord roots, which have anomalous secondary thickening, was explored using parsimony. Cord roots are limited to three separate clades but have a complex history involving a small number of gains (most likely 0-3) and losses (0-5). The anomalous structure of cord roots ( adventitious vascular strands embedded in a parenchymatous matrix) may facilitate nutrient storage, and the roots may be contractile. Both functions may be related to a postfire resprouting adaptation. Alternatively, cord roots may be an adaptation to the low-nutrient lateritic soils of Western Australia. However, tests for association between root type, soil type, and growth habit were equivocal, depending on whether the variables were treated as phylogenetically dependent (insignificant) or independent ( significant).}}, DOI = {{10.1086/375318}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cook, Lyn/G-7336-2012 Crisp, Michael/A-4888-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cook, Lyn/0000-0002-3172-4920 Crisp, Michael/0000-0002-8255-6349}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184969400011}}, } @article{ ISI:000183905200004, Author = {Morris, WF and Bronstein, JL and Wilson, WG}, Title = {{Three-way coexistence in obligate mutualist-exploiter interactions: The potential role of competition}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{161}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{860-875}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Many mutualisms host ``exploiter{''} species that consume the benefits provided by one or both mutualists without reciprocating. Exploiters have been widely assumed to destabilize mutualisms, yet they are common. We develop models to explore conditions for local coexistence of obligate plant/pollinating seed parasite mutualisms and nonpollinating exploiters. As the larvae of both pollinators and (at a later time) exploiters consume seeds, we examine the importance of intraspecific and (asymmetric) interspecific competition among and between pollinators and exploiters for achieving three-way coexistence. With weak intra- and interspecific competition, exploiters can invade the stable mutualism and coexist with the mutualists (either stably or with oscillations), provided the exploiters' intrinsic birthrate (b(E)) slightly exceeds that of the pollinators. At higher b(E), all three species go locally extinct. When facing strong interspecific competition, exploiters cannot invade and coexist with the mutualists if intraspecific competition in pollinators and exploiters is weak. However, strong intraspecific competition in pollinators and exploiters facilitates exploiter invasion and coexistence and greatly expands the range of b(E) over which stable coexistence occurs. Our results suggest that mutualist/exploiter coexistence may be more easily achieved than previously thought, thus highlighting the need for a better understanding of competition among and between mutualists and exploiters.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/375175}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183905200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000183203800005, Author = {Klindworth, DL and Williams, ND}, Title = {{Interspecific hybridization of a multiploid mutant of durum wheat with rye and Triticum monococcum L. results in pentaploid hybrids}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{213-216}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{The multiploid mutant of durum wheat is a genotype that produces unreduced gametes. Our objective was to test the recovery of pentaploid hybrids in crosses of the mutant with rye and Triticum monococcum L. Compared with check crosses, the mutant had a two-third reduction in percent seed set for rye crosses, but had only a slight decrease in crossability with T. monococcum . Pentaploid hybrids were associated with plump seeds of the mutant/rye cross, and with shrivelled seeds of the mutant/T. monococcum cross. We suggest that the endosperm balance number hypothesis explains the association of pentaploid hybrids with endosperm type. This association made for easy recovery of pentaploid hybrids from crosses to both species. Mature, plump seeds from the mutant/rye cross were germinated and pentaploid hybrids were recovered. One pentaploid hybrid was recovered for every 50.5 and 15.1 florets pollinated with rye and T. monococcum , respectively. Unreduced gametes in the multiploid mutant will facilitate interspecific hybridization by reducing the time to produce pentaploid plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00835.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183203800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000182778100011, Author = {Martin, KP}, Title = {{Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis on seed coat explants of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)}}, Journal = {{SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{299-304}}, Month = {{MAY 20}}, Abstract = {{A protocol of plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis was established for the first time on cashew using seed coat explants. Frequency of embryogenesis was significantly influenced by type and age of the explant and growth regulators supplemented to the medium. Seed coats isolated from the immature nuts between 15 and 40 days after pollination were superior in the induction of somatic embryos. Only 35\% of seed coat halves induced somatic embryos. Somatic embryos developed best on MS medium fortified with 13.3 muM benzyladenine (BA), 271.5 muM adenine sulphate (Ads) and 2.7 muM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). On this medium, an average of 3.3 embryos were developed per half seed coat. Embryos originated from the inner layer of the seed coat. Transfer of the embryos to fresh induction medium facilitated development of secondary somatic embryogenesis (more than 10 embryos per primary embryo). Embryos exhibited all stages of development, i.e. from globular to cotyledonary. Fifty percent of the embryos underwent conversion upon transfer to MS medium containing 4.65 muM kinetin and plantlets were successfully transferred to field conditions. Ninety percent survived in field conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00005-0}}, ISSN = {{0304-4238}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000182778100011}}, } @article{ ISI:000187438500004, Author = {Godinez-Alvarez, H and Valverde, T and Ortega-Baes, P}, Title = {{Demographic trends in the Cactaceae}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{69}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{173-203}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Although our biological knowledge regarding cactus species is thorough in many areas, only in recent years have ecologists addressed their demographic behavior. Here we attempt a first review of the present knowledge on cactus demography, including an analysis of the published information on species with different growth forms and life-history traits. Our review shows that cactus distribution ranges are determined by environmental heterogeneity and by species-specific physiological requirements. Temperature extremes may pose latitudinal and altitudinal distribution limits. At a more local scale, soil properties dramatically affect cactus distribution. Most cacti show a clumped spatial distribution pattern, which may be the reflection of a patchy resource distribution within their heterogeneous environments. The association of cacti with nurse plants is another factor that may account for this aggregated distribution. Many cacti grow in association with these perennial nurse plants, particularly during early life-cycle phases. The shade provided by nurse plants results in reduced evapotranspiration and buffered temperatures, which enhance cactus germination and establishment. In some cases a certain degree of specificity has been detected between particular cactus species and certain nurse plants. Yet some globose cacti may establish in the absence of nurse plants. In these cases, rocks and other soil irregularities may facilitate germination and establishment. Cacti are slow-growing species. Several abiotic factors, such as water and nutrient availability, may affect their growth rate. Competition and positive associations (i.e., mycorrhizae and nurse-cacti association) may also affect growth rate. Age at first reproduction varies greatly in relation to plant longevity. In general, cactus reproductive capacity increases with plant size. Populations are often composed of an uneven number of individuals distributed in the different size categories. This type of population structure reflects massive but infrequent recruitment events, apparently associated with benign periods of abundant rainfall. A few cactus species have been analyzed through the use of population-projection matrices. A total of 17 matrices were compiled and compared. Most of them reflect populations that are close to the numerical equilibrium (lambda = close to unity). Elasticity analyses revealed that the persistence of individuals in their current size category ({''}stasis{''}) is the demographic process that contributes the most to population growth rate. Also, adult categories (rather than juveniles or seedlings) show the largest contributions to lambda. No differences were apparent regarding this matter between cacti with different life-forms. This review shows that our knowledge of cactus population ecology is still incipient and rather unevenly distributed: some topics are well developed; for others the available information is still very limited. Our ability to preserve the great number of cactus species that are now endangered depends on our capacity to deepen our ecological understanding of their population processes.}}, DOI = {{10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069{[}0173:DTITC]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187438500004}}, } @article{ ISI:000181632600012, Author = {Adams, MJ and Pearl, CA and Bury, RB}, Title = {{Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by non-native fishes}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{6}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{343-351}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Positive interactions among non-native species could greatly exacerbate the problem of invasions, but are poorly studied and our knowledge of their occurrence is mostly limited to plant-pollinator and dispersal interactions. We found that invasion of bullfrogs is facilitated by the presence of co-evolved non-native fish, which increase tadpole survival by reducing predatory macroinvertebrate densities. Native dragonfly nymphs in Oregon, USA caused zero survival of bullfrog tadpoles in a replicated field experiment unless a non-native sunfish was present to reduce dragonfly density. This pattern was also evident in pond surveys where the best predictors of bullfrog abundance were the presence of non-native fish and bathymetry. This is the first experimental evidence of facilitation between two non-native vertebrates and supports the invasional meltdown hypothesis. Such positive interactions among non-native species have the potential to disrupt ecosystems by amplifying invasions, and our study shows they can occur via indirect mechanisms.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00435.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181632600012}}, } @article{ ISI:000181769800003, Author = {Steffan-Dewenter, I and Kuhn, A}, Title = {{Honeybee foraging in differentially structured landscapes}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{270}}, Number = {{1515}}, Pages = {{569-575}}, Month = {{MAR 22}}, Abstract = {{Honeybees communicate the distance and location of resource patches by bee dances, but this spatial information has rarely been used to study their foraging ecology. We analysed, for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge, foraging distances and dance activities of honeybees in relation to landscape structure, season and colony using a replicated experimental approach on a landscape scale. We compared three structurally simple landscapes characterized by a high proportion of arable land and large patches, with three complex landscapes with a high proportion of semi-natural perennial habitats and low mean patch size. Four observation hives were placed in the centre of the landscapes and switched at regular intervals between the six landscapes from the beginning of May to the end of July. A total of 1137 bee dances were observed and decoded. Overall mean foraging distance was 1526.1 +/- 37.2 m, the median 1181.5 m and range 62.1-10 037.1 m. Mean foraging distances of all bees and foraging distances of nectar-collecting bees did not significantly differ between simple and complex landscapes, but varied between month and colonies. Foraging distances of pollen-collecting bees were significantly larger in simple (1743 +/- 95.6 m) than in complex landscapes (1543.4 +/- 71 m) and highest in June when resources were scarce. Dancing activity, i.e. the number of observed bee dances per unit time, was significantly higher in complex than in simple landscapes, presumably because of larger spatial and temporal variability of resource patches in complex landscapes. The results facilitate an understanding of how human landscape modification may change the evolutionary significance of bee dances and ecological interactions, such as pollination and competition between honeybees and other bee species.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2002.2292}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf/0000-0003-1359-3944}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181769800003}}, } @article{ ISI:000202924900008, Author = {Matsui, Tsutomu and Kagata, Hisashi}, Title = {{Characteristics of floral organs related to reliable self-pollination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{473-477}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{In many varieties of rice, the length of basal pores on the thecae just after anthesis is strongly correlated both with the percentage of florets receiving adequate pollen and with the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigmata and its variation (coefficient of variation). Therefore, the size of the basal pores is considered to be an important factor for the reliable self-pollination of rice. We discuss how long basal pores may facilitate self-pollination. (c) 2003 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcg045}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000202924900008}}, } @article{ ISI:000181805500010, Author = {Von Helversen, D and Holderied, MW and Von Helversen, O}, Title = {{Echoes of bat-pollinated bell-shaped flowers: conspicuous for nectar-feeding bats?}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{206}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1025-1034}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Nectar-feeding glossophagine bats searching for flowers are guided by their echolocation system as well as olfactory cues in detecting and recognizing nectar sources. Therefore, chiropterophilous plants, which depend on these bats as pollinators, may be expected to have evolved acoustically conspicuous flowers that facilitate detection. As it is poorly understood how bats manage to find and recognize flowers acoustically, we investigated the echoes of some of the flowers pollinated by bats. Echoes of bell-shaped bat-pollinated flowers have characteristic features with respect to the echoes they reflect to a calling bat and differ from the echoes of leaves or other objects in their surroundings: the echoes are comparatively long and of complex spectral composition. Owing to the specific shape of the flowers, characteristic `spectral directional patterns' result when the spectra of the echoes are plotted against the angle of sound incidence. We suggest that bats are able to recognize such flowers - and probably other objects as well - not only by a characteristic spectral composition of the echo but also by comparing sequential echoes, at the same time taking into account their exact calling position relative to the object.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.00203}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, EISSN = {{1477-9145}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Holderied, Marc/M-9382-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Holderied, Marc/0000-0002-1573-7908}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181805500010}}, } @article{ ISI:000180971100001, Author = {Ripley, VL and Beversdorf, WD}, Title = {{Development of self-incompatible Brassica napus: (I) introgression of S-alleles from Brassica oleracea through interspecific hybridization}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-5}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Cultivars in Brassica napus var. oleifera , a self-pollinating, self-compatible species, have traditionally been developed as open-pollinated lines or populations. Significant yield gains in this species have been realized through the exploitation of heterosis. Commercial hybrid production has been possible as a result of the development of a number of pollination control systems. Self-incompatibility was transferred from B. oleracea var. italica to B. napus var. oleifera through interspecific hybridization. The response to interspecific pollination, as measured by pod elongation and initial stages of ovule development, was genotype dependent, and two highly responsive B. napus genotypes were identified. Embryo rescue was used to produce the interspecific hybrids. Isoelectric focusing of stigma proteins was used to identify S-alleles in the interspecific hybrids to facilitate backcrossing. Segregation of the S-locus through a series of back-crosses to B. napus was complicated by aneuploidy; however, the S-locus was found to segregate as a single gene. Usefulness of B. oleracea as a source of S-alleles for pollination control in B. napus is discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00780.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180971100001}}, } @article{ ISI:000180569300015, Author = {Siangliw, M and Toojinda, T and Tragoonrung, S and Vanavichit, A}, Title = {{Thai jasmine rice carrying QTLch9 (SubQTL) is submergence tolerant}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{2, SI}}, Pages = {{255-261}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Note = {{7th Conference of the International-Society-for-Plant-Anaerobiosis, NIJMEGEN, NETHERLANDS, JUN 12-16, 2001}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Plant Anaerobiosis}}, Abstract = {{Submergence tolerance is an important agronomic trait for rice grown in South-East Asia, where flash flooding occurs frequently and unpredictably during the monsoons. Although mapping locations of one major and several minor quantitative trait loci (QTL) were known previously, improving submergence tolerance in agronomically desirable types of rice has not been achieved. KDML105 is jasmine rice widely grown in rain-fed lowland regions of Thailand. This cultivar is very intolerant of submergence stress. To improve submergence tolerance in this cultivar, three submergence-tolerant cultivars, FR13A, IR67819F2-CA-61 and IR49830-7-1-2-2, were cross-pollinated with KDML105. Transferring the major QTL for submergence tolerance was facilitated by four back-crossings to the recipient KDML105. Molecular markers tightly linked to the gene(s) involved were developed to facilitate molecular genotyping. We demonstrated that individuals of a BC4F3 line that retained a critical region on chromosome 9 transferred from tolerant lines were also tolerant of complete submergence while retaining all the agronomically desirable traits of KDML105. In addition, effects of secondary QTLch2 were detected statistically in back-cross progenies. Effects of secondary QTLch7 were not statistically significant. The close association between tightly linked markers of the tolerance locus on chromosome 9 and submergence tolerance in the field demonstrates the considerable promise of using these markers in lowland rice breeding programmes for selecting increased submergence tolerance. (C) 2003 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcf123}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tragoonrung, Somvong/E-1026-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180569300015}}, } @article{ ISI:000182275800005, Author = {Pritsa, TS and Voyiatzis, DG and Voyiatzi, CJ and Sotiriou, MS}, Title = {{Evaluation of vegetative growth traits and their relation to time to first flowering of olive seedlings}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{371-376}}, Abstract = {{The aim of this work was to assess growth traits during the initial developmental stages of olive seedlings, which could be correlated to time to first flowering, facilitating fast selection in olive breeding programs. The experimental material consisted of 232 olive seedlings derived from controlled crosses of `Kalamon' with self (KA x KA), with `Amphissis' (KA x AM), and with `Koroneiki' (KA x KO) and from open pollination of `Kalamon', `Amphissis', `Koroneiki', `Chalkidikis', and `Manzanillo'. Vegetative traits of the seedlings, including canopy height and diameter, length of lateral vegetation, number of leaves, mean and total leaf area per plant, leaf shape characteristics, and specific leaf area (SLA), were recorded until 15 months after sowing. The first seedlings to initiate flowers, 4 years after sowing, were also recorded. The existence of correlations between the above growth traits and time to first flowering was investigated. In single-branched seedlings 6 months after sowing, height measured at this stage was significantly correlated with the mean and total leaf area per plant, specific leaf area, and other vegetative traits measured 15 months after sowing. Seedlings with high values of these parameters were the first to initiate flowers 33 months later. Our results indicated that pre-selection of olive seedlings for earliness of first flowering is possible, based on vegetative characteristics assessed very early in their development.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/AR02131}}, ISSN = {{0004-9409}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000182275800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000182136600006, Author = {Jusaitis, M and Sorensen, B and Polomka, L}, Title = {{Reproductive biology of the endangered Brachycome muelleri (Asteraceae), an endemic herb of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{51}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{179-188}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of Brachycome muelleri Sonder (Asteraceae) was studied from 1995 to 1997 by using nursery and field experiments. Reproductive development and seed dispersal occupied approximately half of the 4-month growth cycle. Flowers of B. muelleri did not have any obvious self-incompatibility systems and were readily selfed to produce viable seed. It appeared that B. muelleri may be preferentially cross-pollinated under ideal conditions of pollinator visitation, but could revert to self-pollination in the event of outcross failure. Seed dispersal was assisted by the epinastic curvature of peduncles as fruit matured, bringing capitula into contact with the soil a short distance away from the parent plant. Slight wind-stimulated movement of the capitulum was sufficient to dislodge seed directly onto the soil surface. Seed was shed in the immediate vicinity of parent plants and although some short-range movement facilitated by rain splash, water flow and gravity was observed, no long-distance dispersal mechanisms were apparent. Annual seed production of the single extant population of B. muelleri in South Australia was estimated at about 5 million seeds. Immediately after dispersal, the soil seed bank in the vicinity of B. muelleri plants contained, on average, over 1700 germinable seeds m(-2). Many of these seeds germinated or died within a year, the remainder persisting into a second or third year. Seed viability under field-burial conditions declined to less than 10\% over that time. Population size did not appear to be limited by seed production, but rather by seed dispersal syndrome.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT02072}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Jusaitis, Manfred/0000-0002-0313-9636}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000182136600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000181611400006, Author = {Sandvik, SM and Totland, O}, Title = {{Quantitative importance of staminodes for female reproductive success in Parnassia palustris under contrasting environmental conditions}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{49-56}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The five sterile stamens, or staminodes, in Parnassia palustris act both as false and as true nectaries. They attract pollinators with their conspicuous, but non-rewarding tips, and also produce nectar at the base. We removed staminodes experimentally and compared pollinator visitation rate and duration and seed set in flowers with and without staminodes in two different populations. We also examined the relative importance of the staminode size to other plant traits. Finally, we bagged, emasculated, and supplementary cross-pollinated flowers to determine the pollination strategy and whether reproduction was limited by pollen availability. Flowers in both populations were highly dependent on pollinator visitation for maximum seed set. In one population pollinators primarily cross-pollinated flowers, whereas in the other the pollinators facilitated. self-pollination. The staminodes caused increased pollinator visitation rate and duration to flowers in both populations. The staminodes increased female reproductive success, but only when pollen availability constrained female reproduction. Simple linear regression indicated a strong selection on staminode size, multiple regression suggested that selection on staminode size was mainly caused by correlation with other traits that affected female fitness.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/B03-006}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181611400006}}, } @article{ ISI:000185071600003, Author = {Coimbra, S and Duarte, C}, Title = {{Arabinogalactan proteins may facilitate the movement of pollen tubes from the stigma to the ovules in Actinidia deliciosa and Amaranthus hypochondriacus}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{133}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{171-178}}, Abstract = {{Sexual plant reproduction is a complex process that involves a series of interactions between the male gametophyte and the different cell types of the pistil. These interactions are believed to direct the pollen tube growth until its final target, the embryo sac. Arabinogalactan proteins are complex proteoglycans that are believed to be involved in these processes. The pistil is enriched in these highly glycosylated proteins and we provide results that show the selective presence of different AGP epitopes at the surface of the cells or in the ECM of the tissues that correspond exactly to the pollen tube growth pathway in Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Actinidia deliciosa. We also show that in Actinidia deliciosa, which is a dioecious plant with the male flowers having rudimentary ovaries where fertilization does not occur, there is no presence at all of the epitopes recognised by the monoclonal antibodies utilized in this study.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1025564920478}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Coimbra, Silvia/A-7000-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Coimbra, Silvia/0000-0001-9421-2538}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185071600003}}, } @article{ ISI:000181688500003, Author = {Feil, B and Weingartner, U and Stamp, P}, Title = {{Controlling the release of pollen from genetically modified maize and increasing its grain yield by growing mixtures of male-sterile and male-fertile plants}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{163-165}}, Abstract = {{There is public concern about the consequences of pollen dispersal from genetically modified ( GM) crops. The release of viable pollen from GM maize can be controlled by growing mixtures of cytoplasmic male-sterile plants and male-fertile non-transformed pollinator plants. Our experiments indicate that such associations can bring about grain yields as high or even higher than those produced by pure male-fertile maize crops, especially when the male-sterile component is pollinated non-isogenically. The grain yield benefits from cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia as well as the fact that seed of male-sterile varieties can be produced cheaply and reliably in large quantities would facilitate the implementation of the proposed system in agricultural practice.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1022843504598}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181688500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000181688500008, Author = {Foolad, MR and Subbiah, P and Kramer, C and Hargrave, G and Lin, GY}, Title = {{Genetic relationships among cold, salt and drought tolerance during seed germination in an interspecific cross of tomato}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{199-206}}, Abstract = {{Seed of BC1 progeny of an interspecific cross between a slow germinating Lycopersicon esculentum breeding line (NC84173; maternal and recurrent parent) and a fast germinating L. pimpinellifolium accession (LA722) were evaluated for germination under cold stress, salt stress and drought stress, and in each treatment the most rapidly germinating seeds (first 2\%) were selected. Selected individuals were grown to maturity and self-pollinated to produce BC1S1 progeny families. The selected BC1S1 progeny from each experiment were evaluated for germination rate in each of a nonstress (control), cold-, salt- and drought-stress treatment, and their performances were compared with those of a nonselected BC1S1 population in the same treatments. Results indicated that selection for rapid seed germination in each of the three stress treatments was effective and significantly improved progeny germination rate under all three stress conditions. The results support the suggestion that same genes might control the rate of seed germination under cold, salt and drought stress. Furthermore, selection in each of the three stress treatments resulted in improved progeny seed germination rate under nonstress conditions, suggesting that genetic mechanisms that facilitate rapid seed germination under stress conditions might also contribute to rapid germination under nonstress conditions. In practice, therefore, selection for rapid seed germination under a single stress environment may result in progeny with improved seed germination under a wide range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, to improve germination rate under nonstress conditions, it might be more efficient to make selections under stress conditions.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1022871500583}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181688500008}}, } @article{ ISI:000179865500007, Author = {de Graaf, BHJ and Knuiman, BA and Derksen, J and Mariani, C}, Title = {{Characterization and localization of the transmitting tissue-specific PELPIII proteins of Nicotiana tabacum}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{380}}, Pages = {{55-63}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Note = {{Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Experimental-Biology, SWANSEA, WALES, APR 08-12, 2002}}, Organization = {{Soc Exptl Biol}}, Abstract = {{The class III pistil-specific PELP proteins (PELPIII) of Nicotiana tabacum includes at least two members of highly soluble glycoproteins containing glucan modules that are characteristic for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). PELPIII accumulates in the style transmitting tissue (TT) during pistil development and, at flower anthesis, is present in the intercellular matrix (IM) of non-pollinated pistils. After pollination, PELPIII appears to be directly and completely translocated from the IM into the pollen tube callose walls, no significant accumulation was observed in the primary wall in the tip. In the spent parts of the pollen tubes these proteins become detectable against the remnants of the tube cell membrane and in the callose plugs. Different protein extraction procedures of PELPIII from pollinated tobacco pistils showed that these proteins remain in the highly soluble protein fraction and are not modified by the growing pollen tubes. These data concur with a role in IM development and pollen tube growth. In addition, the data show that the PELPIII are able to reach the cell membrane, facilitated by an already present or induced high porosity of the tube wall and an additional, yet unknown, mechanism. The differences in behaviour between the three related classes of style IM glycoproteins of Nicotiana, namely, PELPII, TTS and the120 kDa glycoprotein, are proposed to connect more to their differences in glycosylation than to major differences in amino acid sequence.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jxb/erg002}}, ISSN = {{0022-0957}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{de Graaf, Barend H./A-5880-2010 Mariani, Celestina/C-6920-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179865500007}}, } @article{ ISI:000181782900004, Author = {Steven, JC and Rooney, TP and Boyle, OD and Waller, DM}, Title = {{Density-dependent pollinator visitation and self-incompatibility in upper Great Lakes populations of Trillium grandiflorum}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{23-29}}, Month = {{JAN-MAR}}, Abstract = {{Trillium grandiflorum is a widely distributed, non-clonal, long-lived, white-flowered perennial herb. We examined the pollination biology and self-compatibility of Trillium grandiflorum in five populations distributed across northern Wisconsin and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Self-pollination was almost entirely ineffective in producing seeds in all populations, suggesting strong self-incompatibility. Natural seed set varied slightly across populations, with an average of 71\% of ovules fertilized per fruit. At the population level, seed set was not limited by receipt of pollen. At the plant level, seed set per flower first increased, then decreased in response to an increasing density of flowering plants within 2 m. This suggests that neighboring flowers facilitate pollinator visitation at low densities then compete for visits at higher densities. Observed pollinator visitation rates support this interpretation. The presence of self-incompatibility and the absence of clonal spread could make Trillium grandiflorum vulnerable to disruptions in pollinator service.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3557522}}, ISSN = {{0040-9618}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rooney, Thomas/A-5410-2008 Boyle, Owen/J-5082-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Rooney, Thomas/0000-0001-7412-3204 Boyle, Owen/0000-0003-3957-7571}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181782900004}}, } @article{ ISI:000185935000003, Author = {Carena, MJ and Cross, HZ}, Title = {{Plant density and maize germplasm improvement in the Northern Corn Belt}}, Journal = {{MAYDICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{48}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{105-111}}, Abstract = {{Successful maize (Zea mays L.) genetic improvement depends on choice of germplasm, choice of breeding procedures, and ultimately on the adaptation of genotypes to abiotic and biotic factors. Research was performed in order to evaluate responses of early maize germplasm to several planting density rates and to determine if selection changed germplasm responses to plant density. Synthetic varieties developed at North Dakota State University were selected for groin yield, kernel depth, and growth rate at 20,000, 50,000 and 200,000 plants ha(-1). Genotypes were evaluated at five population rates ranging from 38,000 to 62,000 plants ha(-1) across four North Dakota environments for Experiment 1 and at two population rates (44,000 and 66,000 plants ha-1) across five environments for Experiment 2. Genotypes x density interactions were not significant at P less than or equal to 0.05 in both experiments. Average grain yield means reached their maximum at final stands of approximately 56,000 plants ha(-1) and did not improve at higher plant densities in Experiment 1. The maximum grain yield mean for Experiment 2 was obtained at final stands of approximately 66,000 plants The selection environment (high vs. low plant density) vas not a determinant factor for grain yield improvement. Selection has improved grain yield (P less than or equal to 0.05) in most of the synthetic populations studied regardless of plant density utilized. Mass selection was usually associated with higher grain moisture. Taller plants with higher ears were observed as plant density increased. The rise of progeny testing in the most promising genetic materials seems desirable. Medium to high-density rates (56 to 66,000 plants ha(-1)) are recommended for open-pollinated seed production; however, higher plant densities are encouraged for germplasm improvement in order to facilitate the breeder's ability to discard genotypes. Selecting at high planting densities slid not produce populations with improved ability to withstand high densities.}}, ISSN = {{0025-6153}}, EISSN = {{2279-8013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185935000003}}, } @article{ ISI:000181119900006, Author = {Yi, WG and Law, E and Wetzstein, HY}, Title = {{Polyester and nylon powders used as pollen diluents preserve pollen germination and tube growth in controlled pollinations}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{265-269}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Pollen acquisition for seed production, breeding programs and supplemental pollination can be costly and difficult. The identification of dry particulates for use as pollen diluents would facilitate the use of limited amounts of pollen and aid in accurate pollen application and dispersion. Four powders - Rilsan ES, polyester, wheat flour, and Lycopodium spores - were evaluated as pollen diluents using petunia as a model system. Diluents were combined with petunia pollen at a 5:1 (v/v) ratio. Two types of studies were conducted: (1) storage studies evaluated the viability of pollen combined and held with diluent for different durations; and (2) in vivo studies evaluated pollen tube growth in the styles of flowers pollinated with pollen-diluent mixtures. Pollen germination was not affected when stored as pollen-diluent mixtures for 4 days. Slight detrimental effects on pollen germination were observed after 6 days storage with Rilsan ES powders. Pollination with all the pollen-diluent mixtures resulted in fewer pollen tubes growing in the style compared to controls diluted with heat-killed pollen instead of diluent powders. Lycopodium-pollen mixtures were the most inhibitory, providing only 8\% of the tube numbers observed in controls. Pollen mixed with polyester powders, Rilsan ES powders or wheat flour had tube numbers ranging from 47 to 61\% of the control, but still had 175 or more pollen tubes per style, which would be sufficient for high rates of seed set in petunia. Wheat flour-pollen mixtures tended to clump and degrade pollen flow. Rilsan ES and polyester were identified as two promising pollen diluent powders that can facilitate accurate metering and distribution of pollen, produce large numbers of pollen tubes, and maintain pollen viability under storage.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00497-002-0160-6}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181119900006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000185096100040, Author = {Boora, KS and Sindhu, A and Boora, P and Magill, CW}, Editor = {{Leslie, JF}}, Title = {{Identification of molecular markers for an oval leaf spot resistance gene in sorghum}}, Booktitle = {{SORGHUM AND MILLETS DISEASES}}, Series = {{WORLD AGRICULTURE SERIES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Pages = {{239-241}}, Note = {{3rd Global Conference on Sorghum and Millets Diseases, GUANAJUATO, MEXICO, SEP, 2000}}, Abstract = {{Resistance to oval leaf spot in sorghum {[}Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] accession IS 4725 segregates as a simple dominant trait controlled by a single gene in a cross to the susceptible cultivar HC136. Bulk segregant analysis coupled with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to identify DNA polymorphisms linked to a resistance gene. F-3 progeny tests following self-pollination of 105 F-2 individuals identified homozygous resistant and susceptible F-2 plants for use in bulk segregant analysis. DNA from the parental lines and the homozygous resistant and susceptible bulks was analyzed by RAPD using 100 arbitrary primers. Primer OPC 04 amplified a RAPD fragment only in the susceptible parent, HC 136, and the susceptible bulk, and primer OPC 16 amplified a RAPD fragment only in the resistant parent, IS 4725, and resistant homozygous bulk. The marker OPH 7, which is linked to an oval leaf spot resistance gene in sorghum accession G48, was not linked to the gene in IS 4725. Cosegregation of OPC 16 was verified in an F-2 population segregating for oval leaf spot resistance. Use of this RAPD marker could facilitate breeding for oval leaf spot resistance with marker-assisted selection.}}, ISBN = {{0-8138-0389-6}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185096100040}}, } @article{ ISI:000179902900027, Author = {Raju, AJS and Ezradanam, V}, Title = {{Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in a monoecious species, Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{83}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1395-1398}}, Month = {{DEC 10}}, Abstract = {{Jatropha curcas is a pantropical shrub. It is monoecious and protandrous. The ratio of male to female flowers is 29 : 1. Both flower sexes open synchronously. The sexual system facilitates geitonogamy and xenogamy. The flower visitors include bees, ants, thrips and flies; bees and flies effect geitonogamy and xenogamy, while ants and thrips effect only geitonogamy. The fruiting, behaviour indicates that the, plant might selectively eliminate the growing offspring, especially geitonogamous fruit to allocate the resources available to the plant, mostly for xenogamous fruit. The ability to self-pollinate through geitonogamy is considered to be adaptive for J. curcas for colonization.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179902900027}}, } @article{ ISI:000180108400002, Author = {Memmott, J and Waser, NM}, Title = {{Integration of alien plants into a native flower-pollinator visitation web}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{269}}, Number = {{1508}}, Pages = {{2395-2399}}, Month = {{DEC 7}}, Abstract = {{Introduced alien species influence many ecosystem services, including pollination of plants by animals. We extend the scope of recent `single species' studies by analysing how alien plant species integrate themselves into a native flower visitation web. Historical records for a community in central USA show that 456 plant species received visits from 1429 insect and 1 hummingbird species, yielding 15 265 unique interactions. Aliens comprised 12.3\% of all plant species, whereas only a few insects were alien. On average, the flowers of alien plants were visited by significantly fewer animal species than those of native plants. Most of these visitors were generalists, visiting many other plant species. The web of interactions between flowers and visitors was less richly connected for alien plants than for natives; nonetheless, aliens were well integrated into the native web. Because most visitors appear to be pollinators, this integration implies possible competitive and facilitative interactions between native and alien plants, mediated through animal visitors to flowers.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2002.2174}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180108400002}}, } @article{ ISI:000179822700002, Author = {Buide, ML and Guitian, J}, Title = {{Breeding system in the dichogamous hermaphrodite Silene acutifolia (Caryophyllaceae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{90}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{691-699}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The breeding system of the dichogamous hermaphrodite species Silene acutifolia, endemic to north-west Spain and north and central Portugal, is examined. Pollen germinability and style-stigma receptivity were analysed to determine whether protandry is a barrier to self-fertilization. By 48 h after anthesis, pollen germinability had declined to approx. 10 \%. The short straight styles are not receptive when flowers first open. They gradually elongate and curve outwards, develop stigma papillae and become receptive. There is no clear separation between stigma and style: the stigma papillae appear in a line along the length of the style. Fruit set is high regardless of pollen source; however, seed set is significantly reduced after both spontaneous and facilitated autogamy. Seed set following spontaneous autogamy was 30 \% (86 \% in controls) in 1998 and 33 \% (87 \% in controls) in 1999. Seed set following facilitated autogamy was 62 \% (86 \% in controls) in 1998 and 67 \% (89 \% in controls) in 1999. Thus, separation of the male and female phases does not prevent production of seeds by self-pollination, although it does reduce the likelihood of this. Furthermore, results of the present experiments indicate that this species has no self-incompatibility mechanisms (self-compatibility index = 0.98). The selfing rate in the study population was 0.41, which is supported by the lack of self-incompatibility systems and by the incomplete protandry. (C) 2002 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcf251}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179822700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000180318200026, Author = {Vander Wall, SB}, Title = {{Masting in animal-dispersed pines facilitates seed dispersal}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{83}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{3508-3516}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Masting increases the efficiency of wind pollination and satiates seed predators, but there is little. evidence that masting facilitates seed dispersal by animals. Masting in pines was studied over three field seasons by simulating seed crops in synchrony (mast years, autumn 1998 and 1999) or out of synchrony (non-mast year, autumn 2000) with the local population. Rodents removed simulated wind-dispersed Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) seeds significantly more rapidly in mast years than in the non-mast year. Radioisotopes were used to follow the fates of individual pine seeds taken from three source trees. Rodents cached nearly all experimental seeds in mast and non-mast years, making 562 caches in 1998, 510 caches in 1999, and 1034 caches in 2000. Mean dispersal distances of seeds in primary caches were 5.9 and 4.6 m (28.6\% and 22.1\%) farther in the two mast years than in the non-mast year. Rodents often excavated cached seeds and moved them to new sites (secondary caching). During mast years, some seeds were found in as many as three cache sites, but during the non-mast year, the level of secondary caching approximately tripled, with some seeds being found in five or six separate cache sites. Large seed crops were associated with reduced secondary caching of seeds, reduced seed consumption, and greater seed survival in the following spring. Animal-mediated seed dispersal may be a selective force, along with predator satiation and increased efficiency of wind pollination, driving temporal variation in seed production in some large-seeded pines.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083{[}3508:MIADPF]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, EISSN = {{1939-9170}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180318200026}}, } @article{ ISI:000178391700077, Author = {Tewksbury, JJ and Levey, DJ and Haddad, NM and Sargent, S and Orrock, JL and Weldon, A and Danielson, BJ and Brinkerhoff, J and Damschen, EI and Townsend, P}, Title = {{Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{20}}, Pages = {{12923-12926}}, Month = {{OCT 1}}, Abstract = {{Among the most popular strategies for maintaining populations of both plants and animals in fragmented landscapes is to connect isolated patches with thin strips of habitat, called corridors. Corridors are thought to increase the exchange of individuals between habitat patches, promoting genetic exchange and reducing population fluctuations. Empirical studies addressing the effects of corridors have either been small in scale or have ignored confounding effects of increased habitat area created by the presence of a corridor. These methodological difficulties, coupled with a paucity of studies examining the effects of corridors on plants and plant-animal interactions, have sparked debate over the purported value of corridors in conservation planning. We report results of a large-scale experiment that directly address this debate. In eight large-scale experimental landscapes that control for patch area and test alternative mechanisms of corridor function, we demonstrate that corridors not only increase the exchange of animals between patches, but also facilitate two key plant-animal interactions: pollination and seed dispersal. Our results show that the beneficial effects of corridors extend beyond the area they add, and suggest that increased plant and animal movement through corridors will have positive impacts on plant populations and community interactions in fragmented landscapes.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.202242699}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Brinkerhoff, Jory/I-9364-2012 Damschen, Ellen/E-4919-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178391700077}}, } @article{ ISI:000179091400004, Author = {Ornelas, JF and Ordano, M and Hernandez, A and Lopez, JC and Mendoza, L and Perroni, Y}, Title = {{Nectar oasis produced by Agave marmorata Roezl. (Agavaceae) lead to spatial and temporal segregation among nectarivores in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{37-51}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{We investigated temporal and spatial segregation of nectarivores at Agave marmorata inflorescences in Tehuacan, Mexico. Using survival analysis, a technique in which data are treated as censored, we found temporal segregation among insects, hummingbirds, and perching birds during the most nectar-limited time. Survivorship curves of hummingbirds and orioles were not significantly different from each other, however, temporal segregation was observed within hummingbirds according to body size and territorial behavior. Temporal segregation among hummingbirds is interpreted as a way to reduce risk of injury. This way hummingbirds meet their short-term energy demands and co-existence may be facilitated in a nectar oasis. In contrast, survivorship curves of oriole species were not statistically different with each other, but spatial segregation is suspected Scott's Orioles segregate by visiting agaves with taller inflorescences sooner than visiting those with shorter inflorescences. These results along with those of foraging behavior and floral shifts suggest that orioles are the legitimate pollinators of this century plant. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/jare.2002.0971}}, ISSN = {{0140-1963}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Perroni, Yareni/E-8097-2010 Ornelas, Juan Francisco/A-2250-2014 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Perroni, Yareni/0000-0003-4607-821X Ornelas, Juan Francisco/0000-0002-1124-1163 Ordano, Mariano/0000-0003-0962-973X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179091400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000176523300014, Author = {Stout, JC and Kells, AR and Goulson, D}, Title = {{Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{106}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{425-434}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to postfertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00046-0}}, Article-Number = {{PII S0006-3207(02)00046-0}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Goulson, Dave/A-2462-2010 Stout, Jane /B-1631-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Goulson, Dave/0000-0003-4421-2876 Stout, Jane /0000-0002-2027-0863}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176523300014}}, } @article{ ISI:000176210800017, Author = {Gokce, AF and McCallum, J and Sato, Y and Havey, MJ}, Title = {{Molecular tagging of the Ms locus in onion}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{127}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{576-582}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) is used to produce hybrid onion (Allium cepa L.) seed. For the most widely used source of onion CMS, male sterility is conditioned by the interaction of the male-sterile (S) cytoplasm and the homozygous recessive genotype at a nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). Maintainer lines are used to seed propagate male-sterile lines, possess normal (N) male-fertile cytoplasm, and are homozyous recessive at the Ms locus. Due to the biennial nature of onion, it takes 4 to 8 years of crossing and scoring of progeny phenotypes to establish if maintainer lines can be extracted from an uncharacterized population or family. Identification of nuclear markers tightly linked to the Ms locus would allow for molecular-facilitated selection of maintainer lines. We evaluated testcross progenies from a segregating family for nuclear restoration of male fertility over at least three environments. Although segregations in the F, family fit the expected 1:2:1 ratio (P = 0.973), the proportion of male-sterile testcross progenies showed significant (P < 0.01) year effects and it is therefore imperative to score male-fertility restoration over environments. Too many male-sterile testcross progenies were often observed, indicating that the dominant allele conditioning male-fertility restoration for S cytoplasm may not show complete penetrance. Segregations of amplified fragment length polymorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) revealed RFLPs flanking the Ms locus at 0.9 and 8.6 cM. An onion cDNA showing highly significant homology to the aldehyde dehydrogenase conditioned by the rf2 locus of maize was identified and mapped to linkage group 1, independent of the Ms locus. A sample of commercial onion germplasm was evaluated for putative allelic diversity at the RFLP loci linked to Ms. The genomic region corresponding to the cDNA (AOB272) revealing the closest RFLP to Ms was sequenced to reveal numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms. Single-stranded conformational polymorphisms and single nucleotide extensions were developed that revealed genomic variation at AOB272-EcoRI. The use of these molecular markers to select maintainer lines in onion is discussed.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{McCallum, John/0000-0002-7773-6732}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176210800017}}, } @article{ ISI:000176653800018, Author = {Raju, AJS and Rao, SP}, Title = {{Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. (Mimosaceae), a valuable non-timber forest plant species}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{82}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{1466-1471}}, Month = {{JUN 25}}, Abstract = {{Acacia sinuata shows leaf-fall, flushing and flowering during dry season. The flowers are small, massed into globose heads and function as units of reproduction. The plant is self-incompatible and exhibits synchronous flowering to facilitate cross-pollination. The flowers are hermaphroditic and monostylous, offering both pollen and nectar as floral rewards. Foragers included bees, wasps, flies, butterflies and thrips. Thrips acted as mere foragers, while all others acted as pollinators while foraging different conspecific flowers in succession. Additionally, sunbirds made occasional visits for feeding on extra-floral nectaries located at the base of leaf petioles. The pod-set rate was 2\% only. The low pod-set rate is attributed to a variety of factors. The study suggests that pod and seed yields may be enhanced by introducing manageable bees together with their nesting requirements.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176653800018}}, } @article{ ISI:000178098900009, Author = {Neel, MC}, Title = {{Conservation implications of the reproductive ecology of Agalinis acuta (Scrophulariaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{972-980}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Reproductive ecology of Agalinis acuta was investigated by examining potential for self-fertilization heroic and at anthesis, reproductive output from outcrossed vs, selfed matings. and effects, of browsing, plant size, and conspecific plant density on seed quid fruit production. These features of a plant species can provide indirect information pertinent to conservation such is patterns and maintenance of genetic diversity, risk associated with inbreeding depression, and changes in pollinator abundance or effectiveness. The species is self-compatible, with 97\% of selfed flowers setting fruits pollinators were not required for reproduction. However, seed set in self-pollinated fruits averaged 17-20\% less than that in open-pollinated fruits. Geitonogamous and facilitated selling are possible throughout anthesis and autonomous selfing is possible late in anthesis as corollas abscise. Delaying;elf-pollination until after outcrossing opportunities likely limits selfing rates and thus reduces risks associated with inbreeding but allows reproduction in absence of pollinators, Supplementing pollen on open-pollinated flowers yielded no additional seed set over controls, Neither early-season browsing of primary stems nor conspecific plant density had significant effects, on number of fruit,, per Plant, on fruit size, or on number of seeds from open-pollinated flowers. Currently, reproduction appears, to be high (about 2400 seeds/plant), and future risks due to lack of genetic diversity are likely low.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.89.6.972}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178098900009}}, } @article{ ISI:000177683800004, Author = {Olesen, JM and Eskildsen, LI and Venkatasamy, S}, Title = {{Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists}}, Journal = {{DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{181-192}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The structure of pollination networks is described for two oceanic islands, the Azorean Flores and the Mauritian Ile aux Aigrettes. At each island site, all interactions between endemic, non-endemic native and introduced plants and pollinators were mapped. Linkage level, i.e. number of species interactions per species, was significantly higher for endemic species than for non-endemic native and introduced species. Linkage levels of the two latter categories were similar. Nine types of interaction may be recognized among endemic, non-endemic native and introduced plants and pollinators. Similar types had similar frequencies in the two networks. Specifically, we looked for the presence of `invader complexes' of mutualists, defined as groups of introduced species interacting more with each other than expected by chance and thus facilitating each other's establishment. On both islands, observed frequencies of interactions between native (endemic and non-endemic) and introduced pollinators and plants differed from random. Introduced pollinators and plants interacted less than expected by chance. Thus, the data did not support the existence of invader complexes. Instead, our study suggested that endemic super-generalist species, i.e. pollinators or plant species with a very wide pollination niche, include new invaders in their set of food plants or pollinators and thereby improve establishment success of the invaders. Reviewing other studies, super generalists seem to be a widespread island phenomenon, i.e. island pollination networks include one or a few species with a very high generalization level compared to co-occurring species. Low density of island species may lead to low interspecific competition, high abundance and ultimately wide niches and super generalization.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00148.x}}, ISSN = {{1366-9516}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Olesen, Jens/A-3011-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Olesen, Jens/0000-0003-1998-1083}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177683800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000175839600007, Author = {Burns, KC}, Title = {{Seed dispersal facilitation and geographic consistency in bird-fruit abundance patterns}}, Journal = {{GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{253-259}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Avian seed dispersal mutualisms are characterized frequently by stochastic interactions between birds and fruits; however, many studies report coarse-scale correlations in annual abundances of birds and fruits at particular locales (i.e. `phenological synchrony'). This study tested the geographical consistency of phenological synchrony in a meta-analysis of data from 14 biogeographic locations. Data from a single site in British Columbia, Canada, were then used to test the dispersal facilitation hypothesis, which postulates that synchronous bird-fruit abundance patterns result from deterministic seed dispersal processes (i.e. avian fruit consumption). Results showed that phenological synchrony is a geographically consistent pattern. However, fruit production occurred after peak periods of bird abundances in British Columbia. Although phenological patterns were asynchronous at this site, observational and experimental fruit removal patterns supported the dispersal facilitation hypothesis. Avian fruit consumption covaried with bird abundances, suggesting selection may favour earlier fruit production and increased phenological synchrony. Environmental data suggest that earlier fruit production is constrained by cold spring temperatures, which inhibit the activity of pollinators and earlier dates of fruit maturation. Overall, the results show that phenological synchrony is a geographically consistent pattern in seed dispersal mutualisms. However, decoupled bird-fruit abundance patterns may occur despite deterministic processes favouring phenological synchrony.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00277.x}}, ISSN = {{0960-7447}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Burns, K.C./0000-0002-4938-2877}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000175839600007}}, } @article{ ISI:000178098300001, Author = {Jaffe, MJ and Leopold, AC and Staples, RC}, Title = {{Thigmo responses in plants and fungi}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{375-382}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Thigmo mechanisms are adaptations that permit a plant to alter growth rates, change morphology, produce tropisms, avoid barriers, control germination, cling to supporting structures, infect a host plant, facilitate pollination, expedite the movement of pollen, spores, or seeds, and capture prey. Through these varied functions, plant thigmo systems have evolved impressive controls of cell differentiation, localized growth rates, regulated synthesis of novel products, and some elegant traps and projectile systems. For most thigmo events, there will be a dependence upon transmission of a signal from the cell wall through the plasmalemma and into the cytoplasm. We propose the possible involvement of integrin-like proteins, Hechtian strands, and cytoskeletal structures as possible transduction components. Many thigmo mechanisms may use some modification of the calcium/calmodulin signal transduction system, though the details of transduction systems are still poorly understood. While transmission of thigmo signals to remote parts of a plant is associated with the development of action potentials, hormones may also play a role. Thigmo mechanisms have facilitated an enormous array of plant and fungal adaptations that make major contributions to their success despite their relatively sessile or immobile states.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.89.3.375}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178098300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000178098100008, Author = {Kopp, RF and Maynard, CA and de Niella, PR and Smart, LB and Abrahamson, LP}, Title = {{Collection and storage of pollen from Salix (Salicaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{248-252}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Genetic improvement of willows through traditional breeding can be facilitated by pollen collection and storage so that female flower receptivity need not be synchronized with pollen shed for breeding Two experiments were completed to test the effectiveness of various organic solvents for willow pollen collection In the first experiment. seven pollen collection treatments and an untreated control were tested with two willow clones The other experiment tested three treatments that showed promise in the initial experiment and an untreated control with eight willow clones Toluene and carbon tetrachloride were effective for pollen extraction, with average pollen germination percentages that were >15\%, but both chemicals reduced pollen viability by 10-20\% compared with an untreated control based on in vitro germination tests. Pollen extracted with carbon tetrachloride or toluene was successfully used in controlled pollination, and >100 new families were produced with this technique. Pollen viability remained high after 18 mo of storage at -20degreesC. Based on our results, toluene is the preferred solvent for future willow pollen extractions because it is as effective as carbon tetrachloride, is not a known carcinogen, and is less expensive.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.89.2.248}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Smart, Lawrence/0000-0002-7812-7736}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178098100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000173982300003, Author = {Johnson, SD and Edwards, TJ and Carbutt, C and Potgieter, C}, Title = {{Specialization for hawkmoth and long-proboscid fly pollination in Zaluzianskya section Nycterinia (Scrophulariaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{138}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{17-27}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The evolution of pollination systems has been investigated in Zaluzianshya section Nycterinia (Scrophulariaceae), a group characterized by very long-tubed flowers (up to 60 mm) that open either only at night (19 species) or during the day (one species). Field observations of three species: Z. natalensis, Z. elongata and Z. pulvinata, revealed that their flowers are pollinated shortly after dusk by hawkmoths. Further observations showed that Z. microsiphon, the sole species to have flowers that open only during the day, is pollinated exclusively by long-proboscid flies belonging to the family Nemestrinidae. A phylogenetic analysis of Z. sect. Nycterinia based on morphological characters indicates that Z. rnicrosiphon evolved within a clade of night-flowering species. The shift from hawkmoth to long-proboscid fly pollination in Zaluzianshya was probably facilitated because long corolla tubes, white petals and dilute nectar in hawkmoth-pollinated flowers are pre-adaptations for pollination by long-proboscid flies. However, the autapomorphic features of Z. microsiphon, such as zygomorphy, diurnal flower anthesis and lack of scent, can be regarded as adaptations for long-proboscid fly pollination. Breeding system experiments on Z. natalensis and Z. microsiphon revealed the existence of genetic self-incompatibility. (C) 2002 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00005.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173982300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000179272100014, Author = {Masojc, P}, Title = {{The application of molecular markers in the process of selection}}, Journal = {{CELLULAR \& MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{7}}, Number = {{2A}}, Pages = {{499-509}}, Abstract = {{Molecular markers are modern diagnostic tools, which may help breeders to solve practical problems. They facilitate cultivar identification, the determination of genetic similarities among breeding stocks and enable the calculation of polymorphism level, heterozygosity or self-pollination rate. But the main expectation with respect to molecular markers is their potential use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). There are four major strategies of finding a molecular marker tightly linked to a target gene of agronomic importance. The first approach takes advantage of the nearly isogenic lines (NILs) which are differentiated only by the allelic sets in the gene of interest and in the adjacent chromosomal region. The second strategy involves bulked segregant analysis (BSA) for identification of markers linked to a single gene. The third involves the genetic dissection of more complex traits, which leads to the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and their markers. The fourth strategy of marker identification includes computer databases (sequence and mapping data). The usefulness of these strategies is discussed in this paper. Some consequences of the application of BSA for gene tagging are described.}}, ISSN = {{1425-8153}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Masojc, Piotr/J-4795-2016}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179272100014}}, } @article{ ISI:000179386900005, Author = {Sanzol, J and Herrero, M}, Title = {{Identification of self-incompatibility alleles in pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.)}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{128}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{325-331}}, Abstract = {{Self and cross-incompatibility determination by means of fruit and seed set experiments or pollen tube growth observations in the style has been frequently reported to be unclear in pear ( Pyrus communis L.). Thus, in order to develop a reliable in vivo method to test pollen-pistil incompatibility in pear, pollen tube performance has been studied along the pistil following self and cross-pollinations. Results show that, while pollen tube growth in the style may be an unclear test, ovule observation at the microscope for the presence of pollen tube in the nucellus is a proper method to test incompatibility in this crop. With this analysis we could identify S-alleles of `Williams' (S1S2) and `Coscia' (S3S4), and three of the four possible S-genotypes resulting from the `Williams' x `Coscia' cross, as represented by `Butirra Precoz Morettini' (S1S3), `Santa Maria Morettini' (S2S3) and `Tosca' (S1S4). This result demonstrates that `Williams' and `Coscia' cultivars do not share any allele in common. We also established two new inter-incompatibility groups in pear. Furthermore, the presence of a common allele between `Williams' and `Agua de Aranjuez', and `Coscia' and `Agua de Aranjuez', three apparently unrelated old cultivars, may indicate a narrower genetic base than expected for European pear. This finding together with the fact that 40\% of new released cultivars have direct or indirect parental relationship with the cultivars `Coscia' and/or `Williams', anticipates the possibility of new cases of cross-incompatibility for this crop in the future. Both the method described and the determination of the S-genotypes will facilitate the characterisation of self and cross-incompatibility relationships in this species.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1021213905461}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Sanzol, Javier/B-1152-2010 Herrero, Maria/B-7978-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Herrero, Maria/0000-0002-3499-1602}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179386900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000179598700002, Author = {Shimano, K}, Title = {{Regeneration dynamics, causal factors, and characteristics of Pacific Ocean-type beech (Fagus crenata) forests in Japan: A review}}, Journal = {{FOLIA GEOBOTANICA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{37}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{275-296}}, Abstract = {{This paper reviews the differences in the distribution and regeneration of Fagus crenata between two types of Japanese beech forests, the Japan Sea (JS)-type and the Pacific Ocean (PO)-type, and discusses the causal factors and characteristics of these forests, particularly the PO-type. F. crenata in PO-type forests regenerates sporadically rather than constantly, whereas regeneration in the JS-type forests is relatively constant with gap dynamics. F crenata has dominated in snowy areas both in the past, after the last glacial age, when there was less human disturbance, and in the present. Snow accumulation facilitates beech regeneration in snowy JS-type forests, but not in the less snowy PO-type. Snow protects beechnuts from damage caused by rodents, desiccation, and freezing. In addition, snow suppresses dwarf bamboo in the spring, thus increasing the amount of sunlight available for beech seedlings on the forest floor. Snow also supplies melt water during the growing season and limits the distribution of herbivores. Moreover, snow reduces the number of forest fires during the dry winter and early spring seasons. The low densities of F crenata impede its regeneration, because disturbed wind pollination lowers seed fertility and predators are less effectively satiated. In snowy JS-type beech forests, F. crenata dominates both at the adult and the juvenile stages because it regenerates well, while other species are eliminated by heavy snow pressure. On the less snowy PO-side, deciduous broad-leaved forests with various species are a primary feature, although F. crenata dominates because of its large size and long lifespan.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02805212}}, ISSN = {{0015-5551}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179598700002}}, } @incollection{ ISI:000179883800009, Author = {Moore, PG}, Title = {{Mammals in intertidal and maritime ecosystems: Interactions, impacts and implications}}, Booktitle = {{OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE BIOLOGY, VOL 40}}, Series = {{OCEANOGRAPHY AND MARINE BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{40}}, Pages = {{491-608}}, Abstract = {{Although much information exists on the role of non-human mammals (both terrestrial and marine) on seashores and in maritime terrestrial environments, it is widely scattered in the literature. This review represents the first attempt to draw this disjointed information together. The reasons for past neglect are several: in some habitats, e.g. temperate rocky shores, such interactions are genuinely of relatively minor significance and have typically been ignored; the focus of marine mammal research on land has generally been ethological, not synecological; and the activity of small mammals, being predominantly nocturnal, passes largely unnoticed by (mostly) diurnal ecologists. Oceanic and inshore island populations are most at risk from introduced mammals. Cats, dogs, rats and mink are important predators of seabirds. Grazers such as goats and sheep cause coastal habitat degradation. Eradication of goats is especially important on islands and in faunas with high proportions of endemic species. Attention is focused below on mammalian involvement in ecological processes in a range of ecosystems: viz. salt marshes and shore meadows, sand dunes and machair, intertidal sand flats, shingle beaches, rocky shores, caves, cliffs, lava tubes, mangroves, seagrass and kelp beds and ice-edge habitats. Ecological observations on Marsupialia, Insectivora, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia, Cetacea, Carnivora, Sirenia, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla and Primates are presented. Contemporary issues involving coastal mammals (particularly livestock husbandry) are collated, namely marine pollution by nutrient outwash (eutrophication), microbiological water quality, radioactivity and the impact of climate change and sea-level rise (particularly on ice-edge and saltmarsh habitats). Any exploitation of shores by terrestrial mammals has to be intermittent and cyclical on a tidal basis. Evictions of terrestrial mammals from feeding or nesting sites in coastal ecotone habitats may follow tidal or storm events, and can be locally catastrophic (generating carcasses for scavengers). Expanding mammalian populations on islands run the risk of exhausting food resources and starving, especially in winter. Certain marine mammals, however, like manatees, dugongs and bottle-nosed dolphins, may exploit the intertidal zone during its periodic immersion at high tide. The role of mammals, particularly grazing livestock, is much greater in saltmarsh and sand-dune ecosystems (including machair habitats) than in the intertidal zone. Occasional strandings of cetaceans or deaths of seals, particularly neonates, provide intermittent bounties of energy for opportunistic scavengers like foxes, hyenas, jackals or bears (even humans in isolated situations), depending on location. Other coastal energy bounties come in the form of turtle and iguana nests raided for eggs by foxes, raccoons and mongooses. Bearded pigs may also intercept hatchlings on their way to the sea. Fringing densely wooded hinterlands, shorelines and beaches form unobstructed highways for larger animals and may, historically, have played an important role in facilitating their post-glacial dispersal. The importance of productive shorelines for foraging by grazing, predatory and scavenging mammals will be magnified along bleak hinterlands, for example, desert coasts. The sea otter and giant kelp story has become an ecological paradigm reinforcing the need for better understanding of the ramifications through ecosystems of changes to the status of keystone species. Bats and flying foxes, for instance, are key species in mangrove ecosystems, as essential pollinators. Some bats catch fishes. Accumulated bat droppings may be important sources of nutrients under roost sites. Chemical interactions (social signalling) between mammals in coastal situations are largely unknown. This and several other areas of relative ignorance (suitable for modem techniques like radio tracking, appropriately designed enclosure/exclosure experimentation, habitat restoration and pest eradication) are highlighted as requiring future research. Habitat management and sustainability at this important boundary would be improved if the effects of, and implications for, mammals were considered.}}, ISSN = {{0078-3218}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179883800009}}, } @article{ ISI:000173912100011, Author = {Parker, IM and Haubensak, KA}, Title = {{Comparative pollinator limitation of two non-native shrubs: do mutualisms influence invasions?}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{250-258}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{While interactions between invaders and resident species have received a great deal of attention recently, the role of mutualists in facilitating or constraining invasions is rarely considered. We investigated the reproductive ecology of two closely related, woody legumes. Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) and Genista monspessulana (French broom). invading the same sites. Both species are considered noxious non-native weeds in California. and are considered to be ecologically similar. but Genista has much smaller flowers than Cytisus. Neither species showed appreciable levels of autogamous selfing. When experimentally self-pollinated, Genista demonstrated less depression of fruit set and seed set relative to outcrossed flowers than did Cytisus. At two sites on the Marin peninsula. Calif., Genista flowers were consistently less likely to be pollinated than Cytisus flowers. Genista was significantly pollen limited at both sites. while Cytisus was pollen limited at only the site with lower visitation rates. In the three populations with demonstrable pollen limitation. we found a significant relationship between fruit production and natural pollinator visitation at the level of the individual plant. However. we did not find that overall patterns of fecundity were strongly predicted by differences in pollen limitation between species or between sites. While a previous study found a tight link between patterns of pollinator visitation and patterns of reproduction in Cytisus in Washington State. we conclude that a more complex and variable environment (in terms of resources. herbivores. and florivores) on the Marin Peninsula de-coupled the relationship between pollinators and fruit production in these invaders. Our results suggest that the role of mutualisms in promoting or constraining invasions is likely to vary considerably among invaded communities.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004420100799}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173912100011}}, } @article{ ISI:000179981900004, Author = {Steiner, KE and Whitehead, VB}, Title = {{Oil secretion and the pollination of Colpias mollis (Scrophulariaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{235}}, Number = {{1-4}}, Pages = {{53-66}}, Abstract = {{Colpias mollis is a perennial lithophyte that secretes non-volatile oil as a pollinator reward. Its white to yellow flowers bear two narrow pouches lined with glandular oil-secreting trichomes. The pollinating bee, Rediviva albifasciata (Melittidae), collects oil with its forelegs and midlegs by rubbing them against the gland patches within the flower. The presence of specialised hairs on these legs facilitates oil-collection. The strongly congruent geographic distributions of C. mollis and R. albifasciata and their close morphological fit suggest a long and close association between plant and pollinator. Although C. mollis appears dependent on R. albifasciata for pollination, R. albifasciata is not always dependent on C. mollis for oil. It can also obtain and utilise oil from flowers of the annual herb Hemimeris racemosa (Scrophulariaceae). At the main study site, fruit set of C. mollis was high (75.7\%; N=202 flowers) in a dry year when H. racemosa was rare and relatively low (11.4\%; N = 184 flowers) in a wet year when H. racemosa was common.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-002-0216-y}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179981900004}}, } @article{ ISI:000177150800006, Author = {Wendt, T and Canela, MBF and Klein, DE and Rios, RI}, Title = {{Selfing facilitates reproductive isolation among three sympatric species of Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{232}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{201-212}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of three sympatric species Pitcairnia flammea, P. corcovadensis and P. albiflos (Bromeliaceae) was studied on Corcovado Mountain in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Controlled pollination experiments were also conducted using plants transplanted to a greenhouse. The three species are self-compatible and interspecifically cross compatible, Pitcairnia corcovadensis was principally an autonomous self-pollinator, having scarce pollinator activity, anthers and stigmas at the same level, and absence of nectar. In P. flammea, many flowers opened per day. the stigma and anther were close to each other, and its nectar was regularly consumed by hummingbirds, all factors that promote geitonogamy in this species. Although fully self-compatible. P. albiflos always opened a few flowers per days showing an adaptation to cross-pollination. Observations during two flowering seasons showed that despite different times for peak flowering, blooming of these three species overlapped in April. They grow in mixed clumps that may facilitate promiscuous pollination between them but no intermediate forms were observed under natural conditions. The absence of temporal isolation, geographic isolation and isolation via post-pollination reproduction suggests that evolution toward selfing was important to avoid hybridization between these sympatric species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s006060200043}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/I-6110-2012 Iglesias-Rios, Ricardo/C-1794-2013 Klein, Denise/C-6880-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/0000-0001-6411-0354 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177150800006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000180301200114, Author = {Arzani, K and Javady, T}, Editor = {{Vitagliano, C and Martelli, GP}}, Title = {{Study of flower biology and pollen tube growth of mature olive tree cv. `Zard'}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON OLIVE GROWING, VOLS 1 AND 2}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Number = {{586}}, Pages = {{545-548}}, Note = {{4th International Symposium on Olive Growing, VALENZANO, ITALY, SEP 25-30, 2000}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci; Univ Bari, DPPAM; CIHEAM}}, Abstract = {{Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the valuable fruit trees due to its desirable olive oil and table olive. To facilitate olive orchard management decisions is essential to have knowledge on flower biology and physiology of fruit set of each planted cultivar. In order to achieve these objectives this experiment was conducted to explore flower biology and pollen tube growth of `Zard' cultivar under the environmental condition of Roodbar, Iran. In addition effective pollination period (EPP) for `Zard' cultivar was monitored. For the study of flower biology two sets of inflorescence samples (60 inflorescence each) were taken for further evaluation. In additions in order to evaluate pollen tube growth in the style ovary of `Zard' cultivar, four branches of this cultivar were pollinated using pollen from `Zard' and `Roghani Roodbar' cultivars after flower emasculation. Pollinated flowers were sampled in time intervals by 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours after pollination. For further study of pollen tube growth using fluorescence microscopy. Results of the study on flower biology of `Zard' cultivar indicated that 32.81 percent of its flowers are complete. In addition, results from pollen tube growth study showed that pollen tube of both cultivars ('Zard' and `Roghani Roodbar') reached the style base of `Zard' cultivar 48 hours after pollination, although 72 hours were needed for reaching pollen tube growth into the ovule. Note that there were not any significant differences in pollen tube growth among pollen of `Zard' and `Roghani Roodbar' in the style of `Zard' cultivar. Also the best performance in terms of better fruit set and development on `Zard' cultivar was achieved if pollination occurred 1 to 4 day days after emasculation, so this period should be considered as effective pollination period (EPP) for this cultivar. Under the condition of this study it is concluded that olive cv. `Zard' has a good fruiting and yield potential.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-756-4}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180301200114}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000177999500029, Author = {Atanassova, B and Georgiev, H}, Editor = {{Paroussi, G and Voyiatzis, D and Paroussis, E}}, Title = {{Using genic male sterility in improving hybrid seed production in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND BALKAN SYMPOSIUM ON VEGETABLES AND POTATOES}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Number = {{579}}, Pages = {{185-188}}, Note = {{2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes, THESSALONIKI, GREECE, OCT 11-15, 2000}}, Organization = {{Hellen Minist Agr; N AG RE F Agr Res Ctr Macedonia \& Thrace; Minist Macedonia \& Thrace; Afg Bank Greece; Hellen Sugar Indu S A; Elga; Bios AgrSyst; Municipal Thermi; Geotherm Greenhouses - Equipment; Scientact S A; Rockwool Grodan MED S A; Plastika Kritis; Psyllakis Nikolaos; Ypsilon; Rigas Labs; Agribous; Asteriadis S A; Ferror Plast}}, Abstract = {{Male sterility in tomato is recognized as a useful trait in breeding programs that address facilitation and improvement of the process of hybrid seed production. In Bulgaria, during the last 10 years the use of positional sterile 2 (ps 2)-sterile seed parents in tomato hybrid seed production is not any more merely a theory, but a theory that is applied in practice. Up to now no problems concerning their seed production and hybridity have been reported. Comparative study on the time necessary for the emasculation of floral buds, (as practiced when using fertile seed parent) and flowers at anthesis, (as practiced when using a ps 2-line as seed parent), made it clear that emasculation during anthesis was easier and almost two times more rapid than emasculation applied on the floral buds. However, the easier and more rapid anther emasculation is not the only criterion for an efficient hybrid seed production. Hybrid seed yield and the percentage of hybridity of the seed obtained are also of great importance. The study was therefore designed to compare the hybrid seed yield and hybridity of the seed obtained from four ps 2-sterile lines as depending on the developmental stage in which stamen emasculation and pollination took place and on the environmental conditions. The results obtained provided evidence that the introduction of ps 2-sterile seed parents in breeding tomato hybrids was not only a way for facilitating hybrid seed production but also a way to ensure 1.5-2.0 times higher hybrid seed yield, and this regardless of the genotype and alterations in the climatic conditions. These data were confirmed by production figures. The percentage of hybridity of the seed obtained in all variants was 100\%. During the last 10 years based on the lines included in the study, as well as based on other ps 2-lines, a number of tomato hybrids were developed and released: Balkan, Kom, Geo 12, Rila, Dorina, Precoce, Kamena, Elina, Odysseus.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-925-7}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177999500029}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000176993200021, Author = {Spiers, JM and Stringer, SJ and Draper, AD and Gupton, CL}, Editor = {{Hepp, RF}}, Title = {{`Biloxi' southern highbush blueberry}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VACCINIUM CULTURE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Number = {{574}}, Pages = {{153-155}}, Note = {{7th International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture, TERMAS DE CHILLAN, CHILE, DEC 04-09, 2000}}, Organization = {{Vital Berry Mkt}}, Abstract = {{`Biloxi' tetraploid southern highbush blueberry is a new cultivar developed and released by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture breeding programs in Beltsville, MD, and Poplarville MS. Plants of ``Biloxi' are upright, vigorous and productive. The fruit ripens early, has medium size, with good color, firmness, stem scar, and flavor. Although `Biloxi' is predominantly a tetraploid southern highbush in parentage, adaptation to the southern US environment was obtained from two diploid and one hexaploid Vaccinium species. This relatively low-chill cultivar was released in 1998 for production in the coastal plains of the Southeastern United States, and should be planted with other southern highbush cultivars to facilitate pollination. `Biloxi' blooms early, about the same time as ``Climax{''} rabbiteye blueberry, but fruit ripening precedes the earliest ripening rabbiteye cultivars by about 14 to 21 days. Thus, while providing Southern blueberry growers with a cultivar to aid in exploiting early-fruit markets, `Biloxi' may require protection from spring frosts.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-855-2}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176993200021}}, } @article{ ISI:000173456300011, Author = {Cotton, PA}, Title = {{The Behavior and interactions of birds visiting Erythrina fusca flowers in the Colombian Amazon}}, Journal = {{BIOTROPICA}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{33}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{662-669}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{I observed 22 species of birds visiting flowering Erythrina fusca trees at Matamata, Amazonas, Colombia. The large orange flowers of E. fusca are adapted for pollination by birds and are protected from illegitimate visits by a petal that covers the nectaries and anthers until displaced by a Foraging bird. Experiments with Rowers bagged to exclude potential pollinators demonstrated that the Rowers do not open without assistance. At Matamata, patrols are the most frequent visitors to flowering E. fusca, and two species, Dusky-headed Parakeet (Aratinga weddellii) and Cobalt-winged Parakeet (Brotogeris cyanoptera), appear to be the main pollinators. This is only die fourth report of Neotropical parrots acting a, pollinating agents. At least five other parrot species fed on the nectar or flowers of E. fusca but destroyed the Rowers in the process. Orange-backed Troupials (Icterus jamacaii) were the only other species observed opening E. fusca flowers nondestructively and are likely to be pollinators. Hummingbirds were common visitors to E. fusca flowers and some species were found to carry E. fusca pollen; however, hummingbirds were unable to open the flowers themselves and relied on other visitors to open the flowers for them. The number of hummingbird visits to a flowering E. fusca tree was positively correlated with the number of visits by parrots and icterids, but nut with the number of mature Rowers, indicating that legitimate visitors facilitate access by hummingbirds.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00223.x}}, ISSN = {{0006-3606}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cotton, Peter/0000-0002-4830-0868}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173456300011}}, } @article{ ISI:000173646200001, Author = {Washitani, I}, Title = {{Plant conservation ecology for management and restoration of riparian habitats of lowland Japan}}, Journal = {{POPULATION ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{43}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{189-195}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Conservation ecology is a new paradigm of ecology that aims at scientific contributions to maintaining earth's biodiversity and is committed to ecosystem management indispensable to intergenerational long-term sustainability. Population ecology plays a central role in conservation ecology. Persistence of the metapopulation rather than that of each local population should be pursued in species conservation management. Biological interactions essential to reproduction and soil seed bank components of the population should be investigated and applied to planning for the conservation of a plant population. Gravelly floodplains and moist tall grasslands are among typical riparian habitats containing many threatened plants in Japan. These riparian habitats are now subjected not only to heavy fragmentation but also to intensive invasion of highly competitive alien (normative) plants. Extreme habitat isolation may result in reproductive failure or fertility selection in a plant population without pollinators, as exemplified by a nature reserve population of Primula sieboldii. Biological invasions, which are facilitated by extensive changes in the river environment including decreased seasonal flooding, abandonment of traditional vegetation management, eutrophication, and extensive clearing of the land for recreational use, threaten endemic riparian species. To preserve safe sites and growing conditions for threatened plants such as Aster kantoensis, active management to suppress the dominance of alien invader plants is necessary. Population management and habitat restoration should be based on sound information on the population ecology of both threatened and alien invader plants, designed as an ecological experiment to clarify effective ways for management.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10144-001-8182-8}}, ISSN = {{1438-3896}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173646200001}}, } @article{ ISI:000173321900005, Author = {Shanahan, M and Harrison, RD and Yamuna, R and Boen, W and Thornton, IWB}, Title = {{Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. V. Colonization by figs (Ficus spp.), their dispersers and pollinators}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{28}}, Number = {{11-12}}, Pages = {{1365-1377}}, Month = {{NOV-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Aim This study considered the colonization of disturbed island ecosystems by Ficus species (Moraceae). Specifically, we examined the extent of colonization (compared with source areas), differential roles of seed dispersing birds and mammals, and the Ficus fruit characters influencing mode of colonization. Location Research was conducted on Long Island (5degrees20'S; 147degrees10'E), a volcanic island 55 km from Papua New Guinea, which erupted catastrophically in c. 1645 with probable extirpation of all life. Renewed volcanic activity in the early 1950s produced a series of temporary islands in the volcano's caldera lake. One island, Motmot, present since 1968 has persisted. Methods Long Island and Motmot were surveyed over 15 days for Ficus species and their vertebrate dispersers and pollinating wasps. The Ficus community was compared with that of mainland sources areas and Ficus species present were characterised according to their figs' size, colour, crop size and height. Observations of frugivory and literature records were used to determine Ficus dispersal guild membership. Results At least 31 Ficus species have colonized Long Island since its eruption. Evidence of pollinator wasp colonisation was found for all sixteen Ficus species observed fruiting. Thirty-six vertebrate species occurring on Long Island are identified as potential seed dispersers. Of these, fruit bats and pigeons are likely to have been instrumental in the island's early colonization with subsequent spread being facilitated by these frugivores as well as a number of smaller birds, and an introduced cuscus. Comparisons of fruit characters and frugivore, attraction between Ficus species reveal two broad dispersal guilds. Members of the first guild produce relatively large, green figs in the lower strata of the forest and attract fruit bats. The second guild includes species, that attract both birds and fruit bats with generally smaller, red figs produced throughout the vertical structure of the forest. Eight Ficus species have colonized Motmot, a 31-year-old emergent island in the volcano's crater lake. However, only one furgivore species was recorded alive on the island. Fig seeds are likely to have arrived during rare over-flights or roosting visits by frugivores, or in the bodies of prey brought to Motmot by raptors. We found no evidence of pollinator presence on Motmot. Most Ficus individuals on Motmot remain immature and the figs of the only three individuals observed with crops had not been pollinated.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00638.x}}, ISSN = {{0305-0270}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173321900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000171664500005, Author = {Johnson, SD and Pauw, A and Midgley, J}, Title = {{Rodent pollination in the African lily Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1768-1773}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Field studies in the semiarid Succulent Karoo region of South Africa showed that flowers of Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae) are visited at night by at least four rodent species. including two gerbil species. Live-trapped rodents were found to carry Massonia pollen on their snouts: they also had large quantities of Massonia pollen in their feces as a result of grooming their fur. Visits by insects to the flowers were infrequent at one site and apparently absent at another site. Plants enclosed in large-mesh wire cages, which excluded rodents but not insects, set very few seeds relative to open controls. Our initial hypothesis of rodent-pollination in M. depressa was based on the striking similarity of its flowers to those of unrelated. rodent-pollinated Protea species. Convergent traits include dull-colored and very robust flowers situated at ground level, a strong yeasty odor, and secretion of copious amounts of sucrose-dominant nectar during the evening when rodents are active. Despite having a low sugar concentration (similar to 20\%), the nectar of M. depressa is almost 400 times as viscous as an equivalent sugar solution. The jelly-like constituent in the nectar may discourage robbing by insects, while also facilitating lapping by rodents. Our findings illustrate the utility of floral syndromes for generating testable predictions about pollination systems.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3558351}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pauw, Anton/A-6126-2008 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Pauw, Anton/0000-0002-4012-648X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171664500005}}, } @article{ ISI:000171584600009, Author = {Ishii, HS and Sakai, S}, Title = {{Implications of geitonogamous pollination for floral longevity in Iris gracilipes}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{633-641}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{1. We analysed the longevity of individual flowers with respect to the effects of the floral display size of a plant (number of flowers open at one time) and spatial arrangement of flowers in Iris gracilipes (A. Gray). We found that the actual floral longevity of this species (about 2 days) was much shorter than that predicted by the model of Schoen and Ashman (about 7-10 days). 2. A large display size and an overlap of flowering periods within a shoot facilitated successive pollinator probes within a plant, though the frequency of pollinator visits per flower was independent of display size. Consequently, the cost of geitonogamous selfing increased with an increase in display size and an overlap of flowering periods within a shoot. The short floral longevity of this species would be effective in such situations because shorter floral longevity leads to a smaller display size and a smaller overlap of flowering periods within a shoot. 3. A small display size and small overlap of flowering periods within a shoot could also be realized by the strategy that staggers the flowering period of each flower without floral longevity being shortened (extended blooming). However, a mutant plant with an extended blooming schedule would be unlikely to invade the population because of the stabilizing selection pressure on the flowering date. This may be why such a short floral longevity, rather than extended blooming, has evolved in this species.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00560.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, EISSN = {{1365-2435}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ishii, Hiroshi/G-6179-2012 Ishii, Hiroshi/J-9660-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171584600009}}, } @article{ ISI:000170012400008, Author = {Neel, MC and Ross-Ibarra, J and Ellstrand, NC}, Title = {{Implications of mating patterns for conservation of the endangered plant Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum (Polygonaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1214-1222}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Mating patterns have direct application to: conservation because of their influence on structuring genetic diversity within and among populations and on maintaining that diversity over time. We measured population and family outcrossing rates, biparental inbreeding correlation of outcrossed paternity, and inbreeding coefficients in six populations from throughout the ecological range of the endangered plant Eriogonum ovalifolium var, vineum using naturally pollinated families. The taxon was primarily outcrossed: population outcrossing rates averaged 0.80 (SE 0.03) and family outcrossing rates averaged 0.88 (SE 0.03); neither rate varied among populations. Five population rates were significantly different from 1 while family rates differed from 1 in only one population. We found high correlated outcrossed paternity and evidence for biparental inbreeding in five populations each. As expected from the predominantly outcrossed mating system, levels of diversity were high and inbreeding coefficients among maternal individuals were low (averaging -0.05, SE 0.12). Differences-between inbreeding coefficients of progeny (average 0.21, SE 0.06) and mothers indicated selection against homozygous offspring. These results indicate that it is important to maintain large populations to prevent increases in inbreeding and to maintain pollinator communities to facilitate outcrossing.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3558332}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey/D-7782-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1656-4954}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000170012400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000169583600009, Author = {Borba, EL and Semir, J and Shepherd, GJ}, Title = {{Self-incompatibility, inbreeding depression and crossing potential in five Brazilian Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{89-99}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Intra- and interspecific experimental pollinations were made to determine the mating systems and the interspecific crossing potential in individuals from 24 populations of five Pleurothallis species. Pleurothallis johannensis, P. ochreata and P. teres show weak or partial self-incompatibility while P. adamantinensis and P, fabiobarrosii are more strictly self-incompatible. We found no differences in Fruit set between intra- and interpopulation intraspecific crosses, and there was no correlation between Fruit set and genetic variability or inbreeding in these species. All species are interfertile and showed no correlation between genetic similarity and crossing potential. We scored fruits for seed viability and observed a strong inbreeding depression in all populations: however, there was no difference in seed viability among intrapopulation, interpopulation intraspecific and interspecific cross-pollinations. These species are pollinated by flies with a behavioural pattern that facilitates self-pollination. Self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression are apparently important in the maintenance of the unusually high levels of genetic variability found in these species. As generally observed in other orchid species, barriers to hybridization between these Pleurothallis species are at the level of pollination. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.2001.1435}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, EISSN = {{1095-8290}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Borba, Eduardo/B-6101-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169583600009}}, } @article{ ISI:000173695000001, Author = {Bernardello, G and Anderson, GJ and Stuessy, TF and Crawford, DJ}, Title = {{A survey of floral traits, breeding systems, floral visitors, and pollination systems of the angiosperms of the Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{67}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{255-308}}, Month = {{JUL-SEP}}, Abstract = {{A survey of the reproductive features of the angiosperm flora of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Chile) is presented to provide a species-based review of reproduction and pollination, to identify generalizations associated with these systems, to understand the evolution of these features, and to utilize these data to promote conservation. The collection of original data was extensive, based on our own fieldwork, and was combined with data from existing literature. Data recorded include habit, sexual system, flower size, shape, and color, and the hypothesized pollination system of the first colonizers. In addition, the data on compatibility, presence and type of dichogamy, observed floral visitors, presence of floral rewards, and currently known pollination systems are summarized. Pairwise comparisons of different features are tested for statistical association. The flora is typically composed of perennials. The majority of the species have very small or small flowers. Inconspicuous flowers (i.e., a shape character describing flowers with no optical attraction) are widespread, as are dish-shaped flowers. Green is the most frequent flower color, followed by white and yellow. Most species are hermaphroditic, 9\% are dioecious, and 9\% are monoecious. Some 30\% of the species are protandrous and 7\% protogynous. Detailed studies of compatibility of about 14\% of the flora indicate that 85\% of these species are self-compatible (SC). Although most species studied are SC, their level of autogamy is low. Nevertheless, selfing mediated via geitonogamy is the most frequent mechanism of pollen transfer. Outcrossing is mainly achieved through dioecy and self-incompatibility (SI), promoted by dichogamy in the hermaphroditic flowers, and facilitated by wind pollination. About 55\% of the species offer nectar rewards, and only 2\% offer pollen rewards. Floral visitors are rare to uncommon: Two hummingbird species, one of them endemic, are considered as pollinators for 14 plant species. Flies, moths, and beetles are the native insect visitors to flowers, but they have been documented on only 1 I plant species (7\%). Even insect visits to these few species were rarely observed. Given the infrequent, irregular, and imprecise nature of native insect association with flowers, there is no certainty that any of the species are truly insect pollinated. Two species of introduced ants and a new endemic bee were recorded as well; however, neither is likely currently important to the pollination of the native flora species. About 9\% of the extant flora is currently bird pollinated; and we hypothesize that 47\% is wind pollinated. However, we propose that most of the colonizers were ancestrally either insect or wind pollinated. There is association between a number of current floral features and the hypothesized pollination of colonizers. Therefore; to a large extent the flower color, shape, and size of the extant flora may express the pollination syndromes of colonizers rather than representing extant pollination. In addition, the presence of nectar in many species of extant flora does not necessarily indicate biotic pollination. Thus, studies of the reproductive biology on oceanic island plants need to be conducted species by species before broad generalizations can be made, because the observed features can be misleading. Possible changes in the pollination system were assessed by comparison of species for which there are reliable data with the hypothesized pollination of their colonist progenitors. The wind-or bird-pollinated species have retained the pollination system of the colonizers: In other instances, species seem to bear a different pollination system: from ancestral insect systems to current hummingbird- or wind-pollination systems. The lack of alternative means of biotic pollination seems to have led in a number of instances to anemophily-in essence a default pollination system. The lack of strong selection pressure for wind pollination and the relative youth of the archipelago may help explain why the features associated with wind pollination in these species are not so obvious. Because there are many recorded extinctions of vascular plants from islands versus those from continental areas, it is imperative to invest additional effort in protecting the remaining island species. Conservation or restoration programs cannot be effective without a deep and broad understanding of the reproductive biology of the plants. In order to conserve these plants, programs must involve a combination of reproductive and environmental measures. The ultimate fate of some species may depend on preserving the plant-hummingbird relationship, including the web of organisms that affect both plant and pollinator. The populations of introduced animals and weeds must be controlled. Experimentally produced allogamous seeds would enhance diversity in restoration programs. In addition, the preservation of habitat seems to be the central challenge to indirectly protect the unique island species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02858097}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173695000001}}, } @article{ ISI:000169419600006, Author = {De Clavijo, ER}, Title = {{The role of dimorphic achenes in the biology of the annual weed Leontodon longirrostris}}, Journal = {{WEED RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{275-286}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Various aspects of the reproductive biology and dimorphism of achenes from the annual heterocarpic weed Leontodon longirrostris (Finch \& PD Sell) Talavera were studied in the laboratory and field. The species is self-incompatible, pollinated by generalist insects and produces two different types of achene in the capitula: peripheral and central achenes. Peripheral achenes are heavier (1.63 mg) and exhibit virtually no pappus and short-range dispersal, whereas central achenes are lighter (0.45 mg), possess a well-developed pappus and are produced in greater numbers. The morphological differences between the two types of achene result in differences not only in dispersal, but also in germination, seedling vigour and the ability of seedlings to emerge from different achene burial depths. Central achenes germinate more rapidly and in higher proportions under a broad spectrum of conditions. On the other hand, germination in peripheral achenes is much more restricted, partly as a result of their thick pericarp; a high proportion of this type of achene does not germinate and remains in a dormant state on the ground, forming a temporary seedbank. Because of the increased size of the embryo, seedlings from peripheral achenes can emerge from greater depths and are initially more vigorous than those from central achenes. Central achenes represent a strategy that facilitates settling in new areas; peripheral achenes represent a strategy that ensures in situ persistence. These biological characteristics are advantageous for colonizing species.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00237.x}}, ISSN = {{0043-1737}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ruiz de Clavijo, Emilio/K-5114-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ruiz de Clavijo, Emilio/0000-0003-3518-4498}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169419600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000168627200006, Author = {Huang, SQ and Guo, YH and Robert, GW and Shi, YH and Sun, K}, Title = {{Mechanism of underwater pollination in Najas marina (Najadaceae)}}, Journal = {{AQUATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{70}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{67-78}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Najas is the largest of the 18 hydrophilous angiosperm genera, however, study of pollination biology in the genus is largely ignored. In this study, the pollination mechanism of Najas marina L. was observed in two freshwater lakes as well as in aquaria. A unique mechanism of rapid pedicel elongation and curvature in the male flower of N. marina that brings the anther to lie opposite to the branches is reported for the first time. This process occurs before anther dehiscence and facilitates dispersal of pollen by water currents. A large number of pollen grains are dispersed in dense ``clouds{''} for 5-10 min after anther dehiscence. Microscopic examination of pollen grains revealed the presence of numerous starch grains in the cytoplasm. These increase the gravity of the pollen grains and provide energy for pollen tube growth to a length of 2 mm in the water. The development of pollen tubes before contact with the stigma enhances the chances of the pollen to be captured by the branched stigmas. In addition, the pollen grains undergo a marked elongation of their polar axes just prior to release. The relatively long period of viability of both precocious and ungerminated pollen grains further enhances pollination. The high pollen loads observed on stigmas could account for the high seed yield in this submerged plant. The precocious pollen grains may be functionally equivalent to the filiform pollen occurring in submarine-pollinated seagrasses. This provides an example of convergent evolution in response to the pollination environment created by strong water currents. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0304-3770(00)00141-8}}, ISSN = {{0304-3770}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Schmeck, Hartmut/0000-0002-4295-7631}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168627200006}}, } @article{ ISI:000168434100006, Author = {Li, QJ and Xu, ZF and Xia, YM and Zhang, L and Deng, XB and Gao, JY}, Title = {{Study on the flexistyly pollination mechanism in Alpinia plants (Zingiberaceae)}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{43}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{364-369}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Temporal dioecy, a no flowering mechanism of synchronous alternation of pistillate and staminate phases in hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers or monoecious individuals, decreases the probability of self-fertilization in self-compatible (SC) species. The authors report the prevalence of flexistyly in native species of Alpinia Roxb. in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, resulted in dimorphism with two temporal dioecious floral phenotypes that facilitates out-crossing. Populations of ginger plants Alpinia have two specific phenotypes that differ in flowering behavior: (1) ``cataflexistyle'' individuals with the stigma held erect beyond dehiscent anther when anthesis begins in the morning and becoming decurved under the anther at noon; (2) ``hyperflexistyle{''} individuals with the receptive stigma decurved under the indehiscent anther first and moving into a reflexed superior position above the anther as it begins to shed pollen at midday. The stigmatic movements in the two floral phenotypes, which occur in a ratio of 1:1 in natural populations, are synchronous and pollination is effected only between floral forms. Field experiments indicate that species of Alpinia are self-compatible and insect dependent fertilization plants.}}, ISSN = {{0577-7496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168434100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000167595000007, Author = {Borba, EL and Felix, JM and Solferini, VN and Semir, J}, Title = {{Fly-pollinated Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species have high genetic variability: Evidence from isozyme markers}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{419-428}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{We conducted an isozyme study in 22 populations of five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species (12 loci in nine enzymatic systems). The genetic variability in all populations is surprisingly high (P = 58-83\%, A = 2.1-3.8, H-e = 0.25-0.43) in spite of the fact that the five species are pollinated by small flies whose behavior enables self-pollination. We suggest that self-incompatibility, inbreeding depression, and mechanical barriers that prevent self-pollination in these species are responsible for the maintainance of the high genetic variability. These traits are uncommon in Orchidaceae, but have been observed in these and some other species pollinated by flies or other pollinators with behavior that facilitates self-pollination The genetic similarity among conspecific populations is also high for species with very shea-range flying pollinators. Only one population of P. teres presented values of genetic similarity lower than usually observed in allopatric conspecific populations. Morphology, however, does not support its segregation as a new taxon. Ail species can be recognized by their enzymatic patterns, and the results agree with recently proposed taxonomic realignments. Conversely, the supposed affinities among these species based on floral morphology are not supported, and we hypothesize that it may be due to convergence in species with similar pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2657106}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Borba, Eduardo/B-6101-2011 Solferini, Vera/E-9121-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Solferini, Vera/0000-0001-6582-1449}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000167595000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000168134800004, Author = {Walker-Larsen, J and Harder, LD}, Title = {{Vestigial organs as opportunities for functional innovation: The example of the Penstemon staminode}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{55}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{477-487}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Vestigial organs arise commonly during morphological evolution, but they need not be destined for elimination. Instead, vestigial organs may facilitate functional innovation because their freedom from functional constraints allows them to assume novel roles that their functional progenitor could not perform. We illustrate this vestigial transition between functions with an experimental study of the staminode of Penstemon flowers. Previous phylogenetic and developmental studies indicate that this staminode represents a stamen that was lost phenotypically, but not genetically, and then reappeared in the tribe Cheloneae, to which Penstemon belongs. To assess whether the Penstemon staminode has adopted a novel function(s), we compared pollination of flowers with and without staminodes for two bee-pollinated species, P. ellipticus and P. palmeri, and two hummingbird-pollinated species, P. centranthifolius and P. rostriflorus. The staminode acts differently in the two bee-pollinated species. For P. ellipticus, which represents the basal Penstemon lineage, the staminode hinders pollinator access to nectar, which increases visit duration and pollinator contact with sexual organs, thereby increasing pollen receipt by stigmas and controlling pollen removal from anthers. In contrast, in P, palmeri, the staminode acts as a lever that enhances stigma contact with the pollinator, so that staminode removal reduced pollen receipt, but did not affect pollinator attraction, visit duration, or pollen removal. Unlike in bee-pollinated species, staminode removal from hummingbird-pollinated species did not affect any measured aspect of pollination, indicating that the staminode serves no function in this derived pollination system. These results illustrate several features of vestigial organs: loss of function can be temporary; loss of function facilitates the evolution of novel roles; and functional reinvention will often involve only a single role, thus increasing the chance of both secondary loss of function (bird-pollinated penstemons) and functional switches (P. palmeri).}}, DOI = {{10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055{[}0477:VOAOFF]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Harder, Lawrence/H-9715-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Harder, Lawrence/0000-0002-2303-5076}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168134800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000168179800012, Author = {Kynast, RG and Riera-Lizarazu, O and Vales, MI and Okagaki, RJ and Maquieira, SB and Chen, G and Ananiev, EV and Odland, WE and Russell, CD and Stec, AO and Livingston, SM and Zaia, HA and Rines, HW and Phillips, RL}, Title = {{A complete set of maize individual chromosome additions to the oat genome}}, Journal = {{PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{125}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{1216-1227}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{All 10 chromosomes of maize (Zea mays, 2n = 2x = 20) were recovered as single additions to the haploid complement of oat (Avena sativa 2n = 6x = 42) among F-1 plants generated from crosses involving three different- lines of maize to eight different lines of oat. In vitro rescue culture of more than 4,300 immature F, embryos resulted in a germination frequency of 11\% with recovery of 378 F-1 plantlets (8.7\%) of moderately vigorous growth. Some F-1 plants were sectored with distinct chromosome constitutions among tillers of the same plant and also between root and shoot cells. Meiotic restitution facilitated development of un-reduced gametes in the F-1. Self-pollination of these partially fertile F-1 plants resulted in disomic additions (2n = 6x + 2 = 44) for maize chromosomes 1, 2,, 4, 6, 7, and 9. Maize chromosome 8 was recovered as a monosomic addition (2n = 6x + 1 = 43). Monosomic additions for maize chromosomes 5 and 10 to a haploid complement of oat (n = 3x + 1 = 22) were recovered several times among the F-2 plants. Although partially fertile, these chromosome 5 and 10 addition plants have not yet transmitted the added maize chromosome to F-2 offspring. We discuss the development and general utility of this set of oat-maize addition lines as a novel tool for maize genomics and genetics.}}, DOI = {{10.1104/pp.125.3.1216}}, ISSN = {{0032-0889}}, EISSN = {{1532-2548}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar/0000-0002-7477-4063}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168179800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000167665500002, Author = {Patra, NK and Tanveer, H and Khanuja, SPS and Shasany, AK and Singh, HP and Singh, VR and Kumar, S}, Title = {{A unique interspecific hybrid spearmint clone with growth properties of Mentha arvensis L. and oil qualities of Mentha spicata L.}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{102}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{471-476}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Crossing blocks of Mentha arvensis cv Kalka (menthol mint without carvone) and Mentha spicata cv Neera (carvone mint without menthol) in alternate rows (2:1::Kalka:Neera), and pollination of florets of Kalka with that from Neera, yielded a carvene-rich variant among the open-pollinated seedlings. The variant possesses the hybrid phenotype, including the vigorous M. arvensis growth habit and the synthesis of rich oil aroma supplemented with a menthol tinge (carvone 64\%-76\% against 58\% for the normal carvone mint cv Neera), and thus a novel combination of the essential oil. Chromosome counts and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis confirmed that this spearmint variant, designated as the variety Neerkalka, is a unique interspecific hybrid (2n=5x=60) of M. arvensis cv Kalka (2n=8x=96) and M. spicata cv Neera (2n=2x=24). Vegetative multiplication of the hybrid was facilitated by its underground sucker-reproducing ability which is otherwise absent in spearmints. The per cent improvement in the variant ranged from 31-97 for herbage yield and 95-317 for oil yield over the standard spearmint varieties (MSS-5, Arka and Neera), with per hectare oil yields of 125.0 kg, 139.0 kg and 65.0 kg, respectively.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s001220051669}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000167665500002}}, } @article{ ISI:000166810200040, Author = {Wu, RL and Zeng, ZB}, Title = {{Joint linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping in natural populations}}, Journal = {{GENETICS}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{157}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{899-909}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{A new strategy for studying the genome structure and organization of natural populations is proposed on the basis of a combined analysis of linkage and linkage disequilibrium using known polymorphic markers. This strategy exploits a random sample drawn from a panmictic natural population and the open-pollinated progeny of the sample. It is established on the principle of gene transmission from the parental to progeny generation during which the linkage between different markers is broken down due to meiotic recombination. The strategy has power to simultaneously capture the information about the linkage of the markers las measured by recombination fraction) and the degree of their linkage disequilibrium created at a historic time. Simulation studies indicate that the statistical method implemented by the Fisher-scoring algorithm can provide accurate and precise estimates for the allele frequencies, recombination fractions, and linkage disequilibria between different markers. The strategy has great implications for constructing a dense linkage disequilibrium map that can facilitate the identification and positional cloning of the genes underlying both simple and complex traits.}}, ISSN = {{0016-6731}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000166810200040}}, } @article{ ISI:000171408600002, Author = {Strauss, SY}, Title = {{Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests}}, Journal = {{AUSTRAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{26}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{447-457}}, Note = {{Symposium on Insect-Eucalypt Interactions, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, FEB 07-08, 2000}}, Abstract = {{Australia is unique in having two highly diverse plant genera, Eucalyptus and Acacia, that dominate the vegetation on a continent-wide scale. The recent shift in plantation forestry away from exotic Pinus radiata to native Eucalyptus species has resulted in much more extensive exchange of biota between native forest and plantation ecosystems than exchange in the past with plantations of exotic species. Growing numbers of hectares are being planted to Eucalyptus globulus across Australia, and plantations are providing resources and corridors for native biota. The present paper focuses on both the benefits and risks of having large-scale forestry plantations of native species that are closely related to dominant native taxa in local forests. At least 85 species of insects have been recorded as pests of Eucalyptus plantations around Australia; the vast majority of these have been insects using the same host species, or closely related taxa, in native forests. Plantations of native species may also benefit from closely related local forests through the presence of: (i) the diverse array of ectomycorrhizal fungi favourable for tree growth; (ii) natural enemies harboured in native habitats; and (iii) recruitment of other important mutualists, such as pollinators. Exchanges work in two directions: plantations are also likely to influence native forests through the large amount of insect biomass production that occurs in outbreak situations, or through the introduction or facilitation of movements for insects that are not native to all parts of Australia. Finally, older plantations in which trees flower may exchange genes with surrounding forest species, given the high degree of hybridization exhibited by many Eucalyptus species. This is an aspect of exchange for which few data have been recorded. In summary, because of Australia's unique biogeography, plantation forestry using eucalypt species entails exchanges with natural habitats that are unparalleled in scale and diversity in any other part of the world. More exchanges are likely as plantations occupy greater area, and as the time under cultivation increases.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01136.x}}, ISSN = {{1442-9985}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Strauss, Sharon /J-1827-2012 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Strauss, Sharon/0000-0002-6117-4085}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171408600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000172273500007, Author = {Hayden, MJ and Khatkar, S and Sharp, PJ}, Title = {{Targetting microsatellites (SSRs) in genetic linkage maps of bread wheat}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{11-12}}, Pages = {{1143-1152}}, Abstract = {{The construction of genetic linkage maps from intraspecific crosses of bread wheat is slow and difficult due to very limited levels of polymorphism, which hinder the assignment of linkage groups to chromosomes and leave large genomic regions without markers. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) reveal a higher incidence of polymorphism and are more informative than any other DNA marker, and are therefore considered a marker of choice for self-pollinating crops with little intraspecific polymorphism. However, the availability of SSRs in bread wheat is still limited. In this study, selectively amplified microsatellite (SAM) analysis was used to develop informative SSR markers to assist in the construction of an intraspecific wheat map. Three markers were developed for under-represented regions in the genetic map, and 7 for unassigned linkage groups. The latter SSRs permitted the chromosomal origin of 4 unassigned linkage groups to be determined. These results demonstrate the utility of SAM analysis for the targetted development of informative SSR markers to genomic regions of interest, and assignment of linkage groups to chromosomes. Furthermore, SAM analysis facilitates the development of markers for relatively short (<11) dinucleotide repeat sequences, a class of SSRs generally inaccessible to traditional hybridisation-based methods used to develop these markers.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/AR01026}}, ISSN = {{0004-9409}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Sharp, Peter/D-9209-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Sharp, Peter/0000-0003-4410-3514}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000172273500007}}, } @article{ ISI:000168240800003, Author = {Vander Wall, SB}, Title = {{The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{67}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{74-117}}, Month = {{JAN-MAR}}, Abstract = {{A variety of nut-producing plants have mutualistic seed-dispersal interactions with animals (rodents and corvids) that scatter hoard their nuts in the soil. The goals of this review are to summarize the widespread horticultural, botanical, and ecological literature pertaining to nut dispersal in Juglans, Carya, Quercus, Fagus, Castanae, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Corylus, Aesculus, and Prunus; to examine the evolutionary histories of these mutualistic interactions; and to identify the traits of nut-bearing plants and nut-dispersing rodents and jays that influence the success of the mutualism. These interactions appear to have originated as early as the Paleocene, about 60 million years ago. Most nuts appear to have evolved from ancestors with wind-dispersed seeds, but the ancestral form of dispersal in almonds (Prunus spp.) was by frugivorous animals that ingested fruit. Nut-producing species have evolved a number of traits that facilitate nut dispersal by certain rodents and corvids while serving to exclude other animals that act as parasites of the mutualism. Nuts are nutritious food sources, often with high levels of lipids or proteins and a caloric value ranging from 5.7 to 153.5 kJ per propagule, 10-1000 times greater than most wind-dispersed seeds. These traits make nuts highly attractive food items for dispersers and nut predators. The course of nut development tends to reduce losses of nuts to insects, microbes, and nondispersing animals, but despite these measures predispersal and postdispersal nut mortality is generally high. Chemical defenses (e.g., tannins) in the cotyledons or the husk surrounding the nut discourage some nut predators. Masting of nuts (periodic, synchronous production of large nut crops) appears to reduce losses to insects and to increase the number of nuts dispersed by animals, and it may increase cross-pollination. Scatter hoarding by rodents and corvids removes nuts from other sources of nut predation, moves nuts away from source trees where density-dependent mortality is high (sometimes to habitats or microhabitats that favor seedling establishment), and buries nuts in the soil (which reduces rates of predation and helps to maintain nut viability). The large nutrient reserves of nuts not only attract animal dispersers but also permit seedlings to establish a large photosynthetic surface or extensive root system, making them especially competitive in low-light environments (e.g., deciduous forest) and semi-arid environments (e.g., dry mountains, Mediterranean climates). The most important postestablishment causes of seedling failure are drought, insufficient light, browsing by vertebrate herbivores, and competition with forbs and grasses. Because of the nutritional qualities of nuts and the synchronous production of large nut crops by a species throughout a region, nut trees can have pervasive impacts on other members of ecological communities. Nut-bearing trees have undergone dramatic changes in distribution during the last 16,000 years, following the glacial retreat from northern North America and Europe, and the current dispersers of nuts (i.e., squirrels, jays, and their relatives) appear to have been responsible for these movements.}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168240800003}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000171524700009, Author = {Havey, MJ and King, JJ and Bradeen, JM and Bark, O and Sato, Y and Gokce, AF}, Editor = {{Armstrong, J}}, Title = {{A low-density genetic map of onion (Allium cepa L.) and its use for marker-facilitated selection of maintainer lines}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EDIBLE ALLIACEAE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2001}}, Number = {{555}}, Pages = {{87-89}}, Note = {{2nd International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae, ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA, NOV 10-13, 1997}}, Organization = {{Edp Packing \& Handling Syst; Field Fresh Tasmania; Hort Res \& Dev Corp; Bejo; Magnus Kahl Seeds; de Groot \& Slot; Moratis Grp; Yates; Asgrow; Australian Onion Ind Assoc Inc; Australian Garlic Ind Assoc; Int Soc Hort Sci}}, Abstract = {{Genetic markers are useful indirect selection tools when close linkages are detected with economically important traits. We have developed a low-density genetic map of onion (Allium cepa L.) comprised primarily of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We and others have identified polymorphisms distinguishing normal fertile (N) and sterile (S) cytoplasms of onion. Presently, we are identifying RFLPs and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) flanking the nuclear locus (Ms) conditioning restoration of male fertility in plants possessing S cytoplasm. Testcross progenies were generated and scored over at least two environments for male fertility to establish genotypes at the Ms locus. We observed good agreement between expected and observed numbers of plants maintaining cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Linkage analyses revealed RFLPs flanking the Ms locus. AFLPs were also evaluated and linkage of one to Ms was detected. We are presently determining the prevalence of these molecular markers among onion populations and assessing their efficacy to quickly and confidently establish genotypes at the Ms locus without laborious testcrosses.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-904-4}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Bradeen, James/0000-0003-1930-4728}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171524700009}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000185357400095, Author = {Cunha, RS and Saraiva, AM and Cugnasca, CE and Hirakawa, AR and Imperatiz-Fonseca, VL}, Editor = {{Zazueta, F and Xin, J}}, Title = {{WebBee - A web-based information system for research on stingless bees}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CONGRESS OF COMPUTERS IN AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES}}, Year = {{2001}}, Pages = {{676-682}}, Note = {{World Congress on Computers in Agriculture and Natural Resources, IGUACU FALL, BRAZIL, SEP 19-21, 2001}}, Organization = {{Amer Soc Agr Engineers; Soc Brasileira Informat Aplicada Agr Agrind; Asian Federat Informat Technol Agr; European Federat Informat Technol Agr; World Federat Engn Org; Amer Assoc Engn Soc; Univ Florida}}, Abstract = {{There's a growing awareness on the importance of pollinators for maintaining global biodiversity and for crop production, Stingless bees are a sub-family of insects that arc very important from an environmental and from an economical point of view. Besides their job on pollination in the field they are also being used for pollination inside greenhouses. These insects demand several studies for the understanding of their living habits and also of the influence of both biotic and abiotic factors on their behavior. These studies are essential for determining their role on the environment and their suitability as pollinators for specific crops inside greenhouses. As they are widely disperse in the world researchers from many countries cooperate in these studies and share their findings in many ways. In order to help those studies, organize knowledge and facilitate sharing of information a Web-based information system was proposed and developed. A database is a central part of the system, storing data from different studies. That includes data collected automatically by data loggers and by a weather station in studies on thermoregulation of the colonies, and manually collected data from human observation of their behavior. Data is stored in different formats like texts, photos and videos. The system can be accessed on the Internet with a simple Web browser. It was implemented with a MySQL DBMS, Apache Web server and PHP scripts. This paper provides a description of the system, of the database model developed and of its implementation.}}, ISBN = {{1-892769-22-0}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Hirakawa, Andre/H-6228-2012 Cugnasca, Carlos/A-9935-2013 Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera/H-5582-2012 Saraiva, Antonio/B-6350-2011 IB/USP, Ecologia/F-8692-2017}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cugnasca, Carlos/0000-0001-8306-9342 Imperatriz-Fonseca, Vera/0000-0002-1079-2158 Saraiva, Antonio/0000-0003-2283-1123 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185357400095}}, } @article{ ISI:000170770600050, Author = {Fernandes, MIBD and Zanatta, ACA and Prestes, AM and Caetano, VD and Barcellos, AL and Angra, DC and Pandolfi, V}, Title = {{Cytogenetics and immature embryo culture at Embrapa Trigo breeding program: transfer of disease resistance from related species by artificial resynthesis of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)}}, Journal = {{GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{1051-1062}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Note = {{1st Latin American Symposium on Plant Cytogenetics and Evolution, UNIV FED PERNAMBUCO, RECIFE, BRAZIL, 1999}}, Organization = {{FACEPE; CNPq; Soc Brasileira Genet}}, Abstract = {{Worldwide wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell, 2n = 6X = 42, AABBDD) breeding programs aim to reorganize genotypes to achieve better yields, environmental adaptation and food quality. The necessary interdisciplinarity for breeding purposes requires an accurate choice of the most appropriate cellular and/or molecular strategies available to be integrated with agronomic approaches in order to overcome the genetic limitation of each cultivated species, at each agroecosystem. Cytogenetics has given a great contribution to wheat genetic studies and breeding, due to viability of chromosomal variants because of homoeology among genomes in this allohexaploid species and the genus Triticum. The level of development of cytogenetic techniques achieved over the last 60 years has set wheat apart from other cereal crops in terms of possibilities to introduce genetic material from other species. Cytogenetic approaches have been extensively used in chromosomal mapping and/or resistance gene transference from tribe Triticeae-related species. Monosomic analysis, entire chromosomes engineered through single additions and/or substitutions, reciprocal translocation through radiation or manipulation of homoeologous pairing, as well as synthesis of new amphiploids to allow homologous recombination by chiasmata evolved considerably since the past decades. The association of tissue culture and molecular biology techniques provides bread wheat breeding programs with a powerful set of biotechnological tools. However, knowledge on genetic system components, cytotaxonomical relationships, cytogenetic structure and evolutionary history of wheat species cannot be neglected. This information indicates the appropriate strategy to avoid isolation mechanisms in interspecific or intergeneric crosses, according to the genome constitution of the species the desired gene is to be transferred from. The development of amphiploids as ``bridge{''} species is one of the available procedures to facilitate gene flow between wheat and related species. Since the environment at the center of origin of wheat in Southern Asia is quite different from subtropical environments, Brazilian breeding programs overcome more challenges to adapt wheat crop to biotic and abiotic stresses than some other countries. The germplasm bank of Embrapa Trigo has about 1000 registered entries of Triticum relatives, Aegilops, Secale and Agropyron species supplied from several germplasm banks distributed over the world which were multiplied and/or selected for naturally occurring or artificially inoculated fungal diseases. Since Aegilops squarrosa L. entries showed very good performance, the genetic variability observed in this species was firstly exploited. It is reported here the strategy used for transferring useful genes from Ae. squarrosa (DI), 2n = 14): crossing with tetraploid species (AABB, 2n = 28), rescue and in vitro culture of immature embryos for regeneration of the trihaploid (ABD, 2n = 21) hybrid, and colchicine treatment for genome duplication resulting in the artificial synthesis of hexaploid wheat lines (AABBDD, 2n = 42). Results of 10,739 artificial pollinations involving 28 cross combinations amongst eight T durum L., T dicoccum and T cartlicum tetraploid entries used as female parents and ten selected Ae. squarrosa sources of resistance as male parents are presented here. Immature embryos from 18 cross combinations were recovered and cultured in vitro. Green plantlets from 13 combinations were regenerated. Fertile amphiploids were recovered only from crosses among entries of tetraploid T durum and diploid Ae. squarrosa. They originated 11 fertile synthetic amphiploid lines from seven different combinations. Useful stem and leaf rust as well as powdery mildew resistance for future use in breeding programs were obtained.}}, ISSN = {{1415-4757}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pandolfi, Valesca/L-1637-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Pandolfi, Valesca/0000-0003-2283-5669}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000170770600050}}, } @article{ ISI:000166060400008, Author = {Miedaner, T and Glass, C and Dreyer, F and Wilde, P and Wortmann, H and Geiger, HH}, Title = {{Mapping of genes for male-fertility restoration in `Pampa' CMS winter rye (Secale cereale L.)}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{101}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1226-1233}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Hybrid rye breeding and seed production is based on the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-inducing Pampa (P)-cytoplasm. For restoring male fertility in the hybrids, dominant, nuclear restorer genes are necessary. However, current pollinator lines are only partial restorers. Effective restorers were recently detected in the German inbred line L18 and in materials originating from the Argentinian rye cultivar Pico Gentario and an Iranian primitive rye accession called IRAN IX. F-2 populations were developed for each of these three restorer sources to map the responsible genes by means of RFLP instriction fragment length polymorphism markers. For this purpose, homo- and heterologous DNA probes were used leading to 101 polymorphic marker loci in total. For phenotypic evaluation, 100 to I34 randomly chosen plants From each of the populations were cloned and grown at two or three locations with two plants each. Segregation ratios of pollen fertility in the F-2 populations with L18 and IRAN IX were in accordance with a monogenic dominant inheritance. The segregation pattern for Pico Gentario indicated complementary gene action. Major dominant restorer genes were detected on chromosomes 1RS (L18) and 4RL (Pico Gentario, IRAN IX). The gene on 1RS explained 54\% of the phenotypic variation and that on 4 RL 59\% and 68\% in the Pico Gentario and IRAN IX populations, respectively. Additionally, three minor genes from L18 were identified on chromosomes 3RL, 4RL and 5R. In the Pico Gentario population, a dominant modifier gene contributed by the female parent was found on chromosome 6R. This gene significantly enhanced the expression of the major restorer gene but on its own was not able to restore any degree of fertility. The map-distances between the major restorer loci and at least one flanking marker were small in all three F-2 populations (5-6 cM). In Pico Gentario an unfavorable linkage exists between the major restorer gene and a QTL for plant height. Since highly effective restorers are scarce in actual breeding populations, the major restorer genes detected on chromosomes I RS and 4RL should be introgressed into actual restorer lines. This is facilitated by using the closely linked molecular markers described.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s001220051601}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Miedaner, Thomas/0000-0002-9541-3726}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000166060400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000165668700002, Author = {Huang, SQ and Song, N and Wang, Q and Tang, LL and Wang, XF}, Title = {{Sex expression and the evolutionary advantages of male flowers in an andromonoecious species, Sagittaria guyanensis subsp lappula (Alismataceae)}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{42}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1108-1114}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Sex expression in Sagittaria guyanensis H.B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin is typically andromonoecious while the other species in the same genus are basically monoecious. The evolutionary advantages of male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers in S. guyanensis subsp. lappula were assessed by measuring sex allocation and pollen movements in two wild populations of the species. Two cultivated populations served as controls. The percentage of male flowers was very low in the two wild populations in Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province and Wuyishan, Fujian Province, viz., 2.48\% and 0.96\% respectively. In the two cultivated populations, male newer percentage significantly increased when the soil was of higher nutrient content. This indicates that the allocation to male versus female reproduction might change in response to environmental factors. Pollen production per male newer was 4.1 times higher than that of a hermaphrodite flower. The floral shape and size of male and hermaphrodite flowers were similar. No difference was observed between these dimorphological flowers in pollen germination rate in vitro and in the speed of pollen tube growth in, vivo. Anthesis was only 4-5 h. Male flowers usually opened 0.5 h earlier than hermaphrodite flowers. An unexpected finding was that no pollen from the male flowers was found on the stigmas of the hermaphrodite flowers, in spite of the occasional visits by insects to both types of flowers in both wild and control populations. A consistent pattern of fruit development was found to exist in open pollinated flowers as well as in flowers that had been bagged. The sex ratios did not have significant influence on fruit set. Approximately 25\% of the pistils in a gynoecium failed to develop into fruits because no pollen was deposited on them, indicating that the fruit set of this andromonoecious plant is mainly affected by pollen limitation rather than resource limitation. Reproduction in S. guyanensis subsp. lappula in the habitats was dependent on self-pollination in hermaphrodite flowers. The male flowers in this species might be a potential source of additional pollination and may facilitate cross-pollination. The fact that the flowers of monoecious species in Sagittaria pollinated by a wide diversity of insect visitors may contribute enormously to the diversification of sex expression in this genus.}}, ISSN = {{0577-7496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000165668700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000089658200006, Author = {Pellmyr, O and Leebens-Mack, J}, Title = {{Reversal of mutualism as a mechanism for adaptive radiation in yucca moths}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{156}}, Number = {{S}}, Pages = {{S62-S76}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Species interactions are a major source of adaptive radiation. In mutualisms, such diversification can take the form of evolution of parasites that exploit the resources needed for maintenance of the mutualism. Mutualistic associations often have associated parasitic species, and in some cases, parasitic species have indeed evolved from the mutualists. For example, obligate mutualisms, such as those involving seed-eating pollinators, have on a few occasions given rise to nonmutualist species. These systems are relatively simple and provide models for identifying factors that facilitate the stable reversal of a mutualistic interaction. We used ecological data in a phylogenetic framework to analyze the origins of two nonmutualist cheater yucca moths. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the evolution of cheating may be preceded by a change in oviposition behavior. Two different modes of oviposition among math species cause density-dependent moth egg mortality through flower abscission in one case (locule-ovipositing species) but density-independent mortality in the other (superficially ovipositing species). A mtDNA-based phylogeny indicated that cheating and superficial oviposition have evolved twice each and that the cheater clades are sisters to the superficially ovipositing species clades. Consideration of the fitness consequences of two trait changes-loss of pollination and phenological delay in oviposition-in which cheaters have diverged from ancestral pollinators suggest that the shift to oviposition into fruit may have occurred first and that loss of pollination behavior was a secondary event. We suggest that secondary coexistence of two pollinator species of opposite oviposition modes may facilitate the shift to fruit oviposition and cheating and that this is applicable in the best documented of the cheater lucca moths. Superficially ovipositing species suffer dual sources of egg mortality when in coexistence with locule-ovipositing species. Shift to fruit oviposition under this circumstance can be facilitated by access to a seed resource not available to the copollinator, preadaptations in ovipositor morphology, and pollinator phenology late relative to the copollinator. Thus the adaptive radiation of nonmutualists from mutualists may have taken place in specific ecological contexts through few trait changes, and the reversal of mutualism would be a by-product of a shift to reliance on a previously inaccessible seed resource.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/303416}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, EISSN = {{1537-5323}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Leebens-Mack, James/0000-0003-4811-2231}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089658200006}}, } @article{ ISI:000089599600014, Author = {Manetas, Y and Petropoulou, Y}, Title = {{Nectar amount, pollinator visit duration and pollination success in the Mediterranean shrub Cistus creticus}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{815-820}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{We have re-examined the nectar status of Cistus creticus, a plant that was previously thought to be an almost exclusive pollen donor. Although attempts to extract nectar with the microcapillary method failed, rinsates of the flower interior yielded considerable amounts of sugar, yet with high interplant variation. Enzymatic microassays revealed that secreted sugar is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the numerous filaments surrounding the nectary, on the dense pubescence of the ovary surrounded by the nectary and on the yellow base of the purplish-pink, free, obovate petals. The conclusion that C. creticus is an efficient nectar donor was further strengthened by video recording the behaviour of bees and by the high frequency of nectar thieves. We propose that the shallow flower shape and the overheating caused by solar tracking facilitate evaporative concentration of nectar. Alternatively (or in addition), the morphological proximity of the nectary to the filaments and the ovary pubescence facilitates adsorption and the capillary action of the cell walls works antagonistically to glass microcapillaries precluding nectar collection. Addition of artificial nectar in the field had no effect on bee visit frequency but it increased visit duration significantly and decreased abortion rates, in addition, seed yield was increased, especially under insect-limited conditions. We conclude that C. creticus is a nectar donor, and that nectar variation in the field may modify pollinator behaviour and affect pollination success and the fitness of the plant. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.2000.1241}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089599600014}}, } @article{ ISI:000090101600001, Author = {Olsson, M and Shine, R and Ba'k-Olsson, E}, Title = {{Lizards as a plant's `hired help': letting pollinators in and seeds out}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{71}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{191-202}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{It is well-known that plants utilize many different kinds of animals for pollination and dispersal of their seeds, but an alternative kind of evolutionary relationship has attracted less attention: animals can facilitate pollen and seed transport without acting as a vector. We studied interactions between an epacridaceous plant (the honey bush, Richea scoparia) and a lizard (the snow skink, Niveoscincus microlepidotus) near the summit of Mount Wellington, Tasmania. The lizards gain access to the plant's nectar by tearing the fused petals (the calyptra) from the flower, thus exposing the plant's reproductive organs. Snow skinks forage selectively on flowers with higher-than-average nectar content, suggesting that this behaviour has evolved in response to plant characteristics. Lizard foraging may benefit R. scoparia, because calyptra remain attached unless a lizard tears the flower open. Our experiments demonstrated that the lizard's calyptra removal dramatically increased the plant's seed release. In 60 fruits from flowers with their calyptra intact, no seeds at all were released. However, 57 out of 60 (87\%) fruits from flowers with their calyptra removed by the lizards successfully released their seeds. This system appears to involve reciprocal evolutionary changes in the interacting species (behaviour in the lizards and reproductive morphology in the plant). Thus the system seems to provide an unusual case of coevolution. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01253.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Shine, Richard/B-8711-2008}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000090101600001}}, } @article{ ISI:000090118700012, Author = {Marais, GF and Botes, WC and Louw, JH}, Title = {{Recurrent selection using male sterility and hydroponic tiller culture in pedigree breeding of wheat}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{119}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{440-442}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{A procedure for recurrent selection based on the male sterility gene, Ms3. was implemented. To facilitate the production of large numbers of hybrid progeny, a simple hydroponic system was developed in which male-sterile tillers cut at the flowering stage can be pollinated and maintained for about 8 weeks - long enough to produce a large quantity of viable hybrid seeds. The recurrent selection steps were integrated with a pedigree breeding programme employing different selection cycles for male and female plants. F-1 female plants are subjected to a single screening for seedling resistance. In addition to F-1 seedling screening, F-2-F-4 male families are field-selected for disease resistance, agrotype and quality in a pedigree programme before being used in crosses.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00529.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Botes, Willem/0000-0002-2304-8707}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000090118700012}}, } @article{ ISI:000089385100006, Author = {Schmidt-Adam, G and Young, AG and Murray, BG}, Title = {{Low outcrossing rates and shift in pollinators in New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa; Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1265-1271}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa), a member of the Myrtaceae, is a large, mass-flowering tree endemic to northern New Zealand coastlines. Mainland populations have been reduced to fragmented stands, and the original suite of bird pollinators has been largely replaced by introduced species. The native pollinator fauna on several offshore islands is largely intact and includes three species of the New Zealand honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and native, solitary bees. We estimated multilocus outcrossing rates for three mainland and two island populations and found that they were among the lowest in the Myrtaceae (t(m) = 0.22-0.53). The shift in pollinators had no measurable effect on the mating system. Mass-flowering facilitates geitonogamous selfing, and inbreeding depression in seedling height was detectable at 6 mo of growth. F-s {[}Wright's (1965) Fixation Index] was consistently higher than F-m in all populations, indicating that selection may eliminate selfed offspring from populations prior to achieving reproductive maturity. Results suggest that increased selfing in mainland populations due to pollinator changes is not responsible for current patterns of poor regeneration of this species.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656719}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Young, Andrew/J-8111-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089385100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000088941200013, Author = {Husband, BC and Schemske, DW}, Title = {{Ecological mechanisms of reproductive isolation between diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{689-701}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{1 Theoretical models indicate that coexistence of diploid and polyploid individuals in sympatric populations is unlikely when mating is random among cytotypes and hybrids are inviable. However, coexistence may be facilitated by prezygotic isolating mechanisms that reduce intercytotype mating and increase assortative mating. 2 We examined the ecological factors regulating intercytotype mating in Chamerion (formerly Epilobium) angustifolium by measuring floral morphology, flowering synchrony and insect foraging preferences in a mixed population within a diploid-tetraploid contact zone. We also calculated the minimum rate of between-cytotype mating from estimates of the frequency of triploid offspring. 3 Diploids had significantly shorter and narrower petals as well as shorter styles than tetraploids. Inflorescences were significantly taller in tetraploids than diploids, but the mean number of open flowers per inflorescence did not differ. Diploid and tetraploid flowering periods overlapped by 51\%, with diploid stems flowering earlier. 4 In a plot of 20 diploid and 28 tetraploid stems that were flowering simultaneously, only 26\% of all bee flights were between flowers on different stems. Of the total flights between inflorescences, only 15\% were between different cytotypes. The combined effects of flowering asynchrony and insect foraging reduced the opportunities for intercytotype mating from 49\% expected if mating is random to about 2\% of the total number of pollinator flights. 5 A computer simulation indicated that the deficiency of pollinator flights between cytotypes was due largely to the spatial structure of cytotypes and limited pollinator flight distances within the observation plot. The frequency of triploid offspring produced during the period when both cytotypes were in flower was 6.6\%, similar to the proportion of flights observed between flowers on different cytotypes (4\%). 6 The results indicate that flowering phenology and insect behaviour las influenced by clonal structure) have a significant effect on prezygotic mating isolation and triploid production, and may contribute to the maintenance of mixed cytotype populations in Chamerion angustifolium.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00481.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000088941200013}}, } @article{ ISI:000089410600006, Author = {Beuselinck, PR and McGraw, RL}, Title = {{Vestigial corolla in flowers of birdsfoot trefoil}}, Journal = {{CROP SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{964-967}}, Month = {{JUL-AUG}}, Abstract = {{A naturally occurring floral mutant is infrequently observed in some populations of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L). The petals of mutant flowers are folded inward and do not extend fully, producing a vestigial corolla (vc), while other floral parts remain normal. The style extrudes through a gap between the rudimentary keel and the folded standard, Consequently, the stigma and style extend beyond the corolla and are exposed, The spatial separation between stigma and anthers could facilitate hand-pollination as it eliminates the need for emasculation. The objective of this study was to determine the fertility oft. corniculatus genotypes expressing sc floral characters. Sixteen genotypes of L. corniculatus expressing the re phenotype were collected from field grown populations. Pollen from vc genotypes was compared with pollen from genotypes of the germplasm MU-81 used as controls. All vc genotypes produced some pollen that appeared normal, although the quantity of such pollen was variable among the vc genotypes. Mean pollen germination among sc genotypes was 22\%, compared with 50\% for MU-81. Only five of 16 vc genotypes produced pods when crossed to genotypes of MU-81 and both pod and seed set were less than in control crosses. Normal and abnormal ovules were observed in ovaries of vc genotypes and the reduced fertility may have resulted from smaller, incompletely developed ovules. Unidirectional reversion of the vc genotypes, from abnormal to normal flower morphology, was common. Using the vc mutant to eliminate the need for emasculation in hand-pollination programs depends on its fertility. The combination of phenotypic instability and reduced fertility make the vc mutant less desirable for use in breeding programs.}}, ISSN = {{0011-183X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089410600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000087671700001, Author = {Manktelow, M}, Title = {{The filament curtain: a structure important to systematics and pollination biology in the Acanthaceae}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{133}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{129-160}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{The filament curtain is a complex structure found in canthaceae inside the corolla. It usually divides the corolla into two compartments, enclosing the main nectar bulk behind two adjacent filament bands. Four independent floral characters are involved in the structure of the filament curtain: a fusion of the filaments, decurrent filaments along the corolla wall, a slanting border between the synstapetal and apostapetal corolla regions (i.e. stamen corolla tube and corolla tube s.s.), and geniculale lower, lateral corolla lobe traces at this border. The distribution of a filament curtain within Acanthaceae suggests an enlarged tribe Ruellieae s.l., including Louteridieae and Trichanthereae, excluding subtribe Barleriinae, and raises a question mark as to the systematic position of the genera Calacanthus, Glossochilus, Lankesteria and Whitfieldia. The evolutionary origin of the filament curtain is probably connected with its functions in pollination biology, which are proposed to be those of restricted nectar access, prevention of nectar evaporation, lever arm function facilitating dorsal pollen deposition, and stabilizing of posticous position of anthers and style. Four types of filament curtains are distinguished: phaulopsoid, corolla fold, reduced and strobilanthoid. Variation in the filament curtain structure appears to be related to different pollination syndromes of the flowers. Mapping of this variation on to an existing phylogeny shows an evolution from a phaulopsoid type diverging into the other three types, possibly a development responding to shifts of pollinators. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01539.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000087671700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000087120700006, Author = {Kittelson, PM and Maron, JL}, Title = {{Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in the perennial yellow bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{652-660}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Little is known about the breeding systems of perennial Lupinus species. We provide information about the breeding system of the perennial yellow bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus, specifically determining self-compatibility, outcrossing rate, and level of inbreeding depression. Flowers are self-compatible, but autonomous self-fertilization rarely occurs: thus selfed seed are a product of facilitated selfing. Based on four isozyme loci from 34 maternal progeny arrays of seeds we estimated an outcrossing rate of 0.78. However, when we accounted for differential maturation of selfed seeds, the outcrossing rate at Fertilization was lower, similar to 0.64. Fitness and inbreeding depression of 11 selfed and outcrossed families were measured at four stages: seed maturation, seedling emergence, seedling survivorship, and growth at 12 wk. Cumulative inbreeding depression across all four life stages averaged 0.59, although variation existed between families fur the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression was not manifest uniformly across all four life stages. Outcrossed flowers produced twice as many seeds as selfed flowers, but the mean performance of selfed and outcrossed progeny was not different for emergence, seedling survivorship, and size at 12 wh. Counter to assumptions about this species, L. arboreus is both self-compatible and outcrosses similar to 78\% of the time.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656851}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000087120700006}}, } @article{ ISI:000087271400015, Author = {Apiolaza, LA and Gilmour, AR and Garrick, DJ}, Title = {{Variance modelling of longitudinal height data from a Pinus radiata progeny test}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{30}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{645-654}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Variance components were estimated using alternative structures for the additive genetic covariance matrix (G(0)), for height (m) of trees measured at 10 unequally spaced ages in an open-pollinated progeny test. These structures reflected unstructured, autoregressive, banded correlation and random regressions models. The residual matrix (R-0) was unstructured, and the block and plot strata matrices were autoregressive. The best model for G(0) considering the likelihood value and number of parameters was the autoregressive correlation form with age-specific variances and time on a natural logarithm basis. The genetic correlation between successive measures ranged from 0.93 at age 1 to 0.99 at age 14 years. Heritability increased with age from 0.09 (age 1) to 0.24 (age 7) and then declined to 0.13 at age 15. Heritabilities from the unstructured model were similar, while heritabilities assuming banded correlations were lower after age 7. The covariance structure implicit in the random regressions model was considered unsatisfactory. Using structures in G(0) facilitated model fitting and convergence of the likelihood maximisation algorithm. Fitting a structured matrix that reflects the relationships present in repeated measures may overcome problems of nonpositive definiteness of unstructured matrices from longitudinal data, especially when genetic variation is small.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/cjfr-30-4-645}}, ISSN = {{0045-5067}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Apiolaza, Luis/0000-0003-0958-3540 Garrick, Dorian/0000-0001-8640-5372}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000087271400015}}, } @article{ ISI:000086316900005, Author = {Cheung, AY and Wu, HM and Di Stilio, V and Glaven, R and Chen, C and Wong, E and Ogdahl, J and Estavillo, A}, Title = {{Pollen-pistil interactions in Nicotiana tabacum}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{A}}, Pages = {{29-37}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Pollination involves a series of interactions between the surface of the male gametophyte and the extracellular matrix of several distinct sporophytic tissues in the pistil. Pollen germinates on the stigmatic surface and develops a tube that elongates in the transmitting tract of the style to transport the male gametes to the embryo sac inside the ovary. Pollen tube growth is fuelled by cytosolic activities within the pollen, but female tissues facilitate this process to ensure that pollen tubes arrive at the ovary when the ovules are the most receptive for maximum reproductive success. interactions between pollen and pistil factors. probably both physical and biochemical. must be transmitted to the pollen cytosol to elicit the appropriate pollen cellular activities. Our research focuses on identifying the molecules that are involved in these interactions, understanding their biochemical and cellular bases, transmittal of these interactive signals into the pollen cytosol and the pollen cellular responses. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.1999.1016}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Di Stilio, Veronica/0000-0002-6921-3018}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086316900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000086077500003, Author = {Richardson, DM and Allsopp, N and D'Antonio, CM and Milton, SJ and Rejmanek, M}, Title = {{Plant invasions - the role of mutualisms}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{65-93}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Note = {{Conference of the INTECOL, FLORENCE, ITALY, JUL, 1998}}, Organization = {{INTECOL}}, Abstract = {{Many introduced plant species rely on mutualisms in their new habitats to overcome barriers to establishment and to become naturalized and, in some cases, invasive. Mutualisms involving animal-mediated pollination and seed dispersal, and symbioses between plant roots and microbiota often facilitate invasions. The spread of many alien plants, particularly woody ones, depends on pollinator mutualisms. Most alien plants are well served by generalist pollinators (insects and birds), and pollinator limitation does not appear to be a major barrier for the spread of introduced plants (special conditions relating to Ficus and orchids are described). Seeds of many of the most notorious plant invaders are dispersed by animals, mainly birds and mammals. Our review supports the view that tightly coevolved, plant-vertebrate seed dispersal systems are extremely rare. Vertebrate-dispersed plants are generally not limited reproductively by the lack of dispersers. Most mycorrhizal plants form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which, because of their low specificity, do not seem to play a major role in facilitating or hindering plant invasions (except possibly on remote islands such as the Galapagos which are poor in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The lack of symbionts has, however, been a major barrier for many ectomycorrhizal plants, notably for Pinus spp. in parts of the southern hemisphere. The roles of nitrogen-fixing associations between legumes and rhizobia and between actinorhizal plants and Frankia spp. in promoting or hindering invasions have been virtually ignored in the invasions literature. Symbionts required to induce nitrogen fixation in many plants are extremely widespread, but intentional introductions of symbionts have altered the invasibility of many, if not most, systems. Some of the world's worst invasive alien species only invaded after the introduction of symbionts. Mutualisms in the new environment sometimes re-unite the same species that form partnerships in the native range of the plant. Very often, however, different species are involved, emphasizing the diffuse nature of many (most) mutualisms. Mutualisms in new habitats usually duplicate functions or strategies that exist in the natural range of the plant. Occasionally, mutualisms forge totally novel combinations, with profound implications for the behaviour of the introduced plant in the new environment (examples are seed dispersal mutualisms involving wind-dispersed pines and cockatoos in Australia; and mycorrhizal associations involving plant roots and fungi). Many ecosystems are becoming more susceptible to invasion by introduced plants because: (a) they contain an increasing array of potential mutualistic partners (e.g. generalist frugivores and pollinators, mycorrhizal fungi with wide host ranges, rhizobia strains with infectivity across genera); and (b) conditions conducive for the establishment of various alien/alien synergisms are becoming more abundant. Incorporating perspectives on mutualisms in screening protocols will improve (but not perfect) our ability to predict whether a given plant species could invade a particular habitat.}}, DOI = {{10.1017/S0006323199005435}}, ISSN = {{1464-7931}}, EISSN = {{1469-185X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Richardson, David/A-1495-2008 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297 Milton, Suzanne Jane/0000-0003-4390-6040}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086077500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000086315700014, Author = {Burke, JM and Bulger, MR and Wesselingh, RA and Arnold, ML}, Title = {{Frequency and spatial patterning of clonal reproduction in Louisiana iris hybrid populations}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{137-144}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{The plant genera in which natural hybridization is most prevalent tend to be outcrossing perennials with some mechanism for clonal (i.e., asexual) reproduction. Although clonal reproduction in fertile, sexually reproducing hybrid populations could have important evolutionary consequences, little attention has been paid to quantifying this parameter in such populations. In the present study, we examined the frequency and spatial patterning of clonal reproduction in two Louisiana iris hybrid populations. Allozyme analysis of both populations revealed relatively high levels of genotypic diversity. However, a considerable amount of clonality was apparent. Nearly half of all genets (47\%) in one population and more than half (61\%) in the other had multiple ramets. Furthermore, both populations exhibited relatively high levels of genetic structuring, a pattern that resulted from the aggregation of clonal ramets. The occurrence of clonal reproduction in hybrid populations could not only facilitate introgression through an increase in the number of flowering ramets per genet and/or the survivorship of early generation hybrids, but might also influence the mating system of such populations. Any potential increase in the selling rate due to cross-pollination among ramets of the same genet may, in turn, increase the likelihood of homoploid hybrid speciation.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00014.x}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, EISSN = {{1558-5646}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wesselingh, Renate/F-4240-2011 Burke, John/A-3502-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wesselingh, Renate/0000-0003-0241-2255 Burke, John/0000-0002-1412-5539}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086315700014}}, } @article{ ISI:000085343500030, Author = {Wenslaff, TF and Lyrene, PM}, Title = {{The use of mentor pollination to facilitate wide hybridization in blueberry}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{35}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{114-115}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Two diploid yellowleaf Vaccinium elliottii Chapmn. clones were pollinated with pollen from the tetraploid southern highbush cultivar `Misty' (largely V, corymbosum L). These interspecific crosses, which normally yield few hybrids because of a triploid block, were made with and without the use of V. elliottii mentor pollen mixed with V, corymbosum pollen. Mentoring had no effect on the number of hybrids produced when V, elliottii `Silverhill' was the seed parent, but when V, elliottii `Oleno' was the seed parent, no hybrids were produced unless mentor pollen was utilized. The difference was postulated to be a greater ability to produce one-seeded berries in `Silverhill' than in `Oleno'.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000085343500030}}, } @article{ ISI:000084837600006, Author = {Pfunder, M and Roy, BA}, Title = {{Pollinator-mediated interactions between a pathogenic fungus, Uromyces pisi (Pucciniaceae), and its host plant, Euphorbia cyparissias (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{48-55}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The plant Euphorbia cyparissias is commonly infected by rust fungi of the species complex Uromyces pisi. When infected, E. cyparissias is unable to flower. but instead is induced by the fungus to form pseudoflowers. Pseudoflowers are rosettes of yellow leaves upon which the fungus presents its gametes in a sweet-smelling fungal nectar. We hypothesized that the fungi, as they are heterothallic, are dependent on insect visitation to cross-fertilize their mating types. We confirmed that insects are required with an insect exclusion experiment. We further hypothesized that pseudoflowers of U. pisi interact with uninfected true host Rowers through insects during their period of co-{''}flowering{''} in early spring. We conducted artificial array experiments in the field to test whether the two species share insects and whether they influenced each other's insect visitation. Insects moved between true Bowers and pseudoflowers, but true flowers received more visits over all. Pseudoflowers and true Rowers did not influence each other's visitation rates in mixtures. However, shorter visits were observed on pseudoflowers in mixtures than monocultures, suggesting that true flowers might be competitors for pseudoflowers. Further experiments are needed to determine whether the similarity of pseudoflowers to true Bowers is adaptive.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656684}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084837600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000089015700014, Author = {Aleemullah, M and Haigh, AM and Holford, P}, Title = {{Anthesis, anther dehiscence, pistil receptivity and fruit development in the Longum group of Capsicum annuum}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{755-762}}, Abstract = {{Little attention has been paid to the events associated with fruit production such as flowering and seed set in chilli peppers despite this species being a major horticultural crop. To address this deficit, we examined flowering phenology in the cv. Red Hot Glory, a representative of the Longum group of peppers. Measurements of bud length and width showed that these characteristics can provide an effective index of the number of days required by a bud to reach anthesis. Anthesis itself mainly occurred during the morning with a second, smaller peak of flower opening in the afternoon. Measurements made in spring and summer suggested that the daily start of anthesis is controlled by daylength. In flowers that opened before 1700 hours, anther dehiscence took place 1 h after the buds opened; in flowers that opened later, dehiscence was delayed until the following morning. This pattern of anther dehiscence suggests that this event is partially controlled by the flower's endogenous rhythms. Controlled pollinations showed that the period of female receptivity, as judged by seed set, lasted from 5 days before anthesis to 3 days after anthesis with maximum fertility occurring on the day of anthesis. Therefore, bud pollinations are possible, and, for maximum seed set, should be made as close to the day of anthesis as possible. This study has provided baseline data that will aid the production of new, hybrid cultivars and will facilitate further studies on the factors affecting fertility in this species.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/EA99038}}, ISSN = {{0816-1089}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Holford, Paul/G-2820-2010 Haigh, Anthony/L-3647-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Haigh, Anthony/0000-0001-7114-4616}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089015700014}}, } @article{ ISI:000089464500001, Author = {Dos Santos, IA and Wittmann, D}, Title = {{Legitimate pollination of the tristylous flowers of Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) by Ancyloscelis gigas bees (Anthophoridae, Apoidea)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{223}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{127-137}}, Abstract = {{Eichhornia azurea is a tristylous species of Pontederiaceae. Moderate self-incompatibility accompanies the floral heteromorphism of this species. Eichhornia azurea is almost exclusively visited by one bra species, Ancyloscelis gigas (anthophoridae), in South Brazil. This species has an extremely long proboscis covered with recurved hairs. Bees use these hairs to collect pollen from the anthers placed inside the narrow perianth tube of E. azurea. Analyses of the pollen load of A. gigas females show that they are flower constant and carry pollen from all three anther levels. The behavior of A. gigas and its proboscis morphology make this bee species narrowly adapted and an effective pollinator for facilitating legitimate pollination of E. azurea flowers in southern Brazil.}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Alves-dos-Santos, Isabel/C-7624-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089464500001}}, } @article{ ISI:000085197500010, Author = {Chetelat, RT and Meglic, V}, Title = {{Molecular mapping of chromosome segments introgressed from Solanum lycopersicoides into cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{100}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{232-241}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The wild nightshade Solanum lycopersicoides (accession LA2951) was backcrossed to the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv `VF36'), then inbred through single-seed descent for several generations. Over 300 backcross-inbred families thereby derived were genotyped at 139 marker loci, consisting of RFLPs, allozymes, and monogenic morphological markers, to identify introgressed S. lycopersicoides chromosomes and segments thereof. The pattern of genotypes observed in the lines indicated a high degree of overall synteny between the S. lycopersicoides genome and that of tomato. Two putative single-copy RFLP probes revealed secondary loci in this wide cross. Recovery of the L. esculentum genome was more rapid than expected, with an average value in the BC, generation of 97.8\%, versus the expected value of 87.5\%. This was due to widespread segregation distortion that favored L. esculentum alleles as well as a tendency for plants homozygous for introgressed segments to be partially or completely male-sterile, thereby preventing the fixation of S. lycopersicoides markers in many lines. Despite these difficulties, nearly every S. lycopersicoides marker tar approximately 98\% of the genome, measured in centi Morgans) was represented in at least I backcross-inbred line, with only a region on chromosome 4L missing from the population as a whole. Although the extent of transmission and fixation of introgressed segments varied according to chromosome, overall approximately 66\% of the S, lycopersicoides genome was represented by homozygous introgressions with sufficient fertility to reproduce by self-pollination. An excess of terminal (vs. interstitial) segments was noted, and putative heterozygous substitutions for chromosomes 6, 7, 8, and 10 were found. Recombination within certain introgressed regions was reduced over 100-fold. These backcross-inbred Lines are expected to facilitate the genetic analysis of traits identified in S. lycopersicoides and their transfer into horticultural tomatoes.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s001220050031}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000085197500010}}, } @article{ ISI:000084048400018, Author = {Groman, JD and Pellmyr, O}, Title = {{The pollination biology of Manfreda virginica (Agavaceae): relative contribution of diurnal and nocturnal visitors}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{373-381}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Many plants show obvious floral adaptations to attract and facilitate pollination by nocturnal visitors. Many of these flowers also receive frequent diurnal visits, yet little is known about how these different visitors contribute to plant reproductive success. We studied the pollination biology of Manfreda virginica to measure the relative contribution of nocturnal and diurnal visitors to seed set, and test to what extent floral characters and visitation rates predict contribution to seed set. The pattern of nectar and pollen production indicated that M. virginica is adapted primarily to nocturnal pollination. Our observations of natural populations of M. virginica during two field seasons indicated nocturnal visitors consisted of medium sized moths and larger hawkmoths. The primary diurnal visitors were large bees. The results of exclusion experiments showed that diurnal pollination resulted in significantly less seed set than nocturnal and open pollination despite the frequency of diurnal visits. Visitor behavior and timing of anthesis appear to contribute to the reduced impact of diurnal visits to plant reproduction. These results suggest that while diurnal pollination contributes less to plans reproduction in some years, it may be important when considering the evolution of nocturnal pollination systems.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3546753}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084048400018}}, } @article{ ISI:000084172300005, Author = {Wyllie-Echeverria, S and Cox, PA}, Title = {{The seagrass (Zostera marina {[}Zosteraceae]) industry of Nova Scotia (1907-1960)}}, Journal = {{ECONOMIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{53}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{419-426}}, Month = {{OCT-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Wild gathering of the leaves of the submerged marine monocotyledon Zostera marina L. once formed the basis of a vigorous insulation industry in North America. Since European colonization, fishing communities used detached leaves, deposited on the beach by tide and wind as green manure and domestic insulation, but beginning in the late 1800s, these leaves were utilized in a commercial insulating product. Two companies manufactured seagrass ``quilts{''} that were installed in many buildings of the period including some of the first skyscrapers. We here describe the importance of seagrass gathering for the coastal community of Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Interviews with older residents and analysis of county and company archives facilitate the reconstruction of what was once a seasonally important activity. Our findings have direct application to global seagrass protection initiatives.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02866721}}, ISSN = {{0013-0001}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084172300005}}, } @article{ ISI:000083580400020, Author = {Saal, B and Wricke, G}, Title = {{Development of simple sequence repeat markers in rye (Secale cereale L.)}}, Journal = {{GENOME}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{42}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{964-972}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), also referred to as microsatellites, represent a PCR-based marker system that has been described in mammalian and plant genomes in recent years. In self-pollinating crop plants they have been shown to be superior to other DNA markers with respect to their level of polymorphism. The technical advantages compared with RFLP markers should also facilitate marker analysis in outcrossing crops like rye. In order to determine the usefulness of SSR markers in rye genetics and breeding, several genomic libraries were screened for (CT/GA)(n) and (GT/CA)(n) dinucleotide repeats. It was estimated that these motifs occur at a frequency of one per 268-519 kb. Seventy four out of 182 positive clones were sequenced, and the majority (56.8\%) revealed perfect repeats, predominantly of the type (GT/CA)(n) (61.9\%). Fifty seven primer pairs were designed and 27 (47.4\%) resulted in specific SSR markers, of which 20 were genetically mapped or assigned to chromosomes or chromosome arms, respectively. The level of polymorphism of four SSR and three RFLP markers was assessed in two open-pollinated rye cultivars. On average, the SSR markers showed larger values of expected heterozygosity (0.62 vs. 0.43) and allele number (5.9 vs. 3.4) than RFLP markers in both cultivars.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/gen-42-5-964}}, ISSN = {{0831-2796}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000083580400020}}, } @article{ ISI:000082127200022, Author = {Huang, SQ and Guo, YH}, Title = {{Measuring pollen flow in entomophilous plants by pollen grain dyeing}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{788+}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Various methods have been tried to estimate directly the transferring of pollen grains among flowers by pollinators. Though the approach to search marker gene specific in the parental population is popular today, using fluorescent dyes as pollen surrogates is also charming for its simplicity and inexpensiveness in nature. However, another decoration method of staining pollen wall with dyes though seldom used will be described. Pollen grains in dehisced anthers were stained with safranine or methyl green in five entomophilous plants, including Sagittaria trifolia L., Hibiscus mutabilis L., Zephyranthes candida Herb., Salvia splendens Ker. Gawl., Tagetes patula L. The results indicated that pollen grain dyeing, an easily operated decoration method, could be used in various taxa with diversity floral traits, especially facilitates the work in field populations. It could also be used directly to observe pollen carryover and mixed pollen loads on stigmas.}}, ISSN = {{0577-7496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000082127200022}}, } @article{ ISI:000078819000006, Author = {Walker, LR and Powell, EA}, Title = {{Regeneration of the Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense (Asteraceae) in Hawaii}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{61-70}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense is an endangered plant endemic to the high elevation cinder deserts of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. Restoration efforts have increased the total naturally occurring population of ca. 50 adult plants by ca. 500 individuals, primarily by the outplanting of silverswords initially grown under controlled conditions. We evaluated the direct sowing of seeds into field sites as an alternative to outplanting. Gravel-covered surfaces enhanced germination and growth of seedlings and increased soil moisture. The presence of shrubs and trees was associated with increased silversword germination but decreased silversword growth and reproduction. The best environment for silverswords varied throughout the life cycle of the plant, but critical stages are pollination, seed production, germination, and seedling survival. Sowing and outplanting each have unique advantages. High elevation, moist, gravel surfaces that can be protected from ungulate browsing should be the focus of future sowing and outplanting efforts to maximize restoration success. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00132-3}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078819000006}}, } @article{ ISI:000080977800004, Author = {Horskins, K and Turner, VB}, Title = {{Resource use and foraging patterns of honeybees, Apis mellifera, and native insects on flowers of Eucalyptus costata}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{24}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{221-227}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Introduced honeybees have become well established throughout Australia and concerns have been raised about their impact on the native flora and fauna. Such concerns include the possible depletion of nectar resources by honeybees to the detriment of native animals and the ability of honeybees to pollinate Australian plants. The foraging patterns and resource utilization of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and native insects on flowers of yellow Mallee (Eucalyptus costata) (Behr \& F. Muell, ex E Muell.) were studied in Wyperfeld National Park during spring 1994. Seventy-four insect species visited the flowers with the most prevalent being honeybees, native bees (Lasioglossum and Hylaeus) and ants (Iridiomyrmex). Honeybees began foraging at lower temperatures than native bees and hence had initial access to the nectar supply that was primarily produced overnight by E. costata. However, the majority (90\%) of early morning visits to flowers by honeybees involved the collection of pollen. Honeybees did not forage for nectar in substantial numbers until after native insects were active. Despite both consumption and evaporation, nectar supplies remained available at midday and at one site remained available for consumption at dusk. Honeybees regularly made contact with the receptive stigmata while foraging for pollen and hence had pollen loads consisting of numerous E. costata grains present on their body. These activities are indicative of the behaviour required by insects to facilitate pollination. Given the unique morphology of many native flowers and the contrasting findings from studies to date, it is critical that generalisations about the effect of honeybees in the Australian environment are not made from studies on a limited number of native plant species.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00965.x}}, ISSN = {{0307-692X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080977800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000081239700002, Author = {Norberg, J}, Title = {{Linking Nature's services to ecosystems: some general ecological concepts}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{183-202}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{I present a selected review of ecological concepts that are important for understanding how nature's services are linked to their support system, the ecosystem. The paper is mainly aimed at an audience of non-biologists to facilitate cooperation among disciplines. A list of services compiled from the literature is classified according to ecological criteria that relate to the properties of the services. These criteria are: (1) if the goods or services are produced and maintained within the ecosystem or shared with other ecosystems; (2) if the goods or object of the service are living or inorganic material; and (3) what biological unit is associated with production and maintenance, i.e. an individual, a species, a group of species, an entire community, the ecosystem, the landscape or on a global scale. Using these criteria I have identified and selected three major groups of ecosystem services for which some common ecological concepts apply. These are: (1) the maintenance of populations; (2) the use of ecosystems as filters of externally imposed compounds; and (3) the property of biological units to create organization through selective processes. These three categories are examined and exemplified in detail. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00011-7}}, ISSN = {{0921-8009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Norberg, Jon/0000-0003-1861-5030}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000081239700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000079619000036, Author = {Gradziel, TM and Weinbaum, SA}, Title = {{High relative humidity reduces anther dehiscence in apricot, peach, and almond}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{34}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{322-325}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The regulation of anther dehiscence by relative humidity (RW) was assessed for detached anthers and detached whole flowers from a limited selection of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.),peach {[}P.persica (L.) Batsch], and almond {[}P. dulcis (Mill.) D,A, Webb, syn. P, anygdalus Batsch; P, communis (L.) Arcangeli, non Huds.] genotypes, as well as an almond X peach F-2 progeny. Dehiscence was evaluated, at 33, 64, 87, 93 and 97\% RH for detached anthers, and at 33, 64 and 97\% RW for whole detached flowers, Anther dehiscence was suppressed with increasing RH for all genotypes. Apricot anthers showed the greatest dehiscence at low RE and measurable dehiscence at high RE even when detached. Anther dehiscence In almond appeared more suppressed than in apricot at all RH levels tested, being completely suppressed by high RE in detached anthers, Peach genotypes exhibited the full range of variability between apricot and almond patterns. Evidence for transgressive segregation of RH-controlled anther dehiscence was observed in the occurrence of cleistogamy in an almond x peach F-2 progeny. Rates of anther dehiscence were approximately linear with change in RH in detached anthers but exhibited a more buffered, step-wise response when detached whole flowers were tested. Results are consistent with field observations, and highlight the low but measurable risk of cleistogamy in these species, as well as opportunities to modify the breeding systems and crossing environments to facilitate controlled hybridization, and to reduce pollination vulnerability to adverse environments.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000079619000036}}, } @article{ ISI:000080364100008, Author = {Kranz, E and Kumlehn, J}, Title = {{Angiosperm fertilisation, embryo and endosperm development in vitro}}, Journal = {{PLANT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{142}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{183-197}}, Month = {{MAR 29}}, Abstract = {{The application of micromanipulation techniques enables the isolation and in vitro fusion of female and male angiosperm gametes. In combination with tissue culture methods, which are adapted for the culture of single cells, these techniques allow individual development of zygotes and endosperm. Both in vitro produced zygotes and zygotes which are isolated after in vivo pollination develop into embryos and fertile plants in culture. Zygotes and endosperm are able to self-organise in culture independently from maternal tissue. Many steps of early development in vitro of both the embryo and endosperm are comparable to the situation in planta, making this system a useful model for studies of embryogenesis and endosperm development. Because of access to single gametes and zygotes, these tools will also facilitate studies of gamete interaction and gametic hybridisation under defined conditions. The use of these techniques together with biochemical and molecular methods, adapted to the analysis of single cells, allows one to analyse early developmental events, precisely timed after fertilisation. Recent advances in the biotechnology of fertilisation and of zygote culture are discussed as well as prospects for future studies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00002-3}}, ISSN = {{0168-9452}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kumlehn, Jochen/0000-0001-7080-7983}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080364100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000079231800012, Author = {Ushimaru, A and Kikuzawa, K}, Title = {{Variation of breeding system, floral rewards, and reproductive success in clonal Calystegia species (Convolvulaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{436-446}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of four Japanese Calystegia species (Convolvulaceae) was studied to examine the effects of clonality and population structure on reproductive success. Calystegia soldanella, C. hederacea, and C. japonica are self-incompatible, while C. sepium is self-compatible but needs pollinator services for self-pollination. The showy, bisexual flowers of Calystegia offer pollen and nectar that attract many kinds of insects such as bees and syrphid flies. Clones of C. soldanella often formed mats just above the high tide line on beaches and produced a great number of seeds. Calystegia hederacea and C. japonica were distributed as patches of separate clones and often failed to transfer pollen grains among clones. Fruit and seed sets in C. hederacea and C. japonica were not limited by pollinators but by the number of compatible pollen grains, Although C. sepium clones were also distributed in patches, high and stable fecundity was achieved by self-compatibility and pollinator attraction. We suggest that self-compatibility in C. sepium has evolved under fertilization limitation caused by geitonogamy or facilitated selfing.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656764}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/D-7036-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/0000-0002-2051-1233}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000079231800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000082382300012, Author = {Chmielewski, JG}, Title = {{Consequences of achene biomass, within-achene allocation patterns, and pappus on germination in ray and disc achenes of Aster umbellatus var. umbellatus (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{77}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{426-433}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{A familiar floral dimorphism that may have an associated seed heteromorphism, that is, the production of seeds with variable morphologies and ecological strategies, is the presence of both ray and disc florets in the capitula of most Asteraceae. Achenes of Aster umbellatus var. umbellatus Mill. were separated into the ray or disc type with either the pappus remaining attached and intact, or removed. Differential allocation of biomass between ray and disc achenes or heavy and light achenes was not observed. Germination was relatively low (disc achenes with pappus removed, 16.7\%; ray achenes with pappus removed, 22.9\%; disc achenes with pappus intact, 7.3\%; and ray achenes with pappus intact, 7.2\%) for each. Although achene weight did not affect the likelihood of germination, germination was 2.5-3 times greater among disc and ray achenes, respectively, for which the pappus was removed as opposed to intact. These results do not conform with previous thoughts relative to the advantageous role of the pappus in germination. As such, I suggest that in this species of Aster the key role of the pappus is to facilitate dispersal as opposed to encourage germination. Furthermore, the production of morphologically and ecologically indistinguishable ray and disc achenes by A. umbellatus var. umbellatus would suggest that the significance of heterogamous capitula, specifically the production of ray florets, rests in their attractiveness of pollinators.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000082382300012}}, } @article{ ISI:000078681600002, Author = {Alcala, J and Pike, LM and Giovannoni, JJ}, Title = {{Identification of plastome variants useful for cytoplasmic selection and cultivar identification in onion}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{124}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{122-127}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The relatively low evolution rate of the chloroplast DNA has made it an ideal tool to study evolutionary processes in plants above the species levels. However, recent studies have demonstrated that intraspecific variation in the chloroplast DNA is also common. This variation has provided useful insights into population level evolutionary processes, The polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of a noncoding chloroplast region used to classify onion lines for cytoplasmic type facilitated the identification of one sterile and two normal plastome variants in onion (Allium cepa L,), Sequence comparison revealed that differences between plastome variants included the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cytoplasmic type and variable numbers of tandem repeats, possibly resulting from slipped-strand mispairing. Our observations support the use of chloroplast-specific markers to assist in the selection of specific cytoplasmic types, suggest the potential to facilitate genotype determination, and demonstrate the presence of additional variation within cytoplasm type which gives insight into plastome evolution and may facilitate more accurate genotyping and selection.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078681600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000078573000001, Author = {Shilton, LA and Altringham, JD and Compton, SG and Whittaker, RJ}, Title = {{Old World fruit bats can be long-distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seeds in the gut}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{266}}, Number = {{1416}}, Pages = {{219-223}}, Month = {{FEB 7}}, Abstract = {{Seed dispersal and pollination by animals play a crucial role in the maintenance of forest ecosystems worldwide. Frugivorous bats are important pollen and seed dispersers in both the Palaeo- and Neotropics, and at least 300 plant species are known to rely on Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae) for their propagation. However, rapid food transit times (generally less than 30 minutes) in frugivorous bats have been thought to limit their ability to disperse seeds to just a few tens of kilometres. Here we demonstrate regular daytime (>12 hours) retention of food and viable fig seeds (Ficus, Moraceae) in the gut of the Old World fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx : a behaviour not previously reported for any frugivorous bat. Field observations indicate that this behaviour also occurs in other genera. Old World fruit bats are highly mobile and many species undertake considerable foraging and migration flights. Our findings indicate that Old World fruit bats have the potential to disperse small seeds hundreds of kilometres. This necessitates a reappraisal of their importance in transporting zoochorous seeds to remote areas and facilitating gene flow between isolated populations of plants, both within mainlands and across ocean barriers.}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Whittaker, Robert/H-1548-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Whittaker, Robert/0000-0001-7775-3383}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078573000001}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000084757800019, Author = {Viteri, PF and Leon, JF and Ortega, C}, Editor = {{VanDamme, V and VanDamme, P and Scheldeman, X}}, Title = {{Evaluation of shoot inducers in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) in Tababela, Ecuador}}, Booktitle = {{FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHERIMOYA}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Number = {{497}}, Pages = {{347-350}}, Note = {{1st International Symposium on Cherimoya, LOJA, ECUADOR, MAR 16-19, 1999}}, Organization = {{Flemish Assoc Dev Cooperat \& Tech Assistance; Flemish Interuniv Council; European Commiss; Natl Univ Loja; AECI; AGCD; CATER; Ecociencia; Univ Gent}}, Abstract = {{Shoot inducers were evaluated in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) in Tababela, Ecuador in 1998, with the aim of regulating and increasing shoot percentage and facilitating essential crop activities (pruning, phytosanitary measures, hand pollination, harvesting), and improving productivity. Dormer (alzodef) at 1 and 2 \% and Dropp (tidiazuron (TDZ)) at 200 and 300 ppm were applied with and without oil (O) after manual defoliation. At 20 days after treatment (DAT), treatments T5 (200 ppm TDZ) and T4 (2 \% Dormer + 2 \% O) showed more than 70 \% of buds with shoots, compared to the control with 50 \%. Fruit set was evaluated at 115 DAT, with treatment T3 (2 \% Dormer) standing out with 34.5 \% while the control showed 18 \%. In general, the chemical treatments had a positive effect on shoot growth and fruit set, and the technique may be a valid alternative.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-961-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084757800019}}, } @article{ ISI:000084475900008, Author = {Grundt, HH and Borgen, L and Elven, R}, Title = {{Aspects of reproduction in Cerastium alpinum on calcic and ultramafic soils in Central Norway}}, Journal = {{NORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{447-453}}, Abstract = {{Cerastium alpinum is one of several species of Caryophyllaceae able to grow on soils of deviating chemical composition, including ultramafic soils. To compare mating systems between plants growing on calcic and ultramafic soils, pollination experiments were performed in one ultramafic and four calcic sites in Central Norway. Two populations on calcic soils were classified as ssp. lanatum and two as ssp. alpinum. The results suggest that C. alpinum is a highly self compatible mixed mater with a large proportion of facilitated selfing. Plants on different soils showed no significant difference in mating system. However, relative seed set and number of initial ovules differed. The population on ultramafic soil produced a significantly lower number of initial ovules than those on calcic soils. Relative seed set was also lower on ultramafic soil. The difference in number of initiated ovules, along with known differences in various morphological traits, i.e. plants on ultramafic soils display a mon dwarfed stature, suggest that plants on ultramafic soils allocate more resources to survival than to reproduction and growth compared to plants on calcic soils. In addition, on calcic soils a higher relative seed set was found in ssp. lanatum than in sap. alpinum, probably caused by habitat differences between the investigated populations rather than by genetic differences between the two taxa. The obvious success of C. alpinum on ultramafic soils may partly be ascribed to easy establishment in this scarcely vegetated habitat.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb01228.x}}, ISSN = {{0107-055X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084475900008}}, } @article{ ISI:000084647800001, Author = {Ellis, AG and Johnson, SD}, Title = {{Do pollinators determine hybridization patterns in sympatric Satyrium (Orchidaceae) species?}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{219}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{137-150}}, Abstract = {{The breakdown of species integrity was studied in three sympatric Satyrium (Orchidaceae) species at a site in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Hybrids with intermediate morphology were identified using multivariate analysis. Satyrium erectum x S. bicorne and S. erectum x S. coriifolium hybrids were common, while only one S. bicorne x SI coriifolium hybrid was found (a new record). Reciprocal artificial crossing experiments confirmed that genetic compatibility exists between all three species. However, the species have different pollinators: moths in S. bicorne, bees in S. erectum and sunbirds in S. coriifolium. Pollinators, rather than genetic factors, therefore, appear to be responsible for reproductive isolation between these species. Breakdown in pollinator specificity results in interspecific pollen transfer and the formation of hybrids. Overlap in floral signals, including nocturnal scent in both S. erectum and S. bicorne, and bright coloration in both S. erectum and S. coriifolium, facilitates the formation of hybrids between these species pairs. The brown, scented flowers of S. bicorne, on the other hand, share no obvious floral signals with the bright orange, unscented flowers of S. coriifolium, accounting for the rarity of hybrids between this species pair. Differences in floral morphology also result in mechanical isolation between these two species. Since the three species are sympatric in a very small part of their geographic ranges, it is unlikely that avoidance of hybridization has been an important selective factor in the evolution of specialized pollination systems.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF00985575}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ellis, Allan/H-1105-2011 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ellis, Allan/0000-0001-6310-2870 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084647800001}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000080608600016, Author = {Dehgan, B}, Editor = {{Ruano, M}}, Title = {{Propagation and culture of Cycads: A practical approach}}, Booktitle = {{SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORNAMENTAL PALMS AND OTHER MONOCOTS FROM THE TROPICS}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Number = {{486}}, Pages = {{123-131}}, Note = {{2nd International Symposium on Ornamental Palms and Other Monocots from the Tropics, TENERIFE, SPAIN, FEB 03-06, 1997}}, Organization = {{ISHS; SECH; ICIA; CajaCanarias; Colgio Oficial Ingenieros Agronomos Centro y Canarias; Desarrollo Serv Proyectos; Excmo. Ayuntamiento Puerto de la Cruz; Excmo. Cabildo Insular de La Gomera; Excmo. Cabildo Insular de Tenerife; Gines Navarro S A; Ingenieria Medioambiental Canarias; Loro Parque S A; Vivers Ter}}, Abstract = {{Cycads are a geologically primitive group of threatened or endangered gymnosperms whose ancestors were widespread when dinosaurs were still roaming the earth. Today, the +/-180 remaining species are restricted to specific tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and the New Worlds. Recent recommendations of the International Conservation Union (IUCN) include encouraging extensive propagation and culture of these magnificent ancient plants. Through our original research and publications in the past two decades, we have made long strides towards facilitating their commercial production. Methods of artificial pollination to ensure seed production and proper treatments to expedite seed germination have been reported. Mechanical removal of the fleshy seed coat (sarcotesta), scarification of the bony layer (sclerotesta) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and breakdown of physiological dormancy and promotion of rapid embryo development by soaking in the growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA(3)), collectively have increased germination of several species. Root growth and branching has been enhanced significantly by severing the original seedling tap root and dipping the cut end in Indolebutyric acid (lBA). Appropriate irrigation frequency and applications of liquid and slow-release fertilizers which contain micronutrients have resulted in exceptionally rapid growth and elimination of deficiencies. And finally, in what may be the most significant contribution towards cycad conservation, vegetative propagation has been made possible by forcing plants to branch profusely, despite absence of any lateral buds homologous to that of angiosperms and conifers. This has allowed their multiplication through division of ``side shoots{''} or ``pups{''}. To the best of our knowledge, protocols for commercially feasible micropropagation of cycad has not been reported.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-831-5}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080608600016}}, } @article{ ISI:000078306500006, Author = {Ortega-Olivencia, A and Paredes, JAL and Rodriguez-Riano, T and Devesa, JA}, Title = {{Modes of self-pollination and absence of cryptic self-incompatibility in Drosophyllum lusitanicum (Droseraceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICA ACTA}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{111}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{474-480}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{We show experimentally that several types of selfing occur simultaneously in Drosophyllum lusitanicum: prior, competitive, insect-facilitated, delayed and geitonogamous. In addition, we report evidence of cleistogamy in the flower bud. All types of selfing were successful in producing fruits and seeds; however, geitonogamy did not occur uniformly throughout the flowering period in this species. We also report the absence of cryptic self-incompatibility: the germination rate and pollen tube growth rate of cross pollen were no greater than those of self pollen when both types were placed on stigmas of the same flower (mixed pollination). There was a tendency for self pollen to be more vigorous than cross pollen but it just failed to reach significance.}}, ISSN = {{0932-8629}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rodriguez-Riano, Tomas/K-2413-2014 Devesa, Juan Antonio/K-2816-2014 Ortega-Olivencia, Ana/F-6234-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Rodriguez-Riano, Tomas/0000-0003-0260-1873 Devesa, Juan Antonio/0000-0003-0487-4090 Ortega-Olivencia, Ana/0000-0002-5954-0226}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078306500006}}, } @article{ ISI:000076272800018, Author = {Oostermeijer, JGB and Luijten, SH and Krenova, ZV and Den Nijs, HCM}, Title = {{Relationships between population and habitat characteristics and reproduction of the rare Gentiana pneumonanthe L.}}, Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1042-1053}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{We investigated the relationships among a number of population and site characteristics and the ovule and seed production and seed set in 17 populations of the rare, self-compatible, bumblebee-pollinated perennial Gentiana pneumonanthe L. in the Netherlands. Population size and offspring heterozygosity were used as population properties; grass and heath cover, soil concentrations of various ions, soil acidity (pH), and soil moisture were used as habitat characteristics. Our aim was to find out how important population size and genetic variation are for the seed production of a rare plant, when accounting for a number of habitat parameters that might also be important for successful reproduction. Correlation coefficients between population and habitat characteristics showed that sites with low soil moisture and higher concentration of most nutrients have a higher cover of grasses and a low cover of heath species. At such sites the population size of G. pneumonanthe was small and offspring heterozygosity was low. The number of ovules per fruit (a component of reproductive effort) was negatively associated with heterozygosity, phosphorus, and pH and positively associated with calcium, potassium, SO(4), NH(4), and electric conductivity. Total vegetation cover correlated positively with the variation in ovule production among individuals. Seed set and number of viable seeds per fruit, indicators of the success of fertilization and seed maturation, correlated positively with population size, the cover of co-flowering heath species, and the same group of nutrients that (independently) had a positive effect on ovule on ovule production. A high NO(2) concentration might be toxic because it had a negative effect on the number of viable seeds. Seed weight seemed to be independent of any population or habitat parameter. Besides lower mean values, we also found more variation in reproductive success among individuals in smaller populations. We conclude that plants in small populations of G. pneumonanthe have a similar reproductive potential per flower but have lower seed production and a higher uncertainty of successful reproduction than plants in large populations. Genetic variation was apparently not very important. In addition to population size, habitat characteristics also seemed to be important for seed production and seed set. The most important factors were the facilitating effect of the presence of other insect-pollinated species and the concentrations of specific nutrients in the soil. To restore small populations, we advise small-scale sod cutting around the remaining reproductive individuals. This simultaneously allows germination and seedling establishment of G. pneumonanthe, removes soil nutrients, and restores the cover of pollinator-attracting heath species at the cost of grasses.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97090.x}}, ISSN = {{0888-8892}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Oostermeijer, Johannes/N-8909-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000076272800018}}, } @article{ ISI:000076173400004, Author = {Bleiweiss, R}, Title = {{Origin of hummingbird faunas}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{65}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{77-97}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Ecological studies of hummingbird communities have emphasized die importance of local conditions and contemporary interactions in the development of these varied faunas. A time-calibrated, DNA hybridization-based phylogeny of the principal hummingbird lineages was used to examine historical aspects of hummingbird faunas in the species-rich tropical lowlands and Andes, and the relatively depauperate West Indies and temperate regions of Central and North America. Parsimony reconstructions of ancestral distributions indicate that these faunas are polyphyletic in origin, comprising several to many independent lineages. Based on the timing of geologic and cladogenic events, hummingbird faunas appear to have arisen more often by colonization than by large-scale vicariance, with multiple dispersals across water gaps, elevational gradients, and latitude. The extent to which particular lineages colonized different regions depended, however, on lineage ecology as well as on the habitat and age of the fauna. In general, the oldest extant trochilofauna, which today occupies the tropical lowlands, was the principal source of colonizing taxa. However, all regions except possibly the West Indies contributed taxa now found elsewhere, including in the tropical lowlands. The Andean fauna comprises several lineages with lowland origin (hermits, Mangoes, Brilliants, Coquettes? Emeralds) as well as at least one that arose in temperate regions outside South America (Bees). At least two lineages that colonized the West Indies gave rise to endemic genera (Mangoes to Eulampis, and Emeralds to Orthorhyncus). Even groups that diversified in the highlands (Brilliants and Bees) Save rise to taxa that subsequently reinvaded the tropical lowlands. As the result of these varied histories, hummingbird communities cannot be arranged easily with respect to organizational complexity and coevolution with nectar sources. Although the physically insular faunas in the Andes and West Indies differ markedly in diversity, both were more strongly affected by colonization than the other faunas. A high potential for coevolution between hummingbirds and plants probably facilitated the successful establishment and radiation of the several Andean-associated lineages. However, coexistence between the two most diverse Andean clades may have been favoured initially through different habitat preferences by their extra-Andean ancestors. In the tropical lowlands, by comparison, the basic separation between the forest-dwelling hermits and canopy and edge-dwelling nonhermits appears to have evolved in situ. The low species and morphologic diversity of hummingbirds breeding north of Mexico reflects the predominance there of a single relatively recent lineage. The regional coexistence of numerous unrelated lineages implies that patterns of ancestry, colonization, and extinction contribute to the make-up of contemporary species-rich hummingbird faunas and serves to qualify the view that hummingbird communities are coadapted assemblages that resist change. (C) 1998 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00352.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000076173400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000076276900011, Author = {Brunet, J and Eckert, CG}, Title = {{Effects of floral morphology and display on outcrossing in Blue Columbine, Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae)}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{596-606}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{1. The effect of variation in floral morphology and display on the level of outcrossing was investigated in a Rocky Mountain population of the self-compatible protandrous, perennial herb, Aquilegia caerulea. ANOVA revealed substantial variation among 36 plants in floral traits including herkogamy (CV = 35\%), protandry (23\%), pollen production (12\%), flower size (8\%), the daily number of flowers in male phase (58\%) and autofertility, seed production in the absence of pollinators (192\%). 2. Whether this floral variation affected the outcrossing rates of individual plants was assessed using both a categorical analysis, in which outcrossing rates were estimated separately for groups of plants that differed with respect to floral features, and a correlation analysis involving outcrossing rates estimated for individual plants from large progeny arrays (n greater than or equal to 40). Both analyses indicated significant positive correlations between the outcrossing rate and herkogamy (r = + 0.71) and protandry (+ 0.54), negative correlations with the number of flowers in male phase during each day of female phase (- 0.42) and autofertility (- 0.36), but no correlation with flower size or pollen production. 3. Partial correlation indicated that both herkogamy and dichogamy, although weakly intercorrelated, were positively correlated with the outcrossing rate and that these effects were only partly mediated by their negative correlation with autofertility. 4. The extent to which floral features and the outcrossing rate covaried across the flowering sequence within plants was also examined in this study. As expected for a plant with strong protandry and sequential blooming, the number of flowers in male phase decreased strongly with flowering sequence position. However, categorical analysis did not support the prediction that the first flowers to open on an inflorescence outcrossed at a lower rate than later-opening flowers. 5. These results suggest that self-fertilization in A. caerulea is the result of all three major modes: autonomous and facilitated autogamy as well as geitonogamy. Although the geitonogamous component of selfing cannot be selected for directly, autogamy may be selected if it provides reproductive assurance.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00231.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000076276900011}}, } @article{ ISI:000075518400014, Author = {Metcalf, RL and Lampman, RL and Lewis, PA}, Title = {{Comparative kairomonal chemical ecology of diabroticite beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Galerucinae : Luperini : Diabroticina) in a reconstituted tallgrass prairie ecosystem}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{881-890}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The olfactory response to volatile semiochemicals was determined for Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith \& Lawrence, the northern corn rootworm, and Diabrotica cristata (Harris), a nonpest species in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem and adjacent corn and cucurbit agroecosystems in Illinois. The results indicate that the divergence in response to plant volatiles by these Diabrotica species can be correlated with currently accepted phylogenetic groupings between the virgifera and fucata groups, as well as within the virgifera group. For example, cinnamaldehyde is most attractive to D. u. howardi (fucata group), whereas 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a specific attractant for D. u. virgifera (virgifera group). The 2 closely related species D. barberi and D. cristata (virgifera group) were both attracted to eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, and 4-methoxyphenethanol on one or more test dates. Although D. cristata is not normally found in cucurbit blossoms, adults were attracted to traps containing shredded blossoms of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Poir. Furthermore, all 4 Diabrotica species responded to a multicomponent synthetic lure (a cucurbit blossom mimic), suggesting a commonality of response to cucurbit blossom aroma. A review of the literature on Diabroticite chemical ecology suggests cucurbit volatiles acted evolutionarily as synomones, providing a primitive means of pollination for cucurbits. For several Diabrotica species, the olfactory response to these volatiles also may have facilitated the finding of noncucurbitaceous pollen sources.}}, ISSN = {{0022-0493}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075518400014}}, } @article{ ISI:000075128600010, Author = {Zebrowska, J}, Title = {{Influence of pollination modes on yield components in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch)}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{117}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{255-260}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The effects of self, wind and open pollination on yield components were investigated in five strawberry genotypes, the cultivars `Dukat','Paula', `Redgauntlet', `Senga Sengana' and the breeding clone B-302. Investigations were also conducted to look for additional plant characteristics associated with strawberry yield components after various modes of pollination. Such characteristics would facilitate the indirect selection of highly self-compatible strawberry genotypes. The greatest effect of self pollination was observed in B-302 and `Redgauntlet', while the least effect of autogamy was shown in `Paula'. Conversely, the last cultivar revealed the greatest effect of entomophily, whereas the greatest effect of wind pollination was observed in `Dukat'. Relationships between yield components and some flower and pollen characteristics after various pollinations indicated that the degree of self compatibility in strawberry can be predicted from the pollen grain length and the pollen size index. Genotypes producing long pollen grains with large size indices exhibited the greatest effect of autogamy. Anther size, especially length, which correlated more strongly with yield components than width, could also be used as an index of autogamy in the strawberry. Pollen yield per flower and pollen viability were less important for estimating self compatibility.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01935.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075128600010}}, } @article{ ISI:000074422500001, Author = {Smith-Ramirez, C and Armesto, JJ and Figueroa, J}, Title = {{Flowering, fruiting and seed germination in Chilean rain forest myrtaceae: ecological and phylogenetic constraints}}, Journal = {{PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{136}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{119-131}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Phenological studies in plant communities have generally focused on taxonomically heterogeneous species assemblages, and have only occasionally examined the evolutionary and ecological constraints on the phenological patterns of species within a single family or a genus. Here, we determine relative importance of phylogenetic versus other constraints on the flowering and fruiting periods of 12 species and the germination ecology of 10 species of Myrtaceae sympatric to the temperate rainforest of Isla Grande de Chiloe (42 degrees 30' S), in southern Chile. We found that, for most species in the family Myrtaceae, flowering was strongly aggregated in January and February. Although this pattern is consistent with the expectation of the `facilitation' hypothesis (i.e., interspecific overlaps are maximized to attract pollinators), available evidence suggests that pollinators, mainly hymenopterans and dipterans, do not limit fruit production in these species of Myrtaceae in the temperate rainforest. In contrast to flowering, fruiting occurred all-year-round, showing greater segregation in time among the species. According to the their temporal patterns of fruit ripening, two functional groups were defined within the Myrtaceae: those that ripen their fruits immediately after flowering (species in the subtribe Myrtinae) and those in which green fruit develops slowly for several months before ripening (subtribe Myrciinae). Seed germination in the field occurred mainly between August and October. Lab assays showed that the species of Myrtaceae, subtribe Myrtinae, exhibited a long seed dormancy (>40 days), while the seeds of species in the subtribe Myrciinae often germinated within one week after harvesting. The analysis of the phenology of reproductive events in the species of Myrtaceae in this rainforest suggests that: (1) flowering periods patterns are constrained mainly by phylogenetic inertia at the family level, and (2) differences in fruiting patterns and dormancy periods are determined mainly by fruit and seed size, which in turn are associated primarily with phylogenetic closeness within the family, and secondarily with the activity of vertebrate seed dispersers.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1009730810655}}, ISSN = {{1385-0237}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000074422500001}}, } @article{ ISI:000073907600008, Author = {Sornsathapornkul, P and Owens, JN}, Title = {{Pollination biology in a tropical Acacia hybrid (A-mangium Willd. x A-auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{631-645}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Floral biology and pollination mechanism of the Acacia hybrid (A. mangium Willd. x A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) growing in Thailand are investigated using light and electron microscopy. The hybrid is andromonoecious. A floral spike consists of about 150 loosely arranged flowers. Flowers are cream coloured, fragrant and have no floral nectaries. The pistil has a solid style with a smooth, wet stigma and amphitropous ovules with immature integuments. The anther consists of eight loculi, each bearing only one 16-grain polyad. The flowers are weakly protogynous. Anthesis is complete at 0500-0600 h but peak female receptivity begins at 0200-0300 h and is completed that day. The stigmatic exudate is of the lipophilic type and is secreted from the stigmatic cells by a holocrine mechanism. Pollen is the main floral reward for the insect pollinators. There are several floral characteristics which facilitate pollen transfer from anthers and deposition on stigmas. Apis mellifera and Ceratina sp. are the most effective pollinators because they are the most common visitors and carry a heavy load of hybrid polyads. However, their behaviour in foraging for pollen in the same tree and weak protogynous dichogamy may promote self-pollination in the hybrid. The hybrid has low pollination success due to low pollinator number. An increase in exposure time of flowers to pollinators or pollinator number may increase pollination success but may not affect the rate of pollen deposition on stigmas due to the relatively small size of the stigma in relation to the polyad. (C) 1998 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.1998.0607}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073907600008}}, } @article{ ISI:000208471800007, Author = {Kwak, Manja M. and Velterop, Odilia and van Andel, Jelte}, Title = {{Pollen and gene flow in fragmented habitats}}, Journal = {{APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{1}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{37-54}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{. Habitat fragmentation affects both plants and pollinators. Habitat fragmentation leads to changes in species richness, population number and size, density, and shape, thus to changes in the spatial arrangement of flowers. These changes influence the amount of food for flower-visiting insects and the quantity and quality of pollinations. Seed set in small populations is often reduced and genetic variation is expected but not always found to be low. The majority of studies show that low flower densities have reduced pollination success and higher inbreeding. Density effects are stronger than size effects. Most studies concluded that species richness in flower-visiting insects is directly related to richness in plant species. However, the consequences of low insect species richness for pollination are not always clear, depending on the studied pollinator-plant relationship. The effects of the presence of simultaneously flowering species are highly dependent on the circumstances and may range from competition to facilitation. Other flowering plant species may play a role as stepping stones or corridor in the connection between populations. In the absence of stepping stones even short distances between populations act as strong barriers for gene flow. We illustrate the present review paper with own data collected for three plant species, rare in The Netherlands: Phyteuma spicatum ssp. nigrum (Campanulaceae), Salvia pratensis (Labiatae) and Scabiosa columbaria (Dipsacaceae). The species differ in their breeding systems and in the assemblage of visitor species. Data are shown on the effects of population size on species richness with consequences for seed set. Effects of flower density and isolation on pollen exchange are given. Since plant reproduction depends on the behaviour of individual insects and not on the overall behaviour of the species, the examples all point to individual insects and extrapolate to effects at the species level.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/1479084}}, ISSN = {{1402-2001}}, EISSN = {{1654-109X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000208471800007}}, } @article{ ISI:000073952600002, Author = {Gold, WG}, Title = {{The influence of cryptogamic crusts on the thermal environment and temperature relations of plants in a high Arctic polar desert, Devon Island, NWT, Canada}}, Journal = {{ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{30}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{108-120}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The thermal microenvironment and leaf temperatures of two plants (Saxifraga caespitosa and S. oppositifolia) were studied in a high arctic polar desert over four summers. Surface and plant temperatures exceeded air temperatures by 5 to 15 degrees C during sunny periods, with smaller effects on soil temperature in plant rooting zones. Midday plant temperatures of 20 to 30 degrees C measured during good weather are favorable for physiological activity, but the number of such days is restricted by a short snow-free period (16-45 d). Surfaces in polar deserts are dominated by sorted stones and bare mineral soil with sparse vascular plant cover (usually <5\%). Infrequent snowflush sites are scattered within this landscape, containing greater plant cover and a cryptogamic crust on the mineral soil surfaces. The potential role of this black dust in facilitating greater plant cover by enhancing the thermal relations of plants was investigated in this cold environment. Reduced albedo of crusted surfaces led to higher surface (8-12 degrees C) and soil (4-5 degrees C) temperatures than in noncrusted areas. However, adult plants did not differ in tissue temperature on cryptogamic and bare surfaces. Root growth and survival of seedlings, which were thermally coupled to the surface by their small mass, are more likely to be highly influenced by the presence of crusted surfaces in this high arctic polar desert ecosystem.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/1552125}}, ISSN = {{0004-0851}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073952600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000073608500012, Author = {Jones, TA}, Title = {{Viewpoint: The present status and future prospects of squirreltail research}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{51}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{326-331}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Squirreltail's {[}Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey = Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J.G. Smith] ready germination, rapid reproductive maturity, capacity for cool-temperature growth, self-pollinated mating system, excellent seed dispersal mechanisms, fire tolerance, and genetic diversity make it a promising candidate for assisting ecological restoration of rangelands dominated by exotic weedy annual grasses such as medusahead wildrye {[}Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), Squirreltail is a short-lived perennial and generally early seral in successional status. It comprises a complex of several subspecies whose ecological amplitudes are poorly understood. Wildfire or prescribed burning may provide opportunities for seeding squirreltail or augmenting existing populations. Grazing deferment is important for a successful transition from an annual to a perennial-dominated grassland, Reduction in frequency of annuals may facilitate natural or artificial establishment of desirable mid-or late-seral grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Currently, squirreltail seed supplies originate from wildland harvests, Reduced cost, dependable supply, and improved quality of seed will require development of efficient commercial seed production practices. Experience in restoration may reveal the suitability of squirreltail plant material for assisted succession as well as expose its weaknesses. Such information will allow researchers to improve plant materials and methods for increased future success.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/4003419}}, ISSN = {{0022-409X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073608500012}}, } @article{ ISI:000073134000007, Author = {Leebens-Mack, J and Milligan, BG}, Title = {{Pollination biology in hybridizing Baptisia (Fabaceae) populations}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{500-507}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{In their classic study, Alston and Turner (American Journal of Botany, vol. 50. 159-173. 1963) documented extensive hybridization among four morphologically distinct Baptisia species native to East Texas. While Alston and Turner found putative F-1 hybrids in great numbers, ther found no evidence of backcrossing. In this study prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers between two of these species, B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa, were investigated and found to be quite weak. Flowering times overlap and bumble bees were observed visiting both species and intermediate hybrids. While pollinator constancy in flights between B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa was moderately strong. significant levels of constancy were not observed in flights involving hybrids and either parental species. Thus, backcrossing was not impeded by pollinator behavior. Further, hybrid pollen was highly stainable (93.5\%) and able to effectively set seed in crossing experiments with both parental species. Pollinator behavior was compared in experimental populations with and without hybrid ramets and found to differ between these two treatments. Hybrids were found to facilitate pollinator movement between specie. In total, these results suggest that reproductive isolation is not responsible for the rarity of backcrossing in naturally hybridizing B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa populations.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2446433}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Leebens-Mack, James/0000-0003-4811-2231}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073134000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000075203700001, Author = {Brokaw, NVL}, Title = {{Cecropia schreberiana in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{64}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{91-120}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Cecropia schreberiana Mig. (Cecropiaceae) is a common tree in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico because it is a pioneer that establishes abundantly after recurrent hurricanes that damage Luquillo forests. In these forests C. schreberiana typically reaches about 20 m in height and 60 cm dbh and has few branches, these bearing large, deeply Iobed leaves. The wood is light and weak. Unlike most of its congeners, C. schreberiana in Puerto Rico does not have symbiotic ants. It is dioecious and produces wind-pollinated flowers in spikes and abundant minute seeds broadly dispersed by birds and bats. Forest soils contain a high density of its seeds, which lie dormant until canopy opening stimulates germination. With adequate nutrients C, schreberiana grows fast in high light, while nondominant individuals suffer heavy mortality. An individual of the species is thought to live 30 to 50 years. Cecropia schreberiana is uncommon in abandoned pastures in the Luquillo Mountains. It colonizes road cuts, landslides, and infrequent, large treefall gaps. Yet these disturbances provide only a limited ``background regeneration,{''} which is not sufficient to maintain the species' observed high abundance in Luquillo forests. However, there is widespread and abundant C. schreberiana regeneration after hurricane damage opens the forest canopy. Despite high mortality among these post-hurricane colonizers, enough survive and grow so that C. schreberiana is generally among the ten most common canopy trees in the widespread ``tabonuco{''} forest type. Post-hurricane colonizers mature, senesce, an decline in number, but C. schreberiana remains abundant as seeds in the soil ready to form tree cohorts after disturbance. The status of the C. schreberiana population indicates the developmental status of the forest as a whole. Moreover C. schreberiana performs a key function in the reorganization of Luquillo forest ecosystems after disturbance, when its abundant regeneration and rapid growth capture and store nutrients. Also, its colonizing saplings may facilitate succession to mature forest by excluding grasses, herbs, and vines that hinder forest development. The biology of this species both reflects and helps drive the dynamics of forests in the Luquillo Mountains.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02856580}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075203700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000072783500014, Author = {Young, AG and Brown, AHD}, Title = {{Comparative analysis of the mating system of the rare woodland shrub Daviesia suaveolens and its common congener D-mimosoides}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{80}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{374-381}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Controlled pollinations and allozyme markers were used to compare mating system parameters among three populations of the rare woodland shrub Daviesia suaveolens Crisp. and five populations of its common relative D. mimosoides R. Br. Pollination results show that both species require a vector to facilitate pollination and have strong self-incompatibility mechanisms. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing rates confirm this, with all populations being highly outcrossed (D. suaveolens t(m) = 0.78-1.0; D. mimosoides t(m) = 0.71-0.96). Smaller and less dense D. mimosoides populations had higher correlations of outcrossed paternity than larger ones. The divergence of pollen pool allele frequencies from population frequencies was greater in smaller populations than in larger ones, in keeping with a lower effective size of the male source. Regression analyses generally failed to show effects of either plant size or local flowering environment on estimates of single-plant outcrossing rates. Most variation in these rates probably reflects the combined effects of sampling error, correlated mating and the influence of marker diversity on outcross detectability.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00304.x}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Young, Andrew/J-8111-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000072783500014}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000086671100006, Author = {Bingham, ET}, Editor = {{Lamkey, KR and Staub, JE}}, Title = {{Role of chromosome blocks in heterosis and estimates of dominance and overdominance}}, Booktitle = {{CONCEPTS AND BREEDING OF HETEROSIS IN CROP PLANTS}}, Series = {{CSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS}}, Year = {{1998}}, Number = {{25}}, Pages = {{71-87}}, Note = {{Plant Breeding Symposium on Concepts and Breeding of Heterosis in Crop Plants, INDIANAPOLIS, IN, NOV 03, 1996}}, Organization = {{Crop Sci Soc Amer; Amer Soc Hort Sci}}, Abstract = {{Chromosome blocks are the genomic units of genetic transmission in sexual reproduction. We work with chromosome blocks, not individual genes in our conventional breeding and genetic research. Thus, chromosome blocks underpin heterosis and estimates of gene action. Chromosome blocks vary in size according to intensity of linkage (frequency of recombination) and the number of sexual generations (the approach to linkage equilibrium); however, all we usually know is the number of sexual generations. Even in the transfer of single gene traits by backcrossing, we usually do not know how much genetic material is linked to the gene of interest. The latter is sometimes referred to as linkage drag. D.F Jones clearly recognized the role of chromosome blocks in 1917 when he proposed dominance of linked factors as a means of accounting for heterosis. The proposition is elegant because it acknowledges the cumulative effect of Linked dominant genes as transmission units. In the years to follow there was much debate about gene action, and heterosis was sometimes interpreted as true overdominance-single loci at which the heterozygous phenotype exceeds that of either homozygote. Maize (Zea mays L.) researchers were careful to point out that estimates of dominance variance exceeding that for straight dominance could be due to either overdominance or linkage disequilibrium of linked loci with favorable alleles in repulsion phase (pseudo-overdominance). Maize researchers went on to compare degrees of dominance in F-2 populations in linkage disequilibrium with populations in F-8 through F-16 in linkage equilibrium. Estimates for degree of dominance were reduced with the approach to linkage equilibrium indicating that the initial heterosis was more likely due to Jones' dominance of linked factors in linkage disequilibrium, than due to true overdominance. In autotetraploid alfalfa, we reached the same conclusion from results indicating dominant linked factors in chromosome blocks, and not multiple allelic interactions, explained improvement and maximum heterosis. Currently, molecular-mark er-facilitated investigations of quantitative trait loci in maize report often finding higher yield in the heterozygote than in either homozygote. Based on past research and the fact that chromosome blocks are the units of sexual transmission, it seems likely that the bulk of these heterozygote effects are due to dominance of linked factors as proposed by Jones. Dominant alleles at different loci complement each other by masking recessive alleles at respective loci. The gene action is nonallelic gene interaction or epistasis. Finally, the cumulative action of genes in chromosome blocks not only explains the breeding behavior of cross-pollinated crops, but also explains the fixation of transgressive traits in self-pollinated crops, and the ability of auto- and allopolyploids to conceal deleterious recessive traits.}}, ISBN = {{0-89118-546-1}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086671100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000071957800008, Author = {Naess, SK and Swartz, HJ and Bauchan, GR}, Title = {{Ploidy reduction in blackberry}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{57-73}}, Abstract = {{Polyploidy in blackberries and ploidy differences between Rubus species are obstacles to the efficient introduction of valuable germplasm, both intra-and interspecific, into blackberry breeding programs. Expansion of the germplasm base would be facilitated by reducing the ploidy level of blackberry cultivars to the diploid level. In this report selection of twin seed, interspecific hybridization, and pollen irradiation were compared as methods in the recovery of dihaploids from tetraploid blackberry cultivars. One dihaploid was obtained through selection of twin seed and several were obtained following interspecific hybridization. The infrequency of twinning and difficulty in detecting twin seed in Rubus reduced the efficiency of this method. The efficiency with which dihaploids could be obtained following interspecific hybridization varied with the pollen parent. Reduced seed set and seed quality following pollinations with respectively R. parvifolius and R. hirsutus could be used to advantage in the recovery of dihaploids from blackberries. Ploidy reduction in several tetraploid blackberry cultivars was obtained following pollinations with 100 and 150 kR gamma irradiated pollen. Most of the seedlings obtained at the 50 kR dosage were aneuploid. Pollen irradiation at 150 kR was the most efficient method of obtaining dihaploids from tetraploid blackberries. Twenty percent of the seedlings obtained following this treatment were dihaploid.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1018372709235}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071957800008}}, } @article{ ISI:000072030300002, Author = {McArthur, ED and Mudge, J and Van Buren, R and Andersen, WR and Sanderson, SC and Babbel, DG}, Title = {{Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) of Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae species and hybrids}}, Journal = {{GREAT BASIN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{12-27}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Species of Artemisia (subgenus Tridemtatae) dominate much of western North America. The genetic variation that allows this broad ecological adaptation is facilitated by hybridization and polyploidization. Three separate studies were performed in this group using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Fifty-seven 10-mer primers generated nearly 400 markers from genomic DNA obtained from leaf tissue. These studies were (1) a measure of the variability of plants within and between populations and between subspecies using 5 A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis populations, 2 A. cana ssp. cana populations, and 1 A. cana ssp. viscidula population; (2) an examination of the hypothesis that tetraploid (4x) Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana derives de novo from diploid (2x) populations via autopolyploidy; and (3) an examination of the validity of the status of putative hybrids that have been produced by controlled pollination. These latter hybrid combinations-A. tridentata ssp. tridentata x A. t. ssp. vaseyana, A. t. spp wyomingensis x A. tripartita, and A. cana ssp. cana x A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis-were made to combine traits of parental taxa in unique combinations with possible management application. RAPD marker data were subjected to similarity and UPGMA clustering analyses. RAPD markers were effective in measuring genetic diversity at different systematic levels. Individuals plants within a population were approximately 55\% to >80\% similar to one another, populations within subspecies gave corresponding values of similarity, probably a result of the combined effects of large population sizes and wind pollination. The 2 subspecies of A. cana were approximately 45\% similar. At least some 4x populations of A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana apparently derive de novo from 2x plants based on their being embedded in 2x phenogram groups, thus reinforcing evidence that autopolyploidy plays an important role in Tridentatae population biology. Two (A. tridentata ssp. tridentata x A. t. ssp. vaseyana and A. cana ssp. cana x A. tridentata ssp wyomingenesis) of the 3 putative hybrid combinations were confined to include hybrids. These hybrids may have potential in management applications. Additional use of RAPD technology combined with other techniques may be useful in delimiting genetic characteristics and in guiding artificial selection in the Tridentatae.}}, ISSN = {{0017-3614}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000072030300002}}, } @article{ ISI:000080542900002, Author = {Hatjina, F and Free, JB and Paxton, RJ}, Title = {{Hive-entrance pollen transfer devices to increase the cross-pollination potential of honey bees. I. Examination of six materials}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{37}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{231-237}}, Abstract = {{We evaluated the use of a simple device, attached to the front of the hive entrance, and lined with material, to increase the pollen on the bodies of honey bees departing their colony. The so-called `hive-entrance pollen transfer device' is designed to facilitate bee-to-bee pollen transfer at the hive entrance. Six types of material were used to line the hive-entrance pollen transfer devices in the summer of 1992. The ability of each material to increase the pollen on bees' bodies was compared twice by measuring the amount (absolute number), richness (number of pollen `types') and diversity (expressed as the Shannon Diversity Index) of pollen on bees departing their hive either with or without a pollen transfer device. Of the six materials tested, woollen fabric and felt fabric appeared to be the most efficient in increasing the amount of pollen, the richness and, for the felt, diversity too. By increasing the pollen on bees departing their colony, hive-entrance pollen transfer devices increase the `foreign' pollen adhering to honey bees departing their colony and, thereby, they potentially increase the cross-pollination value of a colony's workforce.}}, ISSN = {{0021-8839}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Paxton, Robert/D-7082-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Paxton, Robert/0000-0003-2517-1351}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080542900002}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000080336600025, Author = {Deschaine, LM and Breslau, B and Ades, MJ and Selg, R and Saaty, TL}, Editor = {{Ades, M and Griebenow, R}}, Title = {{Decision support software to optimize resource allocation - Theory and case history}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SIMULATORS INTERNATIONAL XV}}, Series = {{SIMULATION SERIES}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{30}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{139-144}}, Note = {{1998 Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference (ASTC 98), BOSTON, MA, APR 05-09, 1998}}, Organization = {{Soc Comp Simulat Int}}, Abstract = {{Management of a multi-project, multi-criteria, multi-year decisions is made easier and more effective through the use of decision support software A computerized business management tool that combines both quantitative information, such as cost and profit, with qualitative information, such as relative importance to mission statement and labor issues is available. The model organizes the key project quantitative (costs and savings) and qualitative (complexity of implementation, organizational importance, regulatory interface) information into an overall framework for analysis. The information is then processed using a hybrid Linear Programming / Analytical Hierarchy Process analysis technique to produce an optimal selection of projects to pursue for a specified funding level. This program provides an excellent computer based ``tool{''} that the nuclear and chemical industries can use to combine quantitative and qualitative information to optimize project selection. The ``tool{''} is sensitive to real life variables that influence decisions, such as changes in labor relations, labor strikes, imposed work stoppages, budget / resource reductions, interactions with state and federal interactions, influences on local community, and the like. The simulation tool is also a dynamic program that facilitates reoptimizing the entire project portfolio should sensitive project variables change. The mathematical development of the model is presented along with a case histories. The example discusses the application of the simulation model to a 114 site radiological remediation portfolio at the US Department of Energy's Savannah River Site. This models were developed using the commercially available software ``Expert Choice{''} to promote accessibility and includes a framework that is general enough to facilitate its use in other businesses where optimal performance of resources is desired.}}, ISSN = {{0735-9276}}, ISBN = {{1-56555-144-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080336600025}}, } @article{ ISI:000077366000005, Author = {Huang, BQ and Sheridan, WF}, Title = {{Actin coronas in normal and indeterminate gametophyte1 embryo sacs of maize}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{257-264}}, Abstract = {{The actin cytoskeletal organization and nuclear behavior of normal and indeterminate gametophytel (igl) embryo sacs of maize were examined during fertilization. After pollination, during degeneration of one of the synergids and before arrival of the pollen tube, the cytoskeletal elements undergo dramatic changes including formation of the actin coronas at the chalazal end of the degenerating synergid and at the interface between the egg cell and central cell. The actin coronas are present only for a limited period of time and their presence is coordinated with pollen tube arrival and fusion of the gametes; they disappear before the zygote divides. This allows us to estimate the frequency of fertilized ovules along the ear. Up to 88\% of the ovules on an ear contain actin coronas in the embryo sacs when observed 16-19 h after pollination, indicating the high frequency of fertilizing kernels along the ear at this stage. In the ig embryo sacs, two or more degenerated synergids containing actin coronas at their chalazal ends receive multiple pollen tubes for gametic fusion and can consequently give rise to twin or polyembryos. These findings with the monocot maize are consistent with previous reports on the dicots Plumbago and Nicotiana, suggesting that the formation of actin coronas in the embryo sac during fertilization is a universal phenomenon in angiosperms and is part of a mechanism of interaction between gametic signaling and actin cytoskeleton behavior which appears to precisely position and facilitate the access of male gametes to the egg cell and central cell for fusion.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004970050151}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000077366000005}}, } @article{ ISI:000078946800006, Author = {Kalko, EKV}, Title = {{Organisation and diversity of tropical bat communities through space and time}}, Journal = {{ZOOLOGY-ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{101}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{281-297}}, Note = {{91st Annual Meeting of the Deutsche-Zoologische-Gesellschaft, LEIPZIG, GERMANY, JUN 01-04, 1998}}, Organization = {{Deutsch Zool Gesell}}, Abstract = {{Tropical bat communities are characterized by high species diversity and relative abundance. Due to their diverse feeding ecologies, bats play indispensable roles in tropical forests as seed dispersers, pollinators, and predators of arthropods. However, despite of their importance, little is known about factors that promote diversity in this taxon as well as interactions between bats and their environment. First results suggest that Neotropical bat communities are highly structured. I explore factors that may contribute to the observed pattern. Partitioning of resources in space and time facilitates coexistence of species within local species assemblages. I discuss future perspectives for comprehensive studies of species assemblages that combine macroecological (top-down) and microecological (bottom-up) approaches. Foremost, I underline the need for comprehensive inventory techniques. In conclusion, comparative community studies of bats with standardized methodologies are crucial for a better understanding how environmental change may influence these species assemblages and in turn, plants and animals affected by them.}}, ISSN = {{0944-2006}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078946800006}}, } @article{ ISI:000071747000005, Author = {Lacroix, CR and Kemp, JR}, Title = {{Developmental morphology of the androecium and gynoecium in Ruppia maritima L.: considerations for pollination}}, Journal = {{AQUATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{253-262}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Ruppia maritima, widgeon grass, is an aquatic angiosperm common in salt marshes. Although previous studies have covered general aspects of pollination and floral development, little information is available on the functional aspects and development of the androecium and gynoecium in relation to pollination. Using the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and thin sectioning, this study focuses on the functional morphology of the gynoecium, anthers, and pollen grains. The funnel-like arrangement of the carpels directing pollen to the stigmatic regions, the buoyancy offered by presence of stomates and underlying spongy tissue in the carpellary outgrowth, the boomerang-like morphology of the pollen grains which facilitates their aggregation, and the sheath enclosing the anther are examined from the perspective of this specialized, hydrophilous pollination system. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00074-0}}, ISSN = {{0304-3770}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071747000005}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997YF08000001, Author = {Paz, MM and Veilleux, RE}, Title = {{Genetic diversity based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and its relationship with the performance of diploid potato hybrids}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{740-747}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{RAPD analysis was conducted on in vitro plantlets of Solanum phureja Juz. \& Buk. monoploids and diploid heterozygous pollinators. Among 60 decamer primers screened, 11 did not show polymorphism while some primers produced complex banding patterns or faint bands that were difficult to score. Genetic distance estimates were based on 151 polymorphic RAPD markers of 208 bands scored using 33 primers. Simple matching and Jaccard coefficients were calculated to estimate genetic similarity (GS). Genetic distance (GD = 1-GS) among genotypes ranged from 0.0 to 0.664. Cluster analysis yielded groups of genotypes that were consistent with known genomic compositions or genetic relationships inferred from their pedigree. Field evaluation of 14 F-1 families resulting from five S. phureja doubled monoploids (DMs) crossed to three heterozygous pollinators (IDs) revealed significant differences in total tuber number, total tuber yield, average tuber mass, and vigor. Total tuber yield per family ranged from 174 to 404 g per plant and was significantly lower than the control `Kennebec'. The general combining ability of DM BARD 13-14/202 was superior to other DM parents. Specific combining ability was observed in progeny of AD2-4/3s.8 H ID 4. Among male parents, ID 8 performed better than ID 4 or ID 5. Using simple matching, the largest parental genetic distance was always associated with the highest total tuber yield among progenies of DR;I parents. A similar trend was obtained using Jaccard coefficients. Based on our results, RAPD markers may facilitate the identification of diverse parents to maximize the expression of heterosis in S. phureja hybrids.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997YF08000001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997YA48000004, Author = {Karron, JD and Jackson, RT and Thumser, NN and Schlicht, SL}, Title = {{Outcrossing rates of individual Mimulus ringens genets are correlated with anther-stigma separation}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{79}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{365-370}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Anther-stigma separation (herkogamy) is highly variable within populations of Mimulus ringens, a bumblebee-pollinated perennial herb with a mixed-mating system. The relationship between this floral trait and individual outcrossing rates was studied in two experimental populations composed of genets with unique multilocus combinations of homozygous genotypes. This facilitated determination of individual outcrossing rates through unambiguous assignment of paternity to all 1560 sampled progeny. In each population there was significant heterogeneity among maternal families in frequencies of self and outcross progeny. Individual outcrossing rates were positively correlated with anther-stigma separation.}}, DOI = {{10.1038/hdy.1997.169}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Karron, Jeffrey/A-6855-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997YA48000004}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997YA69300014, Author = {Brown, MJF and Human, KG}, Title = {{Effects of harvester ants on plant species distribution and abundance in a serpentine grassland}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{112}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{237-243}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Seed harvesting ants can have important effects on the composition and structure of plant communities. We investigated two effects of Messo, andrei, the black seed-harvesting ant, on a serpentine grassland plant community in northern California. First, to determine if selective seed predation by ants affects plant community composition, we excluded harvester ants from 1-mediameter circular plots of grassland. Abundances of all species on these plots and on control plots were measured before and after exclosure. Second, to determine if M. andrei nest mounds affect plant community composition, we compared plant species abundances on and off nest mounds. M. andrei deposit large amounts of organic matter on their nest mounds over a foraging season, so mounds may alter the edaphic environment. The exclusion of seed-harvesting activity did not cause changes in the plant community. Nest mounds had a strong effect on plant communities: there were many more grasses and fewer forbs on ant mounds, although at least one forb, Lepidium nitidum, produced twice as many seeds when it grew on nest mounds. We found that nest mounds formed islands of higher-temperature soil in the serpentine grassland.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004420050306}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Brown, Mark/E-7644-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997YA69300014}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997XU40900007, Author = {Pellmyr, O}, Title = {{Pollinating seed eaters: Why is active pollination so rare?}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{78}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1655-1660}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Insects whose larvae depend on developing seed are very common, but active pollination, meaning that the insect possesses specific structures and behaviors for the purpose of assuring pollination, is only known to have evolved twice in such insects, namely in yucca moths and in fig wasps. This rarity could be due to high cost of pollination, phylogenetic constraints, alternative life history shifts to reduce or avoid risk of seed nondevelopment, or ecological factors such as co-pollinators that can satiate pollen requirements and mask variation in pollinator effectiveness among ovipositing seed eaters. Ecological costs of being a pollinator were measured for a yucca moth species and were found to be low: active time allocated to pollen pickup and deposit was on average 4.1\%, an average of 0.42\% of female body mass was allocated to specific structures for pollen manipulation, and the average pollen load weighed <4\% of moth body mass. These estimates suggest that ecological costs need not be a major obstacle to evolution of active pollination. In contrast, recent combined ecological-phylogenetic analyses for the yucca moth family suggest that the evolution of active pollination and transition to mutualism depended largely on preadaptations, and that few traits were truly novel. If general, active pollination would be predicted to be likely to evolve only in lineages with life histories that facilitate mutualism. Alternative outcomes to evolution of active pollination include delayed oviposition, detection of floral pollination status, egg placement that allows the larva to select a fruit, and modified egg dispersion strategies to balance the cost of pollination. The historical significance of these factors can be assessed only when mechanisms are documented in many lineages and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework. Active fungal inoculation among arthropods is ecologically analogous to active pollination, and offers a complement for comparative analyses. Specific structures for spore transport have evolved many times in at least three orders of insects, and several times in mites. The large number of independent lineages of active pollen and fungus dispersers jointly provide a platform for testing hypotheses about, e.g., the role of preadaptations in evolution of mutualism, reversals of mutualism, and the role of mutualism in diversification.}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997XU40900007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997XR57500025, Author = {Belavadi, VV and Venkateshalu and Vivek, HR}, Title = {{Significance of style in cardamom corolla tubes for honey-bee pollinators}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{73}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{287-290}}, Month = {{AUG 10}}, Abstract = {{Cardamom flowers offer nectar in a corolla tube which is 23 (+/-2.08)mm long and the style passes through the corolla tube, The honey-bee pollinators, Apis cerana and A. dorsata, despite their short tongue lengths (4.5 and 5.5 mm, respectively) drew nectar up to 11.45 (+/-2.65) and 11.65 (+/-1.85) mm. In controlled experiments, using capillary tubes of similar dimensions as cardamom corolla tubes, the depth of feeding by the two species of bees corresponded to their tongue lengths when there was no style, However, when a natural or an artificial style was introduced into the capillary tube the depth of feeding increased with increase in style thickness, We show here that the presence of style inside the corolla tube helps bees to draw more nectar from cardamom flowers, We also suggest that the plant facilitates pollinators to draw more nectar than it is possible with their short tongues, by keeping the style within, and that the thickness of style may have some significance in the evolution of the system.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997XR57500025}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997XD39400021, Author = {Roll, J and Mitchell, RJ and Cabin, RJ and Marshall, DL}, Title = {{Reproductive success increases with local density of conspecifics in a desert mustard (Lesquerella fendleri)}}, Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{738-746}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{We investigated the effects of plant density on reproduction for an insect-pollinated desert mustard (Lesquerella fendleri {[}Brassicaceae]). Individual reproductive success, as measured by seeds per fruit, proportion of flowers setting fruit, and total seed production, increased with the density of conspecifics within 1 m. However, including the density of conspecifics at greater distances (1-3 m) did not significantly increase the amount of variation in reproductive success explained by the regression model. This implies that processes occurring on a scale of 1 m or less have important effects on reproduction. Total seed production also was greater for high-density plants than for otherwise similar plants with a low-density of conspecifics. We argue that increased pollinator visilation is the most likely cause of this facilitation and that investigations of the effects of rarity on reproduction success should directly consider density along with more commonly used attributes such as population size and fragmentation.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96013.x}}, ISSN = {{0888-8892}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/G-6380-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/0000-0001-7961-3560}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997XD39400021}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997XL39800011, Author = {Takaso, T and Owens, JN}, Title = {{Pollen movement in the micropylar canal of Larix and its simulation}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{110}}, Number = {{1098}}, Pages = {{259-264}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{In Larix pollen captured by the ovule and rested at the distal end of the micropylar canal is transferred upward to the nucellus before it develops a pollen tube. This upward movement occurs after the canal is filled with secreted fluid, despite the fact that the pollen sinks in the fluid. We examined the mechanism of the movement based on the morphology of the canal and its simulation using pipettes. When a water column moves upward in a waxed pipette, suspended particles also move upward carried by the meniscus. In L. x eurolepis the inner surface of the integument lining the micropylar canal is coated by a cuticle layer. This layer is further coated by an integumentary membrane before the fluid is secreted. This membrane, however, becomes distorted or disappears during fluid secretion. The exposed cuticle and the degenerated hydrophilic nucellar apex may facilitate the movement of the meniscus toward the nucellus as in the simulated pipette. Pollen is interpreted to move by being carried by the meniscus when the fluid recedes.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02509314}}, ISSN = {{0918-9440}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997XL39800011}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997WY26500007, Author = {Affre, L and Thompson, JD}, Title = {{Population genetic structure and levels of inbreeding depression in the Mediterranean island endemic Cyclamen creticum (Primulaceae)}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{60}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{527-549}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The variation and evolution of reproductive traits in island plants have received much attention from conservation and evolutionary biologists. However, plants on islands in the Mediterranean region have received very little attention. In the present study, we examine the floral biology and mating system of Cyclamen creticum, a diploid perennial herb endemic to Crete and Karpathos. Our purpose is to quantify (1) variation and covariation of floral traits related to the mating system, (2) the ability of the species to self in the absence of pollinators and its relative performance on selfing and outcrossing and (3) genetic diversity within and among populations. Pollen/ovule ratios were indicative of a xenogamous species. A controlled pollination experiment showed that the species is self-compatible but is unable to set seed in the absence of pollinators, probably due to stigma-anther separation. A multiplicative estimate of inbreeding depression based on fruit maturation, seed number and percentage seed germination gave delta = 0.38. Population genetic diversity was high, 54.76 \% polymorphic loci, a mean of 1.78 alleles per locus and a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.053. F-statistics nevertheless indicated high inbreeding rates (mean F-st = 0.748) in natural populations, and low levels of population differentiation (mean F-st = 0.168). C. creticum thus appears to have a mixed-mating system with high levels of (pollinator) mediated inbreeding (either by facilitated selfing, geitonogamy or biparental inbreeding) in natural populations. (C) 1997 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/bijl.1996.0119}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997WY26500007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997WJ88400012, Author = {Roy, BA and Raguso, RA}, Title = {{Olfactory versus visual cues in a floral mimicry system}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{109}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{414-426}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{We used arrays of artificial flowers with and without fragrance to determine the importance of olfactory and visual cues in attracting insects to a floral mimic. The mimic is a fungus, Puccinia monoica Arth., which causes its crucifer hosts (here, Arabis drummondii Gray) to form pseudoflowers that mimic co-occurring flowers such as the buttercup, Ranunculus inamoenus Greene. Although pseudoflowers are visually similar to buttercups, their sweet fragrance is distinct. To determine whether visitors to pseudoflowers were responding to fragrance we performed an experiment in which we removed the visual cues, but allowed fragrance to still be perceived. In this experiment we found that pseudoflower fragrance can attract visitors by itself. In other experi ments we found that the relative importance of olfactory and visual cues depended on the species of visitor. Halictid bees (Dialictus sp.) had a somewhat greater visual than olfactory response, whereas flies (muscids and anthomyiids) were more dependent on olfactory cues. We also used bioassays to determine which of the many compounds present in the natural fragrance were responsible for attraction. We found that halictid bees were equally attracted to pseudoflowers and to a blend containing phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, benzaldehyde and methylbenzoate in the same relative concentrations as in pseudoflowers. Flies, on the other hand, only responded to pseudoflower scent, indicating that we have not yet identified the compound(s) present in pseudoflowers that are attracting them. The ability of insects to differentiate pseudoflowers from true flowers by their fragrance may be important in the evolution of the mimicry system. Different fragrances may facilitate proper transfer of both fungal spermatia and pollen, and thus make it possible for the visual mimicry to evolve.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004420050101}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997WJ88400012}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997WD68200006, Author = {Klips, RA and Snow, AA}, Title = {{Delayed autonomous self-pollination in Hibiscus laevis (Malvaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{84}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{48-53}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Delayed autonomous self-pollination allows outcrossing to occur while also ensuring that seeds are produced in the absence of pollen vectors. We investigated variation in the efficacy of this pollination mechanism in populations of Hibiscus laevis. Recurvature of stylar branches occurred after 1 d of anthesis, and in plants from Ohio, Illinois, Arkansas, and Oklahoma this behavior resulted in autonomous selfing (surprisingly, stylar movement was facultative in that it did not take place when the stigmas were already pollinated). In contrast to these more northern populations, the distance between anthers and stigmas was too great to allow autonomous selfing in plants from Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Greenhouse studies of plants from Ohio demonstrated that autonomous selfing resulted in an average of 29.5 seeds per flower, as compared to 59.9 seeds per flower from hand-pollination of stigmas with self pollen. In an assessment of the possible significance of this selfing mode, emasculated flowers did not set significantly fewer seeds in a natural stand in Ohio, suggesting that few seeds resulted from autonomous selfing al that site. Modest inbreeding depression was detected at this population. Our results suggest that delayed autonomous selfing is more common in northern populations, where it may facilitate population establishment and persistence at times when pollinators are scarce.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2445882}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997WD68200006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1997WY23800015, Author = {Corbellini, M and Canevar, MG and Mazza, L and Ciaffi, M and Lafiandra, D and Borghi, B}, Title = {{Effect of the duration and intensity of heat shock during grain filling on dry matter and protein accumulation, technological quality and protein composition in bread and durum wheat}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{24}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{245-260}}, Abstract = {{High temperatures occurring during grain filling are known to affect wheat grain yield and quality considerably. In this paper we report the results of experiments carried out with two cultivars of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.). The plants, cultivated in pots, were subjected to 13 heat treatments (temperature up to 40 degrees C) differing in duration and timing and starting 7 days after anthesis. Heat treatments were applied by temporary transfer of the pots to a glasshouse where the temperature rose to 40 degrees C as a consequence of solar radiation for periods ranging from 5 to 30 days. The applied heat shocks substantially affected dry matter and protein accumulation in the different parts of the plant. Early heat shock (5 days with a total of 18 h of temperature in the range 35-40 degrees C) caused a small reduction of kernel mass and no effect on protein per kernel; the damage was greater in the central and in the final stage of grain filling. Plants subjected to a progressive increase of temperature, or to an early heat shock, acquired thermotolerance to further heat shocks. Continuous exposure to very high temperatures from 27 days after pollination to maturity did not negatively affect grain yield and it facilitated the remobilisation of nitrogen from vegetative to reproductive organs. Rheological properties were severely affected by heat shocks at all stages of grain filling: 5 days of heat shock were sufficient to reduce mixing tolerance by 40-60\%. These variations in rheological properties were accompanied by modification of the level of protein aggregation: soluble polymeric proteins and low molecular weight gliadins progressively increased according to the intensity of the stress, while insoluble polymeric proteins decreased. Our experiments, carried out in conditions close to the Mediterranean climate, indicate that the occurrence of very high temperature in the range 35-40 degrees C during grain filling substantially affects dry matter and protein accumulation in the different parts of the plant. The formation of the complex protein aggregates responsible for positive dough mixing properties is significantly reduced by very high temperature. When heat shock came late in grain filling, grain yield and protein concentration were not negatively affected but a `dough weakening' effect, which may reduce the commercial value of the production, is to be expected.}}, ISSN = {{0310-7841}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1997WY23800015}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000073680200079, Author = {Chin, SW and Kuo, CE and Liou, JJ and Shii, CT}, Editor = {{LilienKipnis, H and Borochov, A and Halevy, AH}}, Title = {{Dominant expression of vigor and heat tolerance of Lilium longiflorum germplasm in distant hybridization with Asiatic and oriental lilies}}, Booktitle = {{FLOWER BULBS - SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1 AND 2}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1997}}, Number = {{430}}, Pages = {{495-502}}, Note = {{7th International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, DAN ACCADIA HOTEL, HERZLIYYA, ISRAEL, MAR 10-16, 1996}}, Organization = {{Int Bulb Soc; Min Agr, Chief Scientists Off; Israel Acad Sci \& Humanities; Prod \& Marketing Board Ornamental Plants; Agrexco, Plant Propagat Unit; Flower Growers Assoc; Ben Arie Nurseries; BenZur Nurseries; Revivim Nurseries; Tabor Flowers Ltd; Timorim Nurseries; Yodfat Nurseries}}, Abstract = {{Distant hybridization between Lilium longiflorum and Asiatic or Oriental lilies was accomplished by in vitro pollination and ovary culture, or by in vivo pollination combined with ovary-slice culture. L. longiflorum was preferred as the maternal parent. More than 15 combinations were successfully rescued and multiplied by micropropagation or by scaling. Hybridity was confirmed by isozyme and cytological markers. In vitro plantlets of five distant hybrids were potted and tested under controlled temperature conditions. Most of the distant hybrid clones exhibited high to medium vigor. They developed shoots and bloomed within 8-10 months under temperature regimes of 13-35 degrees C. The formation and unfolding of scale leaves were accelerated by higher temperatures. Phase change from rosette to shoot stage occurred under temperatures of 15/13 degrees C. It was also induced by 6 weeks of natural winter cooling under subtropical climatic conditions. Floral bud development and anthesis in three of the clones were heat tolerant. In the current cycle, distant hybrids produced bulbs in size ranges of 12.7-16.4 cm and 10.8-13.9 cm under conditions of 20/15 degrees C and 35/10 degrees C respectively. Additionally, the out-facing, funnel flower pattern of the longiflorum group was expressed as recessive or intermediate to the up-facing, split perianth type. The strong expression of rosette growth and heat tolerance indicates that breeding between distant types might facilitate the development of lines suitable for cut flower and bulb production in one cycle, as well as, being adapted to subtropical conditions.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-819-6}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073680200079}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000071737300001, Author = {Cruden, RW}, Editor = {{Richards, KW}}, Title = {{Implications of evolutionary theory to applied pollination ecology}}, Booktitle = {{SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POLLINATION - POLLINATION: FROM THEORY TO PRACTISE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1997}}, Number = {{437}}, Pages = {{27-51}}, Note = {{7th International Symposium on Pollination, Pollination - From Theory to Practise, LETHBRIDGE, CANADA, JUN 23-28, 1996}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci}}, Abstract = {{Many floral traits reflect evolution with a set of pollinators. I examine pollination syndromes, including nectar production and its constituents, how pollination facilitates sexual selection, how interactions among various floral traits allow plants to track changes in pollinator numbers and/or activity, breeding systems, and ecotypic adaptation. A basic understanding of each of these topics should allow applied pollination ecologists to manipulate their unique systems. Understanding pollination syndromes, including nectar production, might allow one to utilize appropriate pollinators, and possibly manipulate their behavior. Understanding relationships among floral traits may suggest ways to increase pollination efficiency. In some plants the breeding system is integrated with nectar production, and the failure to appreciate the relationship can frustrate research efforts. Very few instances of ecotypic adaptation have been reported in pollination systems and this probably reflects our failure to look for them. Cultivating the wrong ecotype or selecting an inappropriate pollinator can also prove frustrating.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-978-8}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071737300001}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000071737300012, Author = {Ferrari, TE}, Editor = {{Richards, KW}}, Title = {{Using paternity tests and yield ratios to measure effects of supplemental pollination}}, Booktitle = {{SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POLLINATION - POLLINATION: FROM THEORY TO PRACTISE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1997}}, Number = {{437}}, Pages = {{141-146}}, Note = {{7th International Symposium on Pollination, Pollination - From Theory to Practise, LETHBRIDGE, CANADA, JUN 23-28, 1996}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci}}, Abstract = {{Unfavorable conditions during bloom often cause managers of fruit and nut crops to try improving cross-pollination by various means. Split-block experimental designs used to monitor the effects of supplemental pollination on fertilization are unreliable and difficult to perform. Paternity tests and yield ratio analysis are new techniques which independently facilitate evaluation of extra pollen on yield. Almond (Prunus amygdalus) production was examined after application of pollen to honey bees (Apis mellifera) during bloom Pollens containing unique genetic traits were transferred to flowers by foragers and resulted in nut set. Selective pollination was achieved by use of pollen incompatible with one cultivar or performing enpollination when only one cultivar was in bloom. First, paternity tests performed on embryos measured what percent of the crop came from the extra pollen and evaluated the success of a supplemental pollination practices. Second, historical production of two untreated cultivars grown in the same field were compared with yield ratios of the same cultivars after treatment of one of them. Changes in ratios enabled an increase in crop production to be qualified. Yield ratios greatly reduced the environmental component of variability associated with analysis of year-to year production.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-978-8}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071737300012}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000071757800007, Author = {Vorsa, N}, Editor = {{Yarborough, DE and Smagula, JM}}, Title = {{On a wing: The genetics and taxonomy of Vaccinium species from a pollination perspective}}, Booktitle = {{SIXTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VACCINIUM CULTURE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1997}}, Number = {{446}}, Pages = {{59-66}}, Note = {{6th International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture, ORONO, ME, AUG 12-17, 1996}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci, Fruit Sect; Maine Blueberry Commiss}}, Abstract = {{Pollination of temperate Vaccinium species, including cultivated blueberry and cranberry, is largely mediated by bees. These pollinators have played a considerable role in the genetics and taxonomic status of Vaccinium species. In the blueberry section Cyanococcus, pollinators have been the facilitators of intra-and interspecific hybridization, and are responsible for the evolution of polyploidy and the diversity of polyploid species in this section. The occurence of 2n pollen in all diploid blueberry species, and concordance with the frequency of 2n pollen-forming genotype frequencies in putative polyploid species evidences the pollinator's evolutionary contributions. Although on-random pollen dispersal has been reported, population genetic structure of both diploid blueberry and cranberry species is generally consistent with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations indicating panmictic pollination. This is especially notable in cranberry whose highly clonal and self-fertile nature would not promote a panmictic structure. Hybridization and introgression among syntopic diploid species and introgression from diploid to polyploid species in blueberry are also evident. The great intra-sectional taxonomic complexity that exists in Vaccinium is a function of a nondiscriminatory pollinator.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-839-0}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071757800007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VY49700016, Author = {Roy, BA}, Title = {{A plant pathogen influences pollinator behavior and may influence reproduction of nonhosts}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{77}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{2445-2457}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Some plant pathogens attract pollinating insects and thus have the potential to influence the pollination of flowers, just as different flower species can influence one another's pollination. Showy, flower-like pseudoflowers caused by the rust fungus Puccinia monoica on Arabis holboellii (Brassicaceae) commonly co-occur with flowers of Anemone patens (Ranunculaceae). I evaluated the effects of pseudoflowers and anemone on each other's visitation, and the effect of pseudoflowers on the seed set of anemone. I expected that at low overall `'flower'' densities visitation would be facilitated in patches containing a mixture of these species. At low densities, pseudoflowers or flowers alone may be too rare to attract sufficient visitors, but the addition of the other species could make mixtures more attractive and thus increase visitation rates. At high densities I expected that `'flowers'' in mixtures would compete for pollinators because it is more energy efficient for pollinators to concentrate visits on the most rewarding species. I used artificial arrays to separate the effects of `'flower'' density and relative frequency on visitation. Local density was not a good predictor of the influence of one species on the other. Instead, visitation patterns depended most strongly on the kind of visitor (flies vs. bees). Visitation to A. patens by flies was facilitated by the presence of pseudoflowers at both high and low densities, whereas visitation to pseudoflowers was not significantly influenced by A. patens at either density. Local density affected visitation by bees, but relative frequency did not. In addition to observing visitation, I also quantified the effects of interspecific movement of both pollen and spores on the reproductive success of A. patens. Although the presence of pseudoflowers sometimes facilitates visitation to A. patens, this effect could be counterbalanced by competition through interspecific insect movement: sticky pseudoflowers remove pollen from visiting insects, and fungal spermatia deposited on flower stigmas reduce seed set.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2265745}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VY49700016}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996WE13000006, Author = {Conner, JK}, Title = {{Understanding natural selection: An approach integrating selection gradients, multiplicative fitness components, and path analysis}}, Journal = {{ETHOLOGY ECOLOGY \& EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{387-397}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{A variety of methods for measuring natural selection have been introduced recently, spurring a large number of empirical studies. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses, and the use of different techniques in different ways has hampered comparisons among studies. I outline a method for integrating selection gradients, multiplicative fitness components and path analysis in a standardized way, to utilize the strengths of each technique and facilitate comparisons among studies. First, selection gradients are calculated using total lifetime fitness; these estimates can be used in equations to predict evolutionary change. Second, path analysis and multiplicative fitness components are used to understand the causes of selection. Examples of the method applied to studies of selection in an animal and a plant are given; use of this method allows comparisons to be made between the two studies of disparate taxa.}}, ISSN = {{0394-9370}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Conner, Jeffrey/F-3188-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Conner, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1613-5826}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996WE13000006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VZ26100026, Author = {Lewers, KS and StMartin, SK and Hedges, BR and Widrlechner, MP and Palmer, RG}, Title = {{Hybrid soybean seed production: Comparison of three methods}}, Journal = {{CROP SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{36}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1560-1567}}, Month = {{NOV-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Improved methods to produce hybrid soybean {[}Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] seed could augment several types of research. Two previously described methods, the traditional method and the dilution method, require insect-facilitated cross-pollination of ms ms nuclear male-sterile plants. The traditional method requires it substantial time investment during flowering to remove fertile siblings, and the dilution method requires a substantial amount of land and pollen-parent seed. Because time, land, and seed are limited, a more efficient method would be valuable. The cosegregation method was developed, utilizing close genetic linkage between the W1 locus and the Ms6 locus. The W1\_ seedling has a purple hypocotyl; the w1 w1 seedling has a green hypocotyl. The ms6 ms6 plant is male sterile and female fertile. Approximately? 97\% of the purple-hypocotyl seedlings, W1\_, in a line segregating for the w1 and ms6 alleles in coupling phase will be fertile, Ms6\_, and can be removed as a pollen source at the first-trifoliolate stage. Our objective was to evaluate and compare the three methods of hybrid soybean seed production for seed yield, efficiency, and hybrid seed purity and quality. We used a randomized complete-block design (three replications per location, three locations, two years). The cosegregation method gave higher seed yield, better efficiency, and equal or better seed quality (percentage germination, 100-seed weight) than the other methods. Male-sterile plants yielded an average of 28.6 seeds plant(-1) with the cosegregation method, 18.2 seeds plant(-1) with the traditional method, and 9.5 seeds plant(-1) with the dilution method. The cosegregation method wilt be useful in several research areas, including genetic control of complex traits, prediction of parental value, recurrent selection, and commercialization of hybrid soybean.}}, ISSN = {{0011-183X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VZ26100026}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VX00200008, Author = {Endre, G and Kalo, P and Tarczy, MH and Csanadi, G and Kiss, GB}, Title = {{Reducing the tetraploid non-nodulating alfalfa (Medicago sativa) MnNC-1008(NN) germ plasm to the diploid}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{93}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1061-1065}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{MnNC-1008(NN) (referred to as MN-1008) is a tetraploid alfalfa mutant with two recessive genes (nn(1) and nn(2)) conditioning the non-nodulating trait. The tetraploid level (2n=4x=32) of this Medicago sativa germ plasm was reduced to the diploid (2n=2x=16) level using the 4x-2x genetic cross originally described as a workable method for the induction of haploidy in alfalfa by T. E. Bingham. In our experiments more than 7000 emasculated flowers of a single non-nodulating MN-1008 mutant alfalfa plant with purple petals were cross-pollinated with pollen from a single, diploid, yellow-flowered alfalfa plant. Mature seeds from these crosses were collected and germinated, after which the plants were subjected to morphological and cytogenetic analyses as well as to DNA fingerprinting. Out of 26 viable progeny, 6 were hybrid plants, 19 proved to be self-mated derivatives of MN-1008, while one descendant turned out to be a diploid (2n=2x=16), purple flowered, non-nodulating plant denoted as M. sativa DN-1008. This diploid, non-nodulating alfalfa plant can serve as starting material to facilitate the comprehensive morphological, physiological and genetic analysis (gene mapping and cloning) of nodulation in order to learn more about the biology of the symbiotic root nodule development. To produce diploid; nodulating hybrid F-1 plants, DN-1008 was crossed with a diploid, yellow-flowered M. sativa ssp. quasifalcata plant. An F-1 population segregating the nn(1) and nn(2) genes in a diploid manner, in which the genetic analysis is more simple than in a tetraploid population, can be established by self-mating of the F-1 plants.}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kalo, Peter/A-3919-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VX00200008}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VE72400016, Author = {Liu, JQ and Parks, P and Rimmer, SR}, Title = {{Development of monogenic lines for resistance to Albugo candida from a Canadian Brassica napus cultivar}}, Journal = {{PHYTOPATHOLOGY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1000-1004}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Resistance to Albugo candida race 7 in the Canadian Brassica napus cultivar Regent is conditioned by three dominant genes, designated Ac7(1), Ac7(2), and Ac7(3). Gene Ac7(3) is present in a heterozygous condition. Homozygous resistant BC1F3 lines carrying Ac7(1) or Ac7(2) were developed from a BC1F1 family in which segregation for white rust resistance fitted a 3 resistant (R):1 susceptible (S) ratio. To isolate the resistance genes, one BC1F3 line was assumed to have genotype Ac7(1)Ac7(1)ac7(2)ac7(2) and was used as a tester to cross with other selected BC1F3 lines. Progenies from test crosses were self-pollinated and backcrossed to susceptible line 2282-9. Thus, two monogenic lines possessing Ac7(1) or Ac7(2) were developed as F-2 and backcross populations produced from four test crosses segregated to fit 15 R:1 S and 3 R:1 S ratios, respectively, whereas the other four lines were homozygous resistant. The two single-gene lines were used as testers to develop a monogenic line with Ac7(3) from a BC1F1 family that segregated in a 7 R:1 S ratio. These single genes are being incorporated into rapid-cycling B. napus lines susceptible to several pathotypes of A. candida to develop isogenic differential lines. The monogenic lines will be used to study the mechanism(s) of resistance response conditioned by the individual genes. These lines also should facilitate molecular mapping of the loci in B. napus for resistance to A. candida race 7.}}, DOI = {{10.1094/Phyto-86-1000}}, ISSN = {{0031-949X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VE72400016}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VJ57400003, Author = {Tefferi, A and Hulluka, M and Welz, HG}, Title = {{Assessment of damage and grain yield loss in maize caused by northern leaf blight in western Ethiopia}}, Journal = {{ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN UND PFLANZENSCHUTZ-JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{353-363}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The effect of northern leaf blight (NLB) caused by Setosphaeria turcica (anamorph Exserohilum turcicum) on three open-pollinated maize cultivars ('MDRST', resistant; `Pool32 C19', susceptible and `Belerech', tolerant) was assessed in field experiments on inoculated and non-inoculated plants for 2 years at Bake and for 1 year without inoculation at Kelala Bero. NLB incidence and severity, lesion number and area, yield components and grain yield were recorded. Equivalent yield, yield loss, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and apparent infection rare were calculated to investigate the pattern of disease development and its effect on yield. The highest mean NLB severity (57.0 \%) was recorded on `Pool32 C19' in 1993 with artificial infection and the lowest (1.0 \%) on `MDRST' in same year with natural infection. Disease incidence and lesion number were both significantly correlated with early morning humidity and low temperature, particularly in `MDRST', indicating that in Ethiopia cool nights with long dew periods facilitate infection of partially resistant cultivars. `Pool32 C19' had the highest mean grain yield loss (43.1 \%) and kernel weight loss (16.4 \%) whereas `MDRST' had the lowest losses (10.4 \% grain yield and 9.4 \% kernel weight). Simple regression analyses indicated that yield losses can be best predicted (R(2) = 0.47) by disease severity ratings taken at 5 weeks after inoculation, i.e., about 3 weeks after mid-silk. AUDPC was significantly correlated with grain yield loss for `Pool32 C19' and `Beletech' with coefficients of 0.69 and 0.58, respectively. `Beletech' was more tolerant of NLB than `Pool32 C19', as its coefficient of regression of yield loss on AUDPC was smaller (0.023 vs. 0.033). The yield components ear number and kernel size were involved in the tolerance of cv. `Beletech' suggesting that in maize, tolerance to foliar diseases may rely on similar mechanisms as tolerance to drought stress (maintenance of ear formation under stress and rapid dry matter accumulation).}}, ISSN = {{0340-8159}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VJ57400003}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996UZ12400012, Author = {Weiblen, GD and Brehm, BG}, Title = {{Reproductive strategies and barriers to hybridization between Tellima grandiflora and Tolmeia menziesii (Saxifragaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{83}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{910-918}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{We examined the reproductive biology of Tolmeia menziesii and Tellima grandiflora (Saxifragaceae) and barriers to hybridization between these species. Crossing experiments and pollinator observations suggest that Tolmeia is completely self-incompatible, obligately outcrossing, and bumble bee pollinated, whereas Tellima is self-compatible, with a mixed mating system possibly facilitated by rove beetles. Hybrid crosses set seed only when Tellima was the pollen recipient. Observations of pollen-style interactions indicate that self-incompatibility in Tolmeia is late-acting and that pollen tube growth is comparable between reciprocal hybrid pollinations. Seven of 40 progeny from Tolmeia x Tellima crosses were isozymically and morphologically intermediate between Tolmeia and Tellima, and were identical to a naturally occurring hybrid. The remainder were identical to Tellima, the maternal parent in successful hybrid crosses, which we attribute to either intraspecific pollen contamination, or agamospermy. Barriers to hybridization between sympatric Tellima and Tolmeia consist of divergence in floral morphology, pollinator relationships, compatibility, and a series of postzygotic isolating mechanisms including hybrid sterility.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2446269}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996UZ12400012}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VZ75000003, Author = {vanNoort, S and Compton, SG}, Title = {{Convergent evolution of agaonine and sycoecine (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) head shape in response to the constraints of host fig morphology}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{415-424}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Note = {{5th International Symposium on Fig Biology, BERGEN, NORWAY, MAY, 1994}}, Abstract = {{Similar morphological adaptations have arisen independently across separate lineages within the fig wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) in response to the extreme selective pressure provided by the morphological constraints of their host fig trees (Ficus, Moraceae). Evidence is forwarded that supports the convergence of female head shape between two distinct fig wasp lineages, the Agaoninae (pollinators) and Sycoecinae (non-pollinators), utilizing the same host Ficus species (section Gagolychia). In contrast to the vast majority of the non-pollinating fig wasps, that oviposit from the outside of the fig, the Agaoninae and Sycoecinae must negotiate the fig ostiole for internal oviposition, with the result that these independent lineages are simultaneously exposed to the selective pressure imposed by ostiolar morphology. Selection will favour a head shape that facilitates successful penetration of the fig cavity and this has resulted in the evolution of similar head shapes in the two lineages. Female head shape in both subfamilies was found to correlate with fig size, with elongate heads associated with large fig size. Given that ostiole bract arrangement is uniform within section Galoglychia, it appears that ostiole length may be the main factor contributing to head shape determination. The high degree of co-adaptation of head shape suggests that both the Sycoecinae and Agaoninae have coevolved with their host Ficus species.}}, ISSN = {{0305-0270}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VZ75000003}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VZ75000012, Author = {Nason, JD and Herre, EA and Hamrick, JL}, Title = {{Paternity analysis of the breeding structure of strangler fig populations: Evidence for substantial long-distance wasp dispersal}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{501-512}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Note = {{5th International Symposium on Fig Biology, BERGEN, NORWAY, MAY, 1994}}, Abstract = {{The mutualistic interaction of figs with their species-specific wasp pollinators and the role of figs as `keystone' plant resources in tropical communities has received substantial attention from both plant and animal ecologists. Despite this focus on the reproductive biology of figs, the minute size of the wasps has effectively precluded our ability to monitor patterns of wasp dispersal and fig mating relationships in natural forest habitats. In this paper we use genetic markers and genealogy reconstruction techniques to examine the breeding structure of populations of four strangler fig species occurring in central Panama. The natural history of figs facilitates the genetic analysis of full-sib progeny arrays from which the genotypes of successful pollen donors can be reconstructed precisely. Paternity reconstruction in the four study species reveals that individual flowering trees may routinely receive pollen from numerous donors despite characteristically low densities of co-flowering individuals. These data indicate not only that breeding populations of these figs are larger than the minimum critical sizes predicted to be necessary to support populations of their species-specific pollinators, but are more extensive in size and area than has been described for any plant species yet examined. Further, the fig wasps are shown to be efficient agents of long-distance dispersal, routinely moving up to 10 km between flowering trees. In accord with the potential for substantial long-distance gene flow and large effective population sizes, ten of eleven species of Panamanian figs assayed were found to maintain exceptionally high levels of genetic variation within their populations. Combined with other reports of occasional long-distance dispersal, the results of this study suggest that fig wasps may be more effective at colonizing isolated fig populations than previously thought.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2699.1996.tb00012.x}}, ISSN = {{0305-0270}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VZ75000012}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996UQ96900001, Author = {Small, E}, Title = {{Adaptations to herbivory in alfalfa (Medicago sativa)}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{74}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{807-822}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) possesses numerous adaptations to herbivores. As with other wild plants, general chemical defences (notably medicagenic acid in alfalfa) and general anti-insect structures (notably trichomes) provide some protection against a wide spectrum of polyphagous insects. Several morphological adaptations protect alfalfa against specialized insect feeders, especially those that consume the seeds. Alfalfa has been disruptively selected by man to possess morphological adaptations and tolerance for two contrasting classes of herbivory: continuous grazing by livestock and intermittent harvesting for hay. Domestication of alfalfa has lowered the effectiveness of several natural adaptations against insects. Occasionally, however, artificial selection for resistance against certain insect species has, often unintentionally, resulted in selection for structural features discouraging these insects. Preadaptations of wild alfalfa for the horse facilitated this plant's domestication as a specialized horse feed, despite the fact that horses are poorly adapted in the wild to such a nutritious forage. Under conditions of domestication, however, alfalfa appears to offer horses several invaluable dietary advantages, and is much more suited to the horse than to man's other grazing herbivores. Anti-herbivorous hemolytic saponins are present in high concentrations in certain alfalfa lineages and cultivars. Horses in southern Europe and Asia have been fed low-saponin alfalfa for millenia, whereas high-saponin alfalfa has been utilized in northern Europe and much of the New World only since about the 16th century. While these compounds are poisonous for most herbivores, they could be beneficial for the horse. A very high degree of herbivorous coadaptation exists between alfalfa and its specialized pollinator, the alfalfa leafcutter bee (Megachile rotundata), and there is evidence that this relationship has coevolved. As the world's most efficient protein crop, alfalfa is preeminently adapted to mankind's future need for increased direct consumption of plant proteins.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996UQ96900001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996UQ03400010, Author = {Jauh, GY and Lord, EM}, Title = {{Localization of pectins and arabinogalactan-proteins in lily (Lilium longiflorum L) pollen tube and style, and their possible roles in pollination}}, Journal = {{PLANTA}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{199}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{251-261}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Tn lily, adhesion of the pollen tube to the transmitting-tract epidermal cells (TTEs) is purported to facilitate the effective movement of the tube cell to the ovary. In this study, we examine the components of the extracellular matrices (ECMs) of the lily pollen tubes and TTEs that may be involved in this adhesion event. Several monoclonal antibodies to plant cell wall components such as esterified pectins, unesterified pectins, and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) were used to localize these molecules in the lily pollen tube and style at both light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) levels. In addition, (beta-D-Glc)(3) Yariv reagent which binds to AGPs was used to detect AGPs in the pollen tube and style. At the LM level, unesterified pectins were localized to the entire wall in in-vivo- and in-vitro-grown pollen tubes as well as to the surface of the stylar TTEs. Esterified pectins occurred at the tube tip region (with some differences in extent in in-vivo versus in-vitro tubes) and were evenly distributed in the entire style. At the TEM level, esterified pectins were detected inside pollen tube cell vesicles and unesterified pectins were localized to the pollen tube wall. The in-vivo pollen tubes adhere to each other and can be separated by pectinase treatment. At the LM level, AGP localization occurred in the tube tip of both in-vivo- and in-vitro-grown pollen tubes and, in the case of one AGP probe, on the surface of the TTEs. Another AGP probe localized to every cell of the style except the surface of the TTE. At the TEM level, AGPs were mainly found gn the plasma membrane and vesicle membranes of in-vivo-grown pollen tubes as well as on the TTE surface, with some localization to the adhesion zone between pollen tubes and style. (beta-D-Glc)(3) Yariv reagent bound to the in-vitro-grown pollen tube tip and significantly reduced the growth of both in-vitro- and in-vivo-grown pollen tubes. This led to abnormal expansion of the tube tip and random deposition of callose. These effects could be overcome by removal of (beta-D-Glc)(3) Yariv reagent which resulted in new tube tip growth zones emerging from the flanks of the arrested tube tip. The possible roles of pectins and AGPs in adhesion during pollination and pollen tube growth are discussed.}}, ISSN = {{0032-0935}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996UQ03400010}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996UD64300008, Author = {Giurfa, M and Vorobyev, M and Kevan, P and Menzel, R}, Title = {{Detection of coloured stimuli by honeybees: Minimum visual angles and receptor specific contrasts}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{178}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{699-709}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Honeybees Apis mellifera were trained to distinguish between the presence and the absence of a rewarded coloured spot, presented on a vertical, achromatic plane in a Y-maze, They were subsequently tested with different subtended visual angles of that spot, generated by different disk diameters and different distances from the decision point in the device. Bees were trained easily to detect bee-chromatic colours, but not an achromatic one. Chromatic contrast was not the only parameter allowing learning and, therefore, detection: alpha(min), the subtended visual angle at which the bees detect a given stimulus with a probability P-o = 0.6, was 5 degrees for stimuli presenting both chromatic contrast and contrast for the green photoreceptors {[}i.e. excitation difference in the green photoreceptors, between target and background (green contrast)], and 15 degrees for stimuli presenting chromatic but no green contrast. Our results suggest that green contrast can be utilized for target detection if target recognition has been established by means of the colour vision system. The green-contrast signal would be used as a far-distance signal for flower detection. This signal would always be detected before chromatic contrast during an approach flight and would be learned in compound with chromatic contrast, in a facilitation-like process.}}, ISSN = {{0340-7594}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Giurfa, Martin/A-7322-2008 Giurfa, Martin/H-5140-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Giurfa, Martin/0000-0001-7173-769X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996UD64300008}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996UQ05500017, Author = {Ribaut, JM and Hoisington, DA and Deutsch, JA and Jiang, C and GonzalezdeLeon, D}, Title = {{Identification of quantitative trait loci under drought conditions in tropical maize .11. Flowering parameters and the anthesis-silking interval}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{92}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{905-914}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Drought is an important climatic phenomenon which, after soil infertility, ranks as the second most severe limitation to maize production in developing countries. When drought stress occurs just before or during the flowering period, a delay in silking is observed, resulting in an increase in the length of the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and in a decrease in grain yield. Selection for reduced ASI in tropical open-pollinated varieties has been shown to be correlated with improved yields under drought stress. Since efficient selection for drought tolerance requires carefully managed experimental conditions, molecular markers were used to identify the genomic segments responsible for the expression of ASI, with the final aim of developing marker-assisted selection (MAS) strategies. An F-2 population of 234 individuals was genotyped at 142 loci and F-3 families were evaluated in the field under several water regimes for male flowering (MFLW), male sterility (STER), female flowering (FFLW) and ASI. The genetic variance of ASI increased as a function of the stress intensity, and the broad-sense heritabilites of MFLW, FFLW and ASI were high under stress conditions, being 86\%, 82\% and 78\%, respectively. Putative cluantitative trait loci (QTLs) involved in the expression of MFLW andlor FFLW under drought were detected on chromesomes 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10, accounting for around 48\% of the phenotypic variance for both traits. For ASI, six putative QTLs were identified under drought on chromesomes 1, 2, 5, 6, 8 and 10, and together accounted for approximately 47\% of the phenotypic variance. Under water-stress conditions, four QTLs were common for the expression of MFLW and FFLW, one for the expression of ASI and MFLW and four for the expression of ASI and FFLW. The number of common QTLs for two traits was related to the level of linear correlation between these two traits. Segregation for ASI was found to be transgressive with the drought-susceptible parent contributing alleles for reduced ASI (4 days) at two QTL positions. Alleles contributed by the resistant line at the other four QTLs were responsible for a 7-day reduction of ASI. These four QTLs represented around 9\% of the linkage map, and were stable over years and stress levels. It is argued that MAS based on ASI QTLs should be a powerful tool for improving drought tolerance of tropical maize inbred lines.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF00221905}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996UQ05500017}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996TY19800012, Author = {Grant, BR}, Title = {{Pollen digestion by Darwin's finches and its importance for early breeding}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{77}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{489-499}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{This paper examines the role of pollen digestion in the early breeding of Darwin's finches. Pollen is a rich source of protein, but the extent to which birds digest pollen has been debated. On Isla Daphne Major, Galapagos, Geospiza scandens, the Cactus Finch, and G. fortis, the Medium Ground Finch, consume pollen and nectar of the prickly pear cactus, Opuntia echios. I found that >90\% of ingested pollen was digested during passage through the gut of adult and nestling G. scandens and adult G. fortis. This value is twice as high as the maximum reported for birds, and comparable to the most efficient digestion known for specialist marsupials. Nectar is ingested with pollen by the finches and may stimulate germination of pollen in the crop, facilitating digestion. Opuntia pollen grains germinated in vitro in a nectar and water solution. Breeding of finches typically follows shortly after the arrival of the first heavy rains of the year. In 6 of 12 years, however, some G. scandens pairs bred and successfully fledged young before onset of the rains. At these times, Opuntia flowers were abundant, arthropods were scarce, and the diet of G. scandens was predominantly Opuntia pollen and nectar. As a result of breeding early, pre-rains breeders produced more clutches and fledged more young per year than post-rains breeders. Although G. fortis take pollen and nectar from Opuntia flowers and efficiently digest pollen grains, they feed on flowers to a much lesser extent than G. scandens, and did not breed before the rains. These results have implications for similar vertebrate pollinator and plant systems in arid tropical regions.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2265624}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996TY19800012}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996UA63500001, Author = {Knapp, EE and Rice, KJ}, Title = {{Genetic structure and gene flow in Elymus glaucus (blue wildrye): Implications for native grassland restoration}}, Journal = {{RESTORATION ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{4}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-10}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Interest in using native grass species for restoration is increasing, yet little is known about the ecology and genetics of native grass populations or the spatial scales over which seed can be transferred and successfully grown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic structure within and among populations of Elymus glaucus in order to make some preliminary recommendations for the transfer and use of this species in revegetation and restoration projects. Twenty populations from California, Oregon, and Washington were analyzed for allozyme genotype at 20 loci, and patterns of variation within and among populations were determined. Allozyme variation at the species level was high, with 80\% of the loci polymorphic and an average expected heterozygosity (an index of genetic diversity) of 0.194. All but two of the populations showed some level of polymorphism. A high degree of population differentiation was found, with 54.9\% of the variation at allozyme loci partitioned among populations (F-st = 0.549). A lesser degree of genetic differentiation among closely spaced subpopulations within one of the populations was also demonstrated (F-st = 0.124). Self-pollination and the patchy natural distribution of the species both likely contribute to the low level of gene flow (Nm = 0.205) that was estimated. Zones developed for the transfer of seed of commercial conifer species may be inappropriate for transfer of E. glaucus germplasm because conifer species are characterized by high levels of gene flow. Limited gene flow in E. glaucus can facilitate the divergence of populations over relatively small spatial scales. This genetic differentiation can be due to random genetic drift, localized selective pressures, or both. In order to minimize the chances of planting poorly adapted germplasm, seed of E. glaucus may need to be collected in close proximity to the proposed restoration site.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1526-100X.1996.tb00101.x}}, ISSN = {{1061-2971}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996UA63500001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996TX63800006, Author = {Azanza, F and Tadmor, Y and Klein, BP and Rocheford, TR and Juvik, JA}, Title = {{Quantitative trait loci influencing chemical and sensory characteristics of eating quality in sweet corn}}, Journal = {{GENOME}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{39}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{40-50}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{This study was conducted to ascertain the chromosomal location and magnitude of effect of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the chemical and sensory properties of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) eating quality. Eighty-eight RFLPs, 3 cloned genes (shl, sh2, and dhnl), and 2 morphological markers (a2 and sel) distributed throughout the sweet corn genome were scored in 214 F-2:3 families derived from a cross between the inbreds W6786sulSel and IL731Asulsel. Kernel properties associated with eating quality (kernel tenderness and starch, phytoglycogen, sucrose, and dimethyl sulfide concentrations) were quantified on F-2:3 sib-pollinated ears harvested at 20 days after pollination. Sensory evaluation was conducted on a subset of 103 F-2:3 families to determine intensity of attributes associated with sweet corn eating quality (corn aroma, grassy aroma, sweetness, starchiness, grassy flavor, crispness, tenderness, and juiciness) and overall liking. Single factor analysis of variance revealed significant QTL for all these traits, which accounted for from 3 to 42\% of the total phenotypic variation. A proportion of the RFLP markers associated with human sensory response were also found to be associated with kernel characteristics. To our knowledge this is the first report of the identification of QTL associated with human flavor preferences in any food crop.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/g96-006}}, ISSN = {{0831-2796}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996TX63800006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996TU24100016, Author = {Runions, CJ and Owens, JN}, Title = {{Pollen scavenging and rain involvement in the pollination mechanism of interior spruce}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{74}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{115-124}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Pollination drops are secreted from the ovules of interior spruce (Picea glauca or Picea engelmannii and their hybrid) as seed cones begin to close at the end of the pollination period. Secreted pollination drops persist within spaces surrounding the micropylar opening in closed seed cones. Saccate pollen floats into the micropyle within the pollination drop. Pollination drops become voluminous enough, within the enclosed spaces, to scavenge pollen adhering to the micropylar arms and other surfaces in proximity with the micropyle. Scavenging of pollen from cone surfaces adjacent to the integuments is sometimes facilitated by rainwater that can float pollen into the opening of the micropyle before cone closure and pollination drop secretion. In practice, periodic, light misting of seed orchard trees during seed cone receptivity might increase pollination efficiency by mimicking rainwater involvement in the pollination mechanism. Rainwater involvement in pollination of some modern conifers may reflect a similar situation in the pollination mechanisms of ancestral conifers. Environments with limited rainfall combined with the requirement for moisture in the pollination mechanism may have provided the selective pressure for evolution of the pollination drop.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996TU24100016}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996TU25400005, Author = {Bianchini, M and Pacini, E}, Title = {{The caruncle of Ricinus communis L (castor bean): Its development and role in seed dehydration, rehydration, and germination}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{157}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{40-48}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The cytophysiology of the caruncle of Ricinus communis was studied from the fifth day after pollination until seed maturity. The caruncle consists of epidermal and parenchyma cells. The surface area of the epidermal cells increased between 10 and 15 d after pollination (DAP) but does not change significantly after 15 DBP, whereas the size of the parenchyma cells increases and their walls thicken during seed development. The inner tangential and radial walls of epidermal and parenchyma cells have numerous pits. During development many starch grains appear and gradually decrease in number, being almost completely absent at maturity, when reserves consist mostly of lipids. The epidermis of the caruncle does not have cuticle, unlike the rest of the seed. The role of the caruncle during dehydration, ruhydration, and germination was tested experimentally using whole seeds and seeds from which the caruncles had been removed. All processes were facilitated by the presence of the caruncle, which absorbed and temporarily retained water, passing it to the rest of the seed. This enabled seeds with caruncles to germinate under conditions that were too dry for seeds without caruncles.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/297318}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996TU25400005}}, } @article{ ISI:A1996VU38700006, Author = {Kozumplik, V and Pejic, I and Senior, L and Pavlina, R and Graham, G and Stuber, CW}, Title = {{Molecular markers for QTK detection in segregating maize populations derived from exotic germplasm}}, Journal = {{MAYDICA}}, Year = {{1996}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{211-217}}, Abstract = {{The major objectives of this study included: 1) detect QTLs for grain yield (YLD), plant height (PH), and days to pollen shed (DPS) in maize exotic germplasm, and 2) to determine the relationship between the degree of heterozygosity of marker alleles and the level of yield. Lines selected from Croatian open-pollinated varieties were used to generate two half-sib populations for the study. In each population, 163 F-3 families were tested in field experiments at two locations. The 20 highest and the 20 lowest yielding families of each population were used for QTL detection. Isozymes, RFLPs and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) were used as molecular markers. Marker-trait associations were assessed by single factor and interval analyses. The population designated P-1 had lower average yield but had more polymorphic loci and revealed more QTLs than the population designated P-2. In the two populations, QTLs for YLD were found on chromosomes 1, 6, and 10; for PH on chromosomes 1, 3, 5, and 6; and for DPS on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, 8 and 9. The populations had no QTLs in common. Higher yielding subpopulations showed a higher degree of heterozygosity than the lower yielding subpopulations.}}, ISSN = {{0025-6153}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1996VU38700006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995TK53800007, Author = {Karron, JD and Tucker, R and Thumser, NN and Reinartz, JA}, Title = {{Comparison of pollinator flight movements and gene dispersal patterns in Mimulus ringens}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{612-617}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Pollinator movements and pollen-mediated gene dispersal were quantified in experimental populations of square-stemmed monkeyflower (Mimulus ringens), a wetland perennial herb with a mixed-mating system. Each population consisted of genets with unique multilocus combinations of homozygous genotypes, facilitating assignment of paternity to all sampled seeds. Replicate arrays were planted at each of three spacings spanning the range of densities typically observed in natural M. ringens populations. In all six arrays the distribution of gene dispersal distances differed significantly from the distribution of pollinator flight movements. The mean gene dispersal distance was 1.46 times as far as the mean pollinator flight distance. These differences were probably caused by pollen carryover as bumblebees visited up to 12 M. ringens plants on a single foraging trip. Although gene movements exceeded pollinator flight distances, estimates of neighbourhood size were consistently low, ranging from 1.66 to 5.53. Therefore, high levels of random local genetic differentiation are likely in this species.}}, DOI = {{10.1038/hdy.1995.180}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Karron, Jeffrey/A-6855-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995TK53800007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RZ63600008, Author = {KOLTUNOW, AM and SOLTYS, K and NITO, N and MCCLURE, S}, Title = {{ANTHER, OVULE SEED, AND NUCELLAR EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN CITRUS-SINENSIS CV VALENCIA}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{73}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1567-1582}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{`Valencia' orange, a commercially important cultivar of Citrus, forms polyembryonic seeds by an apomictic process called nucellar embryony in which many embryos initiate directly from nucellar cells surrounding the sexual embryo sac. We observed anther, ovule, seed, and fruit development in relation to nucellar embryo development in seeds and unfertilized ovules of `Valencia'. Pollination and fertilization are required to set fruit in `Valencia', and low seed set was found to be related to defects in both male and female gametogenesis. Nucellar embryo initial cells were evident histologically in ovules of flowers just prior to anthesis. However, in vitro culture of ovules from flowers at different prepollination stages showed that embryos could develop from ovules cultured as early as the binucleate stage of megagametogenesis in which nucellar initial cells were absent histologically. During fruit development, the timing and sequence of the early events of nucellar embryo formation were synchronous in seeds and unfertilized ovules, indicating a co-ordinated control of embryo development in spatially and developmentally distinct structures. In both developing seeds and unfertilized ovules, embryo initial cells first formed thick walls, which isolated them from surrounding maternal tissue. In later stages, the cell walls thinned in some initial cells and embryogenesis became asynchronous. Cleavage of embryogenic cells coincided with degenerative processes linked to embryo sac expansion in seeds and to a previously unreported, localized degeneration in the central portion of the nucellus in unfertilized ovules. Some initial cells never divided. Nucellar embryo development was restricted to the central portion of unfertilized ovules and to the micropylar region of seeds. Only fertilized ovules had the capacity to form mature polyembryonic seeds. In unfertilized ovules a specialized vascular structure formed linking developing embryos to the chalazal vasculature of the ovule. Embryo development arrested at the globular stage in unfertilized ovules and the integuments differentiated to form a seed coat. The timing of reproductive events described was linked to floral and fruit morphological characteristics to facilitate molecular characterization of nucellar embryogenesis and seed formation in this cultivar.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Koltunow, Anna/I-1482-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RZ63600008}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995TE05200010, Author = {ALREFAI, R and BERKE, TG and ROCHEFORD, TR}, Title = {{QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS ANALYSIS OF FATTY-ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN MAIZE}}, Journal = {{GENOME}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{38}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{894-901}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{A study was conducted to determine the number and chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing the concentration of five fatty acids in 200 F2S1 lines derived from an Illinois High Oil (IHO) by Illinois Low Oil (Early Maturity) (ILO(EM)) cross. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on the 200 S-1 lines and concentrations of palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), and linolenic (18:3) acids were determined in self-pollinated kernels harvested from plants grown in replicated field trials during 1992 and 1993. A series of 74 cDNA and genomic clones were used and these revealed 80 polymorphic loci spaced, on average, 24 cM apart throughout the maize genome. Analysis of variance detected significant (p < 0.05) associations between several RFLP loci and the concentration of each fatty acid. A total of 15 RFLP loci clustered in 12 chromosomal regions were associated with the concentration of 16:0, 17 loci clustered in 10 regions were associated with the concentration of 18:0, 12 loci clustered in eight regions were associated with the concentration of 18:1 and 18:2, and 17 loci clustered in eight regions were associated with the concentration of 18:3. Multiple linear regression models consisting of four RFLP loci explained 24 and 62\% of the total phenotypic and genotypic variation (R(2)) among the 200 F2S1 lines for 16:0, five loci explained 51 and 71\% of the variation for 18:0, three loci explained 67 and 79\% of the variation for 18:1, two loci explained 67 and 81\% of the variation for 18:2, and seven loci explained 52 and 78\% of the variation for 18:3 in these 200 F2S1 lines. The ratio of 18:1 to 18:2 was tightly interrelated as the same QTL were associated with the concentrations of 18:1 and 18:2. A quantitative trait locus that explained 63\% of the phenotypic variation in the ratio of 18:1 to 18:2 is tightly linked to umc65 on chromosome 6 in the region of the linoleic acidl locus.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/g95-118}}, ISSN = {{0831-2796}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995TE05200010}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RP28600032, Author = {SIPES, SD and TEPEDINO, VJ}, Title = {{REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY OF THE RARE ORCHID, SPIRANTHES DILUVIALIS - BREEDING SYSTEM, POLLINATION, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CONSERVATION}}, Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{9}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{929-938}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{We examined the breeding system and pollination of Ute lady's tresses, Spiranthes diluvialis Sheviak a rare orchid from Colorado and Utah. S. diluvialis exhibits a mixed-mating system: the degree of selfing depends in part upon the abundance of pollinators visiting the flowers. Outcrossing is promoted by protandrous flowers and by acropetal movement of long-tongued bees on inflorescences. Male and female phases overlap, however; and flowers are fully self-compatible. No autogamous or agamospermous fruit set tugs observed, indicating that a pollen vector is required for reproduction. Observations indicate that bumblebees (Bombus spp.) are the most important pollinators of S. diluvialis. Land managers must include pollinators and pollen-producing plants in their plans to preserve this rare orchid. The effects of pest management programs on bumblebees and the availability of suitable bee nesting habitat should be considered. Management should strive to maintain floral diversify because other flowering species may facilitate S. diluvialis pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09040929.x}}, ISSN = {{0888-8892}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RP28600032}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RM15900008, Author = {KARRON, JD and THUMSER, NN and TUCKER, R and HESSENAUER, AJ}, Title = {{THE INFLUENCE OF POPULATION-DENSITY ON OUTCROSSING RATES IN MIMULUS RINGENS}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{175-180}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The influence of population density on pollinator movements and outcrossing rates was studied in experimental arrays of Mimulus ringens (square-stemmed monkeyflower), a wetland perennial species with a mixed-mating system. Each population was composed of genets with unique multilocus combinations of homozygous genotypes, facilitating determination of outcrossing rates through paternity exclusion. Replicate arrays were cloned from the same set of genets to minimize differences in floral and vegetative morphology among density treatments. Two arrays were planted at each of three spacings typical of the range of densities found in natural M ringens populations. Both the proportion of pollinator flights between plants and the frequency of outcrossing were significantly greater at high density. These results suggest that ecological and demographic factors, such as population density, can significantly influence levels of inbreeding in species with mixed-mating systems.}}, DOI = {{10.1038/hdy.1995.121}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Karron, Jeffrey/A-6855-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RM15900008}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RJ89200084, Author = {SCHWEIZER, L and YERKDAVIS, GL and PHILLIPS, RL and SRIENC, F and JONES, RJ}, Title = {{DYNAMICS OF MAIZE ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT AND DNA ENDOREDUPLICATION}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{92}}, Number = {{15}}, Pages = {{7070-7074}}, Month = {{JUL 18}}, Abstract = {{Endosperm development in Zea mays is characterized by a period of intense mitotic activity followed by a period in which mitosis is essentially eliminated and the cell cycle becomes one of alternating S and G phases, leading to endoreduplication of the nuclear DNA. The endosperm represents a significant contribution to the grain yield of maize; thus, methods that facilitate the study of cellular kinetics may be useful in discerning cellular and molecular components of grain yield. Two mathematical models have been developed to describe the kinetics of endosperm growth. The first describes the kinetics of mitosis during endosperm development; the second describes the kinetics of DNA endoreduplication during endosperm development. The mitotic model is a modification of standard growth curves. The endoreduplication model is composed of six differential equations that represent the progression of nuclei from one DNA content to another during the endoreduplication process. Total nuclei number per endosperm and the number of 3C, 6C, 12C, 24C, 48C, and 96C nuclei per endosperm (C is the haploid DNA content per nucleus) for inbred W64A from 8 to 18 days after pollination were determined by flow cytometry. The results indicate that the change in number of nuclei expressed as a function of the number of days after pollination is the same from one yearly crop to another. These data were used in the model to determine the endosperm growth rate, the maximum nuclei number per endosperm, and transition rates from one C value to the next higher C value. The kinetics of endosperm development are reasonably well represented by the models. Thus, the models provide a means to quantify the complex pattern of endosperm development.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.92.15.7070}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RJ89200084}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RJ29400013, Author = {RAMSEY, M}, Title = {{OVULE PREEMPTION AND POLLEN LIMITATION IN A SELF-FERTILE PERENNIAL HERB (BLANDFORDIA-GRANDIFLORA, LILIACEAE)}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{101-108}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The extent, frequency and causes of pollen-limited seed production were examined in partially self-fertile populations of Blandfordia grandiflora for 2 years. Percentage seed set of open-pollinated plants (50-57\%) did not differ within or between years, and was about 19\% less than experimentally cross-pollinated plants (70-75\%). Floral visits by honeybees did not differ through the flowering season and the number of pollen grains deposited on stigmas within 12 h of flowers opening exceeded the number of ovules per flower, indicating that the quality rather than the quantity of pollination limited seed set. Pollen limitation was caused by concurrent self- and cross-pollination and the subsequent abortion of some selfed ovules due to inbreeding depression. Natural seed set (55\%) was intermediate between selfed (43\%) and crossed (75\%) flowers and was not increased when flowers that had been available to pollinators for 24 h were hand cross-pollinated, suggesting that ovules were already fertilized. Similarly, experimental pollination with both cross and self pollen within 24 h of flowers opening did not increase seed set relative to natural seed set, indicating that both cross- and self-fertilizations had occurred. In contrast, when selfing followed crossing by 48 h, or vice versa, seed set did not differ from crossed-only or selfed-only flowers, respectively, indicating that ovules were pre-empted by the first pollination. Collectively, these results indicate that under natural conditions self pollen pre-empts ovules, rendering them unavailable for cross-fertilization. This selfing reduces fecundity by 50\%, as estimated from the natural production of cross seeds when selfing was prevented. Consequently, selection should favour floral traits, such as increased stigma-anther separation or protandry, that reduce interference between male and female functions that leads to selfing.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF00328430}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RJ29400013}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RH79300005, Author = {MARTINEZPALLE, E and HERRERO, M}, Title = {{THE PONTICULUS - A STRUCTURE BRIDGING POLLEN-TUBE ACCESS TO THE OVULE IN PISTACIA-VERA}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{217-222}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The path of the pollen tube has been examined in pistachio (Pistacia vera), a chalazogamous species where the pollen tube penetrate the ovule via the chalaza, Special attention was paid to the way the pollen tube gains access to the ovule. A single anatropous ovule with a big funiculus occupies the entire ovary cavity. At anthesis, a physical gap exists between the ovule and the base of the style. However, upon pollen tube arrival a protuberance, the ponticulus, develops in the uppermost area of the funiculus between the style and ovule. This structure appears to facilitate access to the ovule by the pollen tube. The pollen tube penetrates the ovule via this ponticulus. Upon penetration, callose develops in the ponticulus cells surrounding the pollen tube. After pollen tube passage, the upper layer of the ponticulus lignifies and isolates the ovule from the style. This separation is further enlarged 2 weeks later when the ovary starts to develop without expansion of the ovule and a large gap develops separating the ovule from the style. Except for the induction of callose formation by the pollen tube in the funiculus, this process is independent of pollination and appears to be developmentally regulated since it occurs in the same way and at the same time in pollinated and unpollinated flowers. The ponticulus, although by a different mechanism, appears to be playing the role of an obturator regulating access of the pollen tube to the ovule. Furthermore, this access is restricted to a particular time during the development of the ovule.}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Herrero, Maria/B-7978-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Herrero, Maria/0000-0002-3499-1602}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RH79300005}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995RF38600014, Author = {HO, RH and SCHOOLEY, HO}, Title = {{A REVIEW OF FREE CROWN MANAGEMENT IN CONIFER ORCHARDS}}, Journal = {{FORESTRY CHRONICLE}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{71}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{311-316}}, Month = {{MAY-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Literature on tree crown management, including topping and branch pruning, is reviewed to provide information to foresters who are managing conifer seed orchards. The production of short, wide tree crowns facilitates cone harvesting, supplemental mass or controlled pollination, and the control of insects and diseases. However, the changes in tree architecture can also cause problems that result in self pollination and vulnerablity to physical damage.}}, ISSN = {{0015-7546}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995RF38600014}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995QP34600046, Author = {LEON, AJ and LEE, M and RUFENER, GK and BERRY, ST and MOWERS, RP}, Title = {{USE OF RFLP MARKERS FOR GENETIC-LINKAGE ANALYSIS OIL PERCENTAGE IN SUNFLOWER SEED}}, Journal = {{CROP SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{35}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{558-564}}, Month = {{MAR-APR}}, Abstract = {{Increased seed oil percentage is an important objective when breeding for high oil yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Although some researchers have investigated the genetics and heritability of sunflower oil percentage, most analyses were conducted on the oil percentage in the whole seed through conventional breeding and biometric procedures. The primary objective of this research was to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) linked to quantitative trait loci affecting seed oil percentage, kernel oil percentage, and kernel percentage. An F-2 Population consisting of 289 individuals was produced by crossing two inbred lines that differ for the traits. The RFLP and trait data were obtained directly from self-pollinated F-2 plants. The RFLP markers (identifying 201 codominant loci) located six regions representing 57\% of the genetic variation of seed oil percentage. Two of these regions were associated with kernel oil percentage, two with kernel percentage, and two with both components. Additive gene action was predominant for seed oil percentage and its components.}}, ISSN = {{0011-183X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995QP34600046}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995QR66400018, Author = {MUJEEBKAZI, A and CORTES, A and RIERALIZARAZU, O}, Title = {{THE CYTOGENETICS OF A TRITICUM-TURGIDUM X PSATHYROSTACHYS-JUNCEA HYBRID AND ITS BACKCROSS DERIVATIVES}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{90}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{430-437}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Psathyrostachys juncea (2n = 2x = 14, NN), a source of barley yellow dwarf (BYDV) virus resistance with tolerance to drought and salinity, has been successfully hybridized in its autotetraploid form (2n = 4x = 28, NNNN) as the pollen parent to durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The 2n = 4x = 28 (ABNN) F-1 hybrid has a mean meiotic metaphase-I configuration of 20.29 univalents + 0.29 ring bivalents + 3.36 rod bivalents + 0.14 trivalents. Spike length, internode length, glume awn length and lemma awn length, as well as the general spike morphology of the F-1 hybrid, are intermediate with those of the two parents. Pollinating the ABNN F-1 hybrid has given backcross (BC)-I derivatives of an amphiploid (AABBNN) that expresses limited self-fertility. BC-2 derivatives have been obtained from these plants. Direct transfers of useful genes from Ps. juncea to wheat would require substantial genetic manipulation strategies. Both conventional and novel methodologies, which may complement each other, and so facilitate reaching an agricultural objective end point, are addressed.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF00221986}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar/0000-0002-7477-4063}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995QR66400018}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995QH01700002, Author = {KUDO, G}, Title = {{ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF FLOWER HELIOTROPISM IN THE SPRING EPHEMERAL ADONIS-RAMOSA (RANUNCULACEAE)}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{72}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{14-20}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Flower heliotropism could increase reproductive success in Adonis ramosa by increasing pollination, fertilization success, and/or seed development. Mean gynoecium temperature of heliotropic flowers was 5.5 degrees C warmer than the ambient. Under natural conditions, seed set was restricted by pollen limitation. Activity of pollinating insects was temperature-dependent and the visiting frequency was higher in heliotropic flowers than in non-heliotropic ones. As optimal temperature for pollen germination and pollen tube growth was higher than the ambient temperature, heliotropic warming might facilitate greater fertilization success after pollination. Experiments combining hand-pollination and petal removal showed that both seed set and individual seed weight decreased when heliotropic effects were removed. Thus, all three hypotheses were supported in this study. Advantages of out-crossing through heliotropic movements was not clear in this study, because there was no significant difference in individual seed weight between selfed and out-crossed flowers.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3546032}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kudo, Gaku/A-2733-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kudo, Gaku/0000-0002-6488-818X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995QH01700002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995QH01700014, Author = {ROBERTSON, AW and MACNAIR, MR}, Title = {{THE EFFECTS OF FLORAL DISPLAY SIZE ON POLLINATOR SERVICE TO INDIVIDUAL FLOWERS OF MYOSOTIS AND MIMULUS}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{72}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{106-114}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Large floral displays allow high fecundity but in addition have been postulated to disproportionately attract pollinator visitation, resulting in increased pollination rates to flowers on large plants. Balancing this advantage, however, is the presumed cost of increased self-pollination through transfer of pollen within plants (geitonogamy). Protohystricia huttoni (Tachinidae) responded to larger floral displays in Myosotis colensoi in its native habitat in New Zealand by making more plant-visits per hour, visiting more flowers at each visit, but visiting a declining proportion of the flowers available. As a result, flowers were visited at approximately the same rate (similar to 1 visit per flower per hour) on all display sizes. Pollen deposition, pollen receipt and seed set all varied independently of flower number confirming the even pollinator service to flowers across all plant sizes. Bombus terrestris and Apis mellifera both responded in a very similar way to variation in flower number in naturalised Mimulus guttatus in Britain and, similarly, the proportion of flowers successfully pollinated was independent of flower number. The data presented offer little support for the hypothesis of facilitation of visitation to individual flowers on large displays. Instead, pollinators appear to adopt an `'ideal free distribution'' and utilise floral resources evenly across all plant sizes.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3546044}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, EISSN = {{1600-0706}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Robertson, Alastair/A-7808-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Robertson, Alastair/0000-0001-6894-2158}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995QH01700014}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000071774700001, Author = {Rick, CM and Chetelat, RT}, Editor = {{FernandezMunoz, R and Cuartero, J and GomezGuillamon, ML}}, Title = {{Utilization of related wild species for tomato improvement}}, Booktitle = {{FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOLANACEA FOR FRESH MARKET}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1995}}, Number = {{412}}, Pages = {{21-38}}, Note = {{1st International Symposium on Solanacea for Fresh Market, MALAGA, SPAIN, MAR 28-31, 1995}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci; Spanish Soc Hort Sci; Consejo Super Invest Cient; Junta Andalucia, Consejeria Agr \& Pesca; Plan Nacl Invest Cientif \& Desarrollo Tecnol; Excma, Diputac Malaga; British Council; Cajas Rurales Granada \& Malaga; Unicaja; MSD Agvet; Haifa Chem, Ferquisa}}, Abstract = {{Typical of self-pollinated crops, traditional cultivated tomatoes severely lack genetic diversity. Consequently, since ca. 1940, breeders have relied increasing ly on exotic sources - particularly related wild spp. - for desired traits. Since then, accelerated introgression of useful exotic traits contributed to spectacular improvement, manifest in a 4 to 5-fold yield increase. Nearly unknown in tomato cultivars prior to 1940, resistance to at least 42 major diseases has been discovered in exotics and 20 of them bred. into horticultural tomatoes numbers that are continually increasing. Current progress is exemplified by detection of gemini virus resistances in Lycopersicon chilense and transfer of TYLCV tolerance from this source. Future gains from this area as well as resistance to arthropod pests are anticipated. Fruit quality traits (soluble solids, etc.) have been improved thereby. Tolerances to such environmental stresses as temperature extremes, drought, excess moisture, salinity and other edaphic problems have been ascertained and transfers thereof are in progress. Time and other constraints on introgression delay progress in such exploitation of exotic sources. Molecular techniques and prebreeding (transfer of wild traits to largely L. esculentum background) can allay these problems. Regarding the latter, a battery of prebreds that cover the complete genome of L. pennellii has been synthesized and others are in progress for Solanum lycopersicoides and other spp. Stocks of these libraries are being increased and inventoried for distribution in the near future to facilitate utilization. Introgressed chromosomal segments are mapped via molecular markers, which can also facilitate monitoring the transfer of desired traits.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-927-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071774700001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995QE75300002, Author = {GEER, SM and TEPEDINO, VJ and GRISWOLD, TL and BOWLIN, VR}, Title = {{POLLINATOR SHARING BY 3 SYMPATRIC MILKVETCHES, INCLUDING THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ASTRAGALUS-MONTII}}, Journal = {{GREAT BASIN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{55}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{19-28}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Insects visiting flowers of the endangered Heliotrope milkvetch, Astragalus montii, were compared with those visiting two common sympatric congeners, A. kentrophyta and A. miser on three sites on the Wasatch Plateau of central Utah for 2 yr. We recorded 27+ species of bees, most of which were uncommon, visiting the three species. All three species were primarily visited by native bees of the genera Osmia (15 species) and/or Bombus (4 species). Most Osmia species visited the three species of Astragalus indiscriminantly; bumblebees preferred A. miser and avoided A. montii. Our hypothesis that A. montii flowers would receive fewer total bee visits and be visited by fewer bee species than their common congeners was rejected: A. montii was intermediate to the two common species in its attractiveness to bees. Also rejected was our hypothesis that the greater similarity between A. montii and A. kentrophyta in flower size, newer morphology, and microhabitat would be associated with greater similarity of flower visitors than either had with A. miser. The data suggest that, rather than competing with each other for pollinators, the three species of Astragalus facilitate each other's visitation rates.}}, ISSN = {{0017-3614}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995QE75300002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1995QB16900006, Author = {FERNANDEZMUNOZ, R and GONZALEZFERNANDEZ, JJ and CUARTERO, J}, Title = {{VARIABILITY OF POLLEN TOLERANCE TO LOW-TEMPERATURES IN TOMATO AND RELATED WILD-SPECIES}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1995}}, Volume = {{70}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{41-49}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The poor viability of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pollen formed at 10 degrees C, or below, strongly decreases fruit set. We evaluated both pollen fertility and pollen shedding produced at minimum temperatures of 10 degrees C or less, by respectively the number of seeds produced by artificial pollinations and the number of sampling dates in which plants released pollen from the anthers, in a total of 170 accessions of Lycopersicon species: L. esculentum (112), L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. (14), L. parviflorum Rick, Kes., Fob. and Holle (5), L. chmielewskii Rick, Kes., Fob. and Holle (1), L. chilense Dun. (3), L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. (12), L. peruvianum (L.) Mill. (21), and L. pennellii (Corr.) D'Arcy (2). In L. esculentum, low temperatures affected pollen fertility negatively, and only `Mex-69', `N-709','Mex-72', `C-20','Stupicke Rane', `Mex-92', `Mex-102' and several other cultivars showed a partial pollen cold-tolerance level. The responses of the L. pimpinellifolium and L. chilense accessions were very similar to those of L. esculentum. L. parviflorum and L. chmielewskii accessions were moderately tolerant while L. hirsutum, L. peruvianum, and L. pennellii accessions generally produced fertile pollen below 10 degrees C. The most interesting accessions of these three species were `PE-37', `PE-39', `PE-41', and `LA 1777' (L. hirsutum); `T-55', `PI-251311', `PI-126448', `PI-126441', `PE-20', and `PE-18' (L. peruvianum); and `PE-45' and `PE-47' (L. pennellii). While, in general, tomato cultivars had poor release of pollen, the accessions of wild species with fertile pollen at low temperatures shed pollen satisfactorily. The close association between pollen shedding and pollen fertility below 10 degrees C should facilitate the incorporation of both characters into L. esculentum.}}, ISSN = {{0022-1589}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Fernandez-Munoz, Rafael/0000-0002-4054-8949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1995QB16900006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994PV38000019, Author = {BROOKES, B and SMALL, E and LEFKOVITCH, LP and DAMMAN, H and FAIREY, DT}, Title = {{ATTRACTIVENESS OF ALFALFA (MEDICAGO-SATIVA L) TO WILD POLLINATORS IN RELATION TO WILDFLOWERS}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{74}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{779-783}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{This study attempted to assess the effects of proximity to wildflowers on the relative number of pollinators foraging on alfalfa flowers, as this information may bear on alfalfa seed production, an important industry in Canada. Five hundred and forty-five collections were made of wild pollinating bees attracted to 20 alfalfa plantations in Canada. Of the 13 genera of bees collected, almost half belonged to Megachile, followed by Bombus with 20\% of the collections. Analysis indicated that increased visitation to alfalfa was significantly related to distance of the alfalfa from wildflowers, but not to the size of the alfalfa plantation. Alfalfa growing less than 10 m from wildflowers seemed to benefit by spill-over (''facilitation'') of pollinators from the wildflowers. Alfalfa isolated from wildflowers by other alfalfa plants for a distance of at least 200 m attracted very few pollinators, the wildflowers apparently providing more attractive sources of pollen and nectar. A single plantation highly isolated (by about 600 m) from wildflowers proved to be very attractive to pollinators, apparently because wild nesting bees in the vicinity had little alternative but the alfalfa. These observations maybe useful in exploring crop layouts to maximize attraction of wild pollinators for seed production.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4220}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994PV38000019}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994PG21400006, Author = {JOHANSSON, M and WALLES, B}, Title = {{FUNCTIONAL-ANATOMY OF THE OVULE IN BROAD BEAN (VICIA-FABA L) - ULTRASTRUCTURAL SEED DEVELOPMENT AND NUTRIENT PATHWAYS}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{74}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{233-244}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Ovules of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) were studied to disclose ultrastructural features, which can facilitate nutrient transport to the embryo sac from 10 d after pollination (DAP) to the mature seed. Fertilization occurs during the first 24 h after pollination. The endosperm is a coenocyte, which is eventually consumed by the embryo. By 10 DAP the inner integument is degraded and the outer integument adjoins the embryo sac boundary. The heart-shaped embryo approaches the embryo sac boundary al two sites, which here are named contact zones. Small integument cells in the neighbourhood of the first formed contact zones become separated by prominent intercellular spaces. A heterogenous scattering material, probably representing secretion products accumulates in these spaces. By 14-16 DAP the integument exudate disappears, and the suspensor degenerates. As the contact zones increase in size, wall ingrowths form a bridging network in the narrow space between the embryo sac boundary and the extraembryonic part of the endosperm wall. The epidermal cells of the embryo separate adjacent to these zones, and develop conspicuous wall ingrowths. At 20 DAP vacuoles showing various stages in formation of protein bodies appear in the cells of the embryo.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.1994.1114}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994PG21400006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994PC67900009, Author = {ROY, BA}, Title = {{THE USE AND ABUSE OF POLLINATORS BY FUNGI}}, Journal = {{TRENDS IN ECOLOGY \& EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{9}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{335-339}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Some fungi use flower-visiting insects to facilitate sexual reproduction or to disperse spores. These fungi have evolved elaborate techniques, such as floral mimicry and the invasion of extant flower parts, for attracting `pollinators'. Recent research shows that fungal exploitation of pollinators have the potential to affect floral evolution, pollination ecology, plant life history traits, as well as disease-transmission dynamics and fungal evolution.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/0169-5347(94)90154-6}}, ISSN = {{0169-5347}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994PC67900009}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994NW25500007, Author = {HUANG, BQ and RUSSELL, SD}, Title = {{FERTILIZATION IN NICOTIANA-TABACUM - CYTOSKELETAL MODIFICATIONS IN THE EMBRYO SAC DURING SYNERGID DEGENERATION - A HYPOTHESIS FOR SHORT-DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF SPERM CELLS PRIOR TO GAMETE FUSION}}, Journal = {{PLANTA}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{194}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{200-214}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The cytoskeletal organization of the embryo sac of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) was examined at maturity and during synergid degeneration, pollen-tube delivery and gamete transfer using rapid-frozen, freeze-substituted and chemically fixed material in combination with immunofluorescence and immunogold electron microscopy. Before fertilization, the synergid is a highly polarized cell with dense longitudinally aligned arrays of microtubules adjacent to the filiform apparatus at the micropylar end of the cell associated with major organelles. The cytoskeleton of the central cell is less polarized, with dense cortical microtubules in the micropylar and chalazal regions and looser, longitudinally oriented cortical microtubules in the lateral region. In the synergid and central cell, F-actin is frequently found at the surface of the organelles and co-localizes with either single microtubules or microtubule bundles. Egg cell microtubules are frequently cortical, randomly oriented and more abundant at the chalazal end of the cell; actin filaments are associated with microtubules and the cortex of the egg cell. At 48 h after pollination and before the pollen tube arrives, the onset of degeneration is evident in one of the two synergids: the electron density of cytoplasmic organelles and the ground cytoplasm increases and the nucleus becomes distorted. Although synergids otherwise remain intact, the vacuole collapses and organelles degenerate rapidly after pollen-tube entry. Abundant electron-dense material extends from the degenerated synergid into intercellular spaces at the chalazal end of the synergid and between the synergids, egg and central cell. Rhodamine-phalloidin and anti-actin immunogold labeling reveal that electron-dense aggregates in this region contain abundant actin forming two distinct bands termed `'coronas''. This actin is part of a mechanism in the egg apparatus which appears to precisely position and facilitate the access of male gametes to the egg and central cell for fusion.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF01101679}}, ISSN = {{0032-0935}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994NW25500007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994PX52800022, Author = {WILLIAMS, CF and GURIES, RP}, Title = {{GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF SEED DISPERSAL IN 3 SYMPATRIC FOREST HERBS .1. HIERARCHICAL POPULATION-GENETIC STRUCTURE}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{48}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{791-805}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{To examine the effects of seed dispersal on spatial genetic structure, we compare three sympatric species of forest herbs in the family Apiaceae whose fruits differ widely in morphological adaptations for animal-attached dispersal. Cryptotaenia canadensis has smooth fruits that are gravity dispersed, whereas Osmorhiza claytonii and Sanicula odorata fruits have appendages that facilitate their attachment to animals. The relative seed-dispersal ability among species, measured as their ability to remain attached to mammal fur, is ranked Sanicula, Osmorhiza > Cryptotaenia. We use a nested hierarchical sampling design to analyze genetic structure at spatial scales ranging from a few meters to hundreds of kilometers. Genetic differentiation among population subdivisions, estimated by average genetic distance and hierarchical F-statistics, has an inverse relationship with dispersal ability such that Cryptotaenia > Osmorhiza > Sanicula. In each species, genetic differentiation increases with distance among population subdivisions. Stochastic variation in gene flow, arising from seed dispersal by attachment to animals, may partly explain the weak relationship between pairwise spatial and genetic distance among populations and heterogeneity in estimates of single locus F-statistics. A hierarchical island model of gene how is invoked to describe the effects of seed dispersal on population genetic structure. Seed dispersal is the predominant factor affecting variation in gene flow among these ecologically similar, taxonomically related species.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2410487}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994PX52800022}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994NH00100018, Author = {AIZEN, MA and FEINSINGER, P}, Title = {{HABITAT FRAGMENTATION, NATIVE INSECT POLLINATORS, AND FERAL HONEY-BEES IN ARGENTINE CHACO SERRANO}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{4}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{378-392}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{In subtropical dry forest (Chaco Serrano) of Tucuman province, northwestem Argentina, we assessed responses of the flower-visitor assemblage to habitat fragmentation by monitoring insect visits to two spring-flowering tree species and by sampling insects with yellow pan traps. Each of four study sites contained a tract of continuous forest, one large (> 2.2 ha) forest fragment, and one small (< 1 ha) fragment, with fragments isolated for 5-20 yr preceding the study. During its respective flowering peak each tree species examined, Prosopis nigra (Mimosoideae) and Cercidium australe (Caesalpinoideae), dominated the sites' entomophilous flora. Results indicate that flower-visitor assemblages respond to landscape features on the scale of hectares; specifically, forest fragmentation in the Chaco Serrano leads to an insect flower-visitor fauna increasingly dominated by the exotic honey bee (Apis mellifera). Bees as a group made >90\% of observed flower visits to both plant species. The honey bee alone made 82\% of all visits to the early-flowering tree species P. nigra and 44\% to the later flowering C australe. Frequency and taxon richness of native flower-visitors at both plant species declined with decreasing forest-fragment size, but frequency of honey bee visits tended to increase in complementary fashion, such that the total frequency of insect visits to flowers of either plant species varied little with fragment size. Frequencies of visits by honey bees and those by native insects were also negatively correlated across individual trees. In both plants, visits by native insects were most consistent (varied the least among plants or over time) in large forest tracts, whereas honey bee visits to C australe were most consistent in small fragments. In pan trap samples the relative frequency of honey bees increased with decreasing fragment size. Native flower-visitors sampled by pan traps increased in numbers and taxon richness both with increasing patch size and as spring progressed. Thus, fragmentation of the Chaco Serrano appears to (a) affect native flower-visitors adversely and to (b) facilitate honey bees' access to floral resources. It is not clear that these two effects are directly related to each other, however.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/1941941}}, ISSN = {{1051-0761}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Aizen, Marcelo/0000-0001-9079-9749}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994NH00100018}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994NX36100002, Author = {VAKHRAMEEVA, MG and DLUSSKY, GM}, Title = {{FLOWER MORPHOLOGY IN 3 CAMPANULA SPECIES AS ADAPTATION TO CAENOTIC SURROUNDING}}, Journal = {{ZHURNAL OBSHCHEI BIOLOGII}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{55}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{271-284}}, Month = {{MAY-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Pollinators of Campanula persifolia, C. rapunculoides, and C. latifolia was studied in Moscow Region (Zvenigorod vicinity). These species inhabit different biotops and are isolated spatially. Although species composition of pollinators is similar in all three plants, they display different flower morphology (pedicle thickness diameter and depth of corolla, hair development, etc.). This is interpreted as specialization of of each Campanula species to certain group of pollinating insects, as particular flower morphology facilitates access to pollen and nectar for some insects and hinders for others. The access is hindered mainly for those insects that pollinate plants flowering simultaneously with the given Campanula species, being more abundant than the latter. The differences in flower morphology between species of Campanula are interpreted as adaptation to particular caenotic surrounding. It is resulted from coadaptive evolution of plants within the same community and provides the most economical pollen expenses.}}, ISSN = {{0044-4596}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994NX36100002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994NB04000008, Author = {DOUGLAS, KL and CRUDEN, RW}, Title = {{THE REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY OF ANEMONE CANADENSIS (RANUNCULACEAE) - BREEDING SYSTEM AND FACILITATION OF SEXUAL SELECTION}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{314-321}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Our data show that Anemone canadensis L. is xenogamous and has adaptations that should increase the opportunity for sexual selection and minimize interference between female and male sexual function. The flowers of plants within insect exclosures and hand self-pollinated flowers set very few fruits compared to those that were open-pollinated and hand cross-pollinated. Examination of styles with UV-fluorescence microscopy showed that self pollen tubes grew into the transmission tissue but rarely entered the ovary, i.e., there is a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. A number of traits should enhance sexual selection. First, pollen grains arrived on the stigmas beginning on day 1, germinated, but the pollen tubes grew very slowly until day 4 or 5 when the transmission tissue matured. This allowed large numbers of pollen grains to reach the stigmas, presumably from a number of pollen parents. Second, basipetal maturation of the transmission tissue, which underlies the elongate stigmatic surfaces, allows pollen tubes originating near the tip of the style to initiate rapid growth prior to those lower in the style. Thus, rapidly growing pollen tubes from the top of the style were able to catch up with those lower in the style. In essence, all the pollen tubes in a style have an equal opportunity to reach the ovule. Large stigmatic pollen loads and high fruit set suggest there is minimal interference between male and female sexual function. This may be a consequence of the spatial separation of the pistils and stamens, which increases during the life of a flower. Synchrony of function among the pistils of a flower in conjunction with large and/or multipaternal pollen loads may reduce the variance in competition among developing embryos and result in fruits of equivalent size.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2445458}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994NB04000008}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994MZ45400007, Author = {ROY, BA}, Title = {{THE EFFECTS OF PATHOGEN-INDUCED PSEUDOFLOWERS AND BUTTERCUPS ON EACH OTHERS INSECT VISITATION}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{352-358}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Pseudoflowers induced by the rust fungus Puccinia monoica on Arabis spp. are flower-like in color, shape, size, nectar production, and scent. Pseudoflowers attract insects that aid the rust's reproduction in a way that is analogous to pollination in flowering plants. I explored the effects of pathogen-induced pseudoflowers and co-blooming buttercups (Ranunculus inamoenus) on each other's insect visitation by comparing visitation in single-species plots and mixtures. Visitation to pseudoflowers was greater in mixtures containing buttercups than in pseudoflower plots of the same density, and visitation to buttercups was also greater in the mixtures than in pure buttercup plots. Because fungal pseudoflowers and buttercups both appeared to receive greater visitation when associated with each other than when alone, and both species produce food for insect visitors, this interaction could be described as Mullerian floral mimicry. However, several characteristics of this system do not fit standard definitions of mimicry: (1) pseudoflowers are not necessarily mimicking any particular species but instead may be generalized flower-mimics, (2) flower visitors may not always mistake pseudoflowers for flowers but may actually choose them, and (3) under some circumstances pseudoflowers and flowers may compete for visitors. Competition in favor of pseudoflowers is most likely when flies are the primary flower visitors or on the rare occasions when pseudoflowers are common relative to other species.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/1939539}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994MZ45400007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994NB53800004, Author = {CLAY, K}, Title = {{HEREDITARY SYMBIOSIS IN THE GRASS GENUS DANTHONIA}}, Journal = {{NEW PHYTOLOGIST}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{126}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{223-231}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Hereditary symbiosis between the systemic, clavicipitaceous fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Pk.) Diehl and five taxa of eastern North American Danthonia (Poaceae) was investigated by cultural and histological techniques. Many species of Danthonia, including D. alleni (or D. spicata var. alleni), D. compressa, D. epilis, D. sericea, and D. spicata produce both terminal panicles of wind-pollinated florets and obligately self-pollinated cleistogamous florets in the lower leaf axils, unlike most grasses. Terminal florets are aborted by infection while the basal florets produce viable, infected seeds (caryopses). The fungus grew out of surface-sterilized cleistogamous seeds and seedlings at high frequency in progenies from infected plants but not from uninfected plants. Infection of seeds from terminal panicles from apparently healthy plants was lacking in 11 of 13 population samples from all taxa and was infrequent in two other populations. Growth chamber tests indicated that germination rates of infected and uninfected seeds of D. epilis were similar. Microscopic observations of sections of seeds and seedlings revealed that the fungus occurred epiphytically on meristems, in leaf axils, and on leaf primordia. Because infected plants are partially fertile, the fungus may be repeatedly transmitted for many generations via self-fertilized cleistogamous seeds. The basal, and often subterranean, location of cleistogamous seeds may facilitate high infection frequencies in those Danthonia populations where cleistogamous seedling establishment predominates.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03940.x}}, ISSN = {{0028-646X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Clay, Keith/C-8730-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994NB53800004}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994PW36900006, Author = {DHILLON, BS and VASAL, SK and SRINIVASAN, G and CROSSA, J}, Title = {{IMPROVING THE SAMPLING AND IDENTIFICATION OF FOUNDATION PLANTS FOR INBRED LINE DEVELOPMENT BY INTEGRATING SELFING WITH HALF-SIB FAMILY EVALUATION}}, Journal = {{CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{22}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{321-325}}, Abstract = {{Inbreeding is carried out to develop inbred lines in maize (Zea mays L.) and other cross-pollinated crops. The sampling of foundation plants in a source population for inbreeding is critical, as the genetic worth of the lines that can be developed, is determined by the genes present in the foundation plants. It is, therefore, desirable that the size of foundation sample is increased and the foundation plants with better genotypic value are identified early. In the proposed approach, the foundation plants in a source population are phenotypically selected, and sampled as half sibs (HSs) rather than selfs (S1s), HS families are evaluated and selfed to develop S1 lines, and S1 lines or bulks are evaluated and selfed. The advantages are: (i) the sampling of foundation plants as HSs rather than S1s nearly quadruples the effective population size, (ii) HS family evaluation facilitates better identification of the genetic worth of foundation plants than S1 line evaluation since the differences among HS families are due to solely additive genetic variation whereas those among S1 lines are due to both additive and dominance variations, and (iii) the comparison of the performance of HS families and their S1 lines provides information on the tolerance to inbreeding. The approach should promote the derivation of inbred lines with upgraded genetic worth.}}, ISSN = {{0133-3720}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Crossa, Jose/0000-0001-9429-5855}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994PW36900006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994NX79000002, Author = {PACINI, E and FRANCHI, GG}, Title = {{ROLE OF THE TAPETUM IN POLLEN AND SPORE DISPERSAL}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1994}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1-11}}, Abstract = {{Group-specific functions linked to the dispersal of pollen and spores are reported in all the groups of land plants. Anthocerotopsida tapetal cells envelop developing meiocytes and spores; after exine formation their walls thicken, the cytoplasm starts to degenerate, and elaters from more than one tapetal cell are formed. Elaters aid spore dispersal from the sporangium. In some Marchantiopsida the tapetal cells form elaters but each originates from one cell. In Equisetophyta, the spores have two or four elaters composed of lignin and connected with the exine. They are formed with the aid of the tapetal cytoplasm once exine is complete. The elaters of this group (called also adpressors) differ from the above in that they adhere to and originate connected with the exine. In Polypodiophyta like Lecanopteris mirabilis, the spores have superficial strands which facilitate adhesion to dispersing ants. One of the main features of Spermatophyta parietal tapetum is to produce orbicules. In strictly anemophilous species pollenkitt is not produced and pollen grains are dispersed individually. Since both exine and orbicules consist of sporopollenin, they have the same electrostatic charges. This is believed to aid expulsion from the anther at anthesis. Pollenkitt is a degeneration product of amoeboid and periplasmodial tapetum in Magnoliophyta. It forms a layer on pollen grains and has at least four different functions related to dispersal: (1) it causes the grains to unite in clumps and (2) to adhere to pollinator bodies; (3) it protects the pollen grain cytoplasm from sunlight; and (4) the oily and perfumed components attract pollinators.}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994NX79000002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994PZ57600009, Author = {WILLIAMSON, PS and SCHNEIDER, EL}, Title = {{FLORAL ASPECTS OF BARCLAYA (NYMPHAEACEAE) - POLLINATION, ONTOGENY AND STRUCTURE}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1994}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{159-173}}, Abstract = {{Barclaya, endemic to Southeast Asia, includes four species: B. longifolia WALLICH. B. motleyi HOOKER f., B. kunstleri (KING) RIDLEY, and B. rotundifolia HOTTA. The genus has been traditionally assigned monotypic status in the family Barclayaceae or tribe Barclayeae primarily based on the occurrence of a hypogynous calyx, originally interpreted as an involucre in an otherwise epigynous flower, orthotropous ovules, lack of an aril, and inaperturate pollen. Cladistic and molecular studies support the association of Barclaya with Euryale, Victoria, Nymphaea, Ondinea, and Nuphar in the family Nymphaeaceae. Floral structure reveals (1) vasculature and developmental support for the hypothesis that the hypogynous appendages are sepals, (2) that pollen is zonasulculate, (3) that floral ontogeny is similar to that previously described for epigynous members of the Nymphaeaceae s. str., and (4) anatomical and morphological similarities with other Nymphaeaceae s. str. The cleistogamous and chasmogamous flowers are self-pollinating, the latter perhaps facilitated by flies in emergent flowers.}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994PZ57600009}}, } @article{ ISI:A1994MU94000013, Author = {KENNARD, WC and SLOCUM, MK and FIGDORE, SS and OSBORN, TC}, Title = {{GENETIC-ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION IN BRASSICA-OLERACEA USING MOLECULAR MARKERS}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{1994}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{721-732}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{A cross between the open-pollinated Brassica oleracea cabbage cultivar `Wisconsin Golden Acre' and the hybrid broccoli cultivar `Packman' was used with molecular markers to investigate the genetic control of morphological variation. Twenty-two traits derived from leaf, stem, and flowering measurements were analyzed in 90 F-2 individuals that were also classified for genotype by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Seventy-two RFLP loci, which covered the mapped genome at an average of 10 map-unit intervals on all nine linkage groups, were tested individually for associations to phenotypic measurements by single factor ANOVA, and markers with significant associations (P < 0.05) were used to develop multilocus models. These data were utilized to describe the location, parental contribution of alleles, magnitude of effect, and the gene action of trait loci. Single marker loci that were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with trait measurements accounted for 6.7-42.7\% of the phenotypic variation. Multilocus models described as much as 60.1\% of the phenotypic variation for a given trait. In some cases, different related traits had common marker-locus associations with similar gene action and genotypic class ranking. The numbers, action, and linkages, of genes controlling traits estimated with marker loci in this population corresponded to estimates based on classical genetic methods from other studies using similar, or similarly-wide, crosses. There was no evidence that genome duplication accounted for a significant portion of multiple genes controlling trait loci over the entire genome, but possible duplications of trait loci were identified for two regions with linked, duplicated marker loci.}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1994MU94000013}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MP33100009, Author = {NYMAN, Y}, Title = {{THE POLLEN-COLLECTING HAIRS OF CAMPANULA (CAMPANULACEAE) .1. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION AND THE RETRACTIVE MECHANISM}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{80}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{1427-1436}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The pollen-collecting hairs (PCHs) of Campanula have been a subject of intense debate for the past two centuries. Although several morphological studies have been made on these hairs, detailed comparative studies among species are still lacking, their function and adaptive significance being an unsolved question. The present study comprises two microscopy techniques: scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy. The aim of the present study is to elucidate: 1) the variation in morphology of the PCHs, 2) the variation in presence/absence of the PCHs by the time of spreading of the stigmatic lobes, 3) the variation in the retractive mechanism of the PCHs, and 4) the correlation between pollination and the retraction of the PCHs. In several species PCHs of various lengths are found. Despite the variations in length of the hairs, the same retractive mechanism is found in all species studied. In most species the hairs retract into basal cavities within the style late in anthesis. The cells into which the hairs retract differ in length among species. Pollen grains are often found within the cavities together with the retracted hairs, a mechanism considered to prevent self-pollination. Pollen germination within the cavities was not observed. In a few species, the PCHs are still present at stigma receptivity. Differences in the shape and size of the cells surrounding the PCHs are documented. The diameter of the pits and the pollen grains vary among species. Other types of hairs on the style are recognized in some species, being of various lengths. These other types do not retract at stigma development and should not be regarded as pollen-collectors. They possibly facilitate for visiting insects to reach the nectar glands, present at the top of the ovary.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2445672}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MP33100009}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MP33100010, Author = {NYMAN, Y}, Title = {{THE POLLEN-COLLECTING HAIRS OF CAMPANULA (CAMPANULACEAE) .2. FUNCTION AND ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE IN RELATION TO POLLINATION}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{80}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{1437-1443}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{A peculiar and often discussed feature in the genus Campanula is the presence and function of the pollen-collecting hairs (PCHs), covering the style and the dorsal surface of the stigmatic lobes on the pistil. The hairs sweep up the pollen as the anthers dehisce, and this `'stylar brush'' serves as a secondary pollen presentation mechanism, facilitating the transfer of pollen from the flower to visiting insects. The adaptive significance of the hairs in relation to pollination has been variously interpreted by several authors during the past two centuries, but a satisfactory explanation for the floral mechanism is still lacking. The aim of the present investigation is to elucidate the function of the PCHs by experimental manipulations of the male phase. Comparisons are made 1) among species with various degrees of protandry and different mating systems, and 2) between annuals and perennials. The results clearly show that the hairs serve not only as pollen-collectors, but also as an important and efficient mechanism controlling stigma spreading and promoting cross-pollination. A tactile stimulation of the hairs causes a shortening of the length of the male phase and accelerates stigma maturation. The more frequently the hairs are treated, the shorter the male phase. Similar trends were found in all species regardless of differences in the degree of protandry, life span, or mating system. Geographically well-separated populations in two species showed differences in length of the male phase, depending on mating system and/or weather conditions. The relevance of the method used in this study compared to pollinator activity and its effect on the PCHs is discussed. The consequences of the retraction of the hairs with respect to self-pollination are briefly discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2445673}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MP33100010}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MU22500002, Author = {GARCIA, MB and ANTOR, RJ and VILLAR, L}, Title = {{REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY OF PETROCOPTIS-CRASSIFOLIA ROUY (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), A CHASMOPHILOUS ENDEMIC PLANT OF THE CENTRAL PYRENEES}}, Journal = {{BOTANICA HELVETICA}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{133-140}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The reproductice biology of Petrocoptis crassifolia Rouy (Caryophyllaceae), an endemic plant of the Central Pyrenees (Spain), was studied. Its nectariferous flowers show an ultraviolet pattern in the corolla and an incipient zygomorphism in the arrangement of petals and stamens. P. crassifolia may produce seeds by autogamy but in smaller numbers than when it is pollinated by insects (mainly Hymenoptera). The fruit-set ranges between 43-80\%, depending on the years and populations studied. Fruits develop towards the rock face, and seeds exhibit myxospermy; both these traits are adaptations that facilitate the deposition of seeds in rocky substrata. Survival of the seedlings in rocky fissures at the end of the first year is 10\%. Reproductive traits suggest that this species is well adapted to its habitat, and that it is not endangered. Its rarity seems to be associated mainly with a lack of dispersal mechanisms for colonizing suitable but remote habitats.}}, ISSN = {{0253-1453}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MU22500002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MQ64700015, Author = {KRON, P and STEWART, SC and BACK, A}, Title = {{SELF-COMPATIBILITY, AUTONOMOUS SELF-POLLINATION, AND INSECT-MEDIATED POLLINATION IN THE CLONAL SPECIES IRIS VERSICOLOR}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{71}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1503-1509}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{In clonal species, sexual and asexual systems interact to create a hierarchy of reproduction. For example, self-pollination can occur within pollination units, flowers, ramets, or clones. We investigated the reproductive biology of a natural population of Iris versicolor using pollination manipulations and observations of pollinator behaviour. We found that (i) individuals were completely self-compatible, (ii) selfing rates were close to 100\%, (iii) autonomous self-pollination can occur through stigma-anther contact or wind action, (iv) most seed and fruit set can be accounted for by insect pollination, and (v) facilitated self-pollination likely occurs because pollinators frequently visit more than one pollination unit within a flower. Our observations showed that flowers pass through three stages: (i) a male stage (in which pollen is freely available, but stigmas are inaccessible, preventing autogamy); (ii) a female stage (in which stigma flaps have reflexed and are receptive, but pollinators may have already removed most pollen grains, structuring opportunities for geitonogamy); and (iii) a strongly autogamous stage (in which stigma flaps have curled back to contact anthers, leading to delayed autonomous self-pollination). This hierarchy of relatedness among mates determines the genetic consequences of vegetative and sexual reproduction in clonal plants and influences their evolution.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MQ64700015}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MR71200009, Author = {MARQUEZSANCHEZ, F}, Title = {{INBREEDING AND YIELD PREDICTION IN SYNTHETIC CULTIVARS OF MAIZE .2. ALTERNATIVE METHODS}}, Journal = {{CROP SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{33}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1153-1157}}, Month = {{NOV-DEC}}, Abstract = {{The first generation (Syn-1) of a synthetic cultivar is obtained by making the possible crosses among the components or parental inbred lines (Syn-0). The second generation (Syn-2) is the result of randomly mating Syn-1. When the number of inbred lines is large, it is difficult to make the total number of possible crosses. Thus, in order to facilitate the hand pollination work, a smaller number of crosses among the inbred lines is desired. The yield of a synthetic cultivar depends on its inbreeding coefficient. Therefore, for an alternative method of obtaining Syn-1 to be valid, the inbreeding coefficient of its Syn-2 has to be equal to the inbreeding coefficient of the synthetic obtained by the conventional method, in which all possible crosses are made. In this paper the inbreeding coefficient of Syn-2 is calculated for five alternative methods of crossing to obtain Syn-1. Results show that the inbreeding coefficient of Syn-2 is the same for the five methods as long as each component line has the same chance of contributing to Syn-1. In practice, choosing the method will depend on the purpose of the synthetic, the number of lines, the availability of skilled hand labor to make pollinations, and whether there is an even number of lines. It is shown that with any of the methods yield of Syn-2 is always the same.}}, ISSN = {{0011-183X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MR71200009}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MG60500004, Author = {LENMAN, M and FALK, A and RODIN, J and HOGLUND, AS and EK, B and RASK, L}, Title = {{DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION OF MYROSINASE GENE FAMILIES}}, Journal = {{PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{703-711}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{In mature seeds of Brassica napus three major and three minor myrosinase isoenzymes were identified earlier. These myrosinases are known to be encoded by at least two different families of myrosinase genes, denoted MA and MB. In the work described in this paper the presence of different myrosinase isoenzymes in embryos, seedlings, and vegetative mature tissues of B. napus was studied and related to the expression of myrosinase MA and MB genes in the same tissues to facilitate future functional studies of these enzymes. In developing seeds, myrosinases of 75, 73, 70, 68, 66, and 65 kD were present. During seedling development there was a turnover of the myrosinase pool such that in 5-d-old seedlings the 75-, 70-, 66-, and 65-kD myrosinases were present, with the 70- and 75-kD myrosinases predominating. In 21-d-old seedlings the same myrosinases were present, but the 66- and 65-kD myrosinase species were most abundant. At flowering the mature organs of the plant contained only a 72-kD myrosinase. MA genes were expressed only in developing seeds, whereas MB genes were most highly expressed in seeds, seedling cotyledons, young leaves, and to a lesser extent other organs of the mature plant. During embryogenesis of B. napus, myrosinase MA and MB gene transcripts started to accumulate approximately 20 d after pollination and reached their highest level approximately 15 d later. MB transcripts accumulated to about 3 times the amount of MA transcripts. In situ hybridization analysis of B. napus embryos showed that MA transcripts were present predominantly in myrosin cells in the axis, whereas MB genes were expressed in myrosin cells of the entire embryo. The embryo axis contained 75-, 70-, and 65-kD myrosinases, whereas the cotyledons contained mainly 70- and 65-kD myrosinases. Amino acid sequencing revealed the 75-kD myrosinase to be encoded by the MA gene family. The high degree of cell and tissue specificity of the expression of myrosinase genes suggests that studies of their transcription should provide interesting information concerning a complex type of gene regulation.}}, DOI = {{10.1104/pp.103.3.703}}, ISSN = {{0032-0889}}, EISSN = {{1532-2548}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rask, Lars/L-4177-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MG60500004}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MR95200001, Author = {RABINOWITCH, HD and FAHN, A and MEIR, T and LENSKY, Y}, Title = {{FLOWER AND NECTAR ATTRIBUTES OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM-ANNUUM-L) PLANTS IN RELATION TO THEIR ATTRACTIVENESS TO HONEYBEES (APIS-MELLIFERA L)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF APPLIED BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{123}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{221-232}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Flower morphology, nectary structure, nectar traits and rates of honeybee foraging on pepper plants were studied. The nectary appears as swellings on the basal part of the ovary. The nectariferous cells are smaller and denser than the neighbouring parenchyma. Stomata are present in the nectary epidermis, but do not appear on the other parts of the ovary epidermis. Seven pepper breeding lines were grown near a bee yard in Rehovot. Five to six fold differences in nectar volume were found between the extreme genotypes. Nectar volumes were higher during noon and afternoon hours, as compared with morning hours. High correlation coefficients between nectar volume and sugar concentration were found. These were significant for the four-high nectar yielding genotypes, ranging between r = 0.65 to r = 0.94. Male-fertile flowers produced more nectar and higher sugar concentration than sterile ones. Skewed distribution was observed in nectar volume of F-2 populations, but relatively low heritability values were calculated. Pepper nectar contains fructose and glucose only. The former occupies 52-82\% of the total sugar content. Pepper genotypes varied in frequency of honeybee visits and significant correlation between sugar quantity and number of honeybee visits per flower was evident. Fertile pepper flowers are not very attractive to honeybees and male-sterile flowers are even less so. The considerable variation in nectar characteristics can be exploited to increase attractiveness to honeybees, thus facilitating bee pollination in commercial production of F-1 hybrid seeds and improve fruit quality.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1744-7348.1993.tb04087.x}}, ISSN = {{0003-4746}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MR95200001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993NM70700015, Author = {ARMBRUSTER, WS}, Title = {{EVOLUTION OF PLANT POLLINATION SYSTEMS - HYPOTHESES AND TESTS WITH THE NEOTROPICAL VINE DALECHAMPIA}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{47}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1480-1505}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{The results of pollination and mating-system studies were integrated with a phylogenetic study of 40 Neotropical species of Dalechampia L. (Euphorbiaceae) to reconstruct the history of evolutionary change in pollination systems. The results of this analysis were treated as a hypothesis and tested for circularity problems and robustness in the face of changes in the data set. The historical hypothesis was used to make specific predictions about details of pollination ecology and reward biochemistry; the predictions were supported by independent observations. I conclude that pollination systems in Dalechampia have been evolutionarily labile, relative to most morphological features, with repeated parallelisms and reversals. Transitions among the three pollination systems evolved by Dalechampia (pollination by resin-collecting bees, fragrance-collecting male euglossine bees, and pollen-collecting bees) have been facilitated by biochemical exaptation (preadaptation). Pollination by male euglossine bees is relatively rare in the genus but has originated independently three to four times. In contrast, pollination by resin-collecting female bees is very common, but has originated only once. Eighty-six to 97\% of transitions between pollination systems involved an intermediate phase during which both old and new pollinators were effective, but 3 to 14\% of transitions may have been `'instantaneous,'' lacking the intermediate phase. Clades of species secreting resin rewards are about 10 times as species rich as clades of species secreting fragrance rewards; circumstantial evidence suggests that different extinction rates may be responsible for this difference. Relatively allogamous (cross-pollinating) species have evolved from more autogamous (self-pollinating) species up to 13 times, and autogamous species have evolved from more allogamous ones up to 11 times. Species occurring in disturbed habitats are facultatively autogamous, whereas species of undisturbed habitats are often highly allogamous.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2410162}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Armbruster, William/B-4799-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993NM70700015}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993LT49800016, Author = {ANANTHAKRISHNAN, TN}, Title = {{THE ROLE OF THRIPS IN POLLINATION}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{65}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{262-264}}, Month = {{AUG 10}}, Abstract = {{The article reviews the role of thrips in the pollination of members of Asteraceae, solanaceae and Fabaceae. Several features such as the highly synchronized phenology of flowering with the life cycle of thrips, modification of flowers to facilitate pollen transfer by thrips and definite pattern of host succession that help maintain the population of thrips are reported. We argue that these features represent strategies in plants favouring a strong association between the thrips and the plants.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993LT49800016}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993LL13500002, Author = {BERTIN, RI and NEWMAN, CM}, Title = {{DICHOGAMY IN ANGIOSPERMS}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{112-152}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{We obtained information on dichogamy and other aspects of the biology of over 4200 species of angiosperms from several hundred published and unpublished sources. We used this information to describe patterns of occurrence of dichogamy and to test specific hypotheses relating dichogamy to other characteristics of plants or their environments. Protandry was more common than protogyny at the intrafloral level, but the reverse was true at the interfloral level. Patterns of dichogamy varied significantly among major taxa, with protogyny more common among monocotyledons and primitive dicotyledons, and protandry expecially common in the Asteridae. Arctic species tended to be less dichogamous and more protogynous than temperate and tropical species. Aquatic and alpine species were especially protogynous. Patterns of dichogamy varied among sexual systems, with gynomonoecious and gynodioecious species especially protandrous, and monoecious species highly protogynous. Autogamous and self-compatible species were disproportionately protogynous. Flowers of intraflorally dichogamous species were slightly larger than those of adichogamous species, owing to the presence of many autogamous species in the latter group. Species with interfloral protogyny bore much smaller flowers than did species with interfloral protandry. Early-blooming species in north-temperate and polar regions were disproportionately protogynous. Sexual structures that abscised, shriveled or moved after completion of their function tended to be presented first, and those that facilitated the other sexual function were presented second. A negative association existed between type of intrafloral and interfloral dichogamy in diclinous species. Most animal-pollinated flowers were protandrous, except beetle-pollinated and refuge and trap blossoms. Wind pollination was markedly associated with protogyny. Vertical inflorescences visited by upwardly-moving vectors were protandrous. Our results suggest that three primary factors may be involved in promoting dichogamy: selection for avoidance of pollen-pistil interference, selection for avoidance of self-fertilization, and selection for synchrony of pollen discharge and stigma receptivity in the different flower types of diclinous species. In contrast to many earlier workers we reject the thesis that avoidance of self-fertilization is the universal or even the most important force in the evolution of most forms of dichogamy. We attribute the prevalence of intrafloral protandry to selection for avoiding interference between pollen export and pollen receipt. Intrafloral protogyny was associated with imprecise pollen transfer, where other means of avoiding pollen-pistil interference (e.g., herkogamy) are likely to be of limited value. The prevalence of interfloral protogyny seems to reflect the smaller size of unisexual flowers than bisexual flowers, the absence of intrafloral pollen-pistil interference in diclinous species, and selection for synchrony of pollen discharge from one flower type with stigma receptivity in the other.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02856676}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993LL13500002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993LL86700007, Author = {BEARDSELL, DV and KNOX, RB and WILLIAMS, EG}, Title = {{BREEDING SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF THRYPTOMENE-CALYCINA (MYRTACEAE)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{333-353}}, Abstract = {{Thryptomene calycina (Lindl.) Stapf is a small bush with a long flowering period in winter. Hundreds of small flowers open at one time. Its breeding system is highly self-incompatible, with an index of Self-Incompatibility of 0 - 0.1. The site of arrest of self-incompatible tubes is near the micropyle. In wild populations the natural seed set varies between 9 and 13\%. Pollination is not a factor limiting seed set in these flowers since every stigma examined from wild populations carried some germinated pollen grains. The low level of seed production is because most pollinations are probably ineffective selfs which occur when pollen exudes from pores in the anthers directly over the stigma; air currents and rain splashing probably accentuate the effect. Self-pollination is facilitated by the long period of stigma receptivity which occurs for 12 days commencing 2 days after anthesis. Each flower contains approximately 60 000 pollen grains that are viable for up to 15 days. The pollen-ovule ratio is high, up to 32 000. Most pollen is shed 3 days after anthesis, but this depends on temperature, relative humidity and probably the water potential of flowers. The flowers are visited by few flying insects during most of the flowering season. In warm weather near the end of flowering a wide range of insects visit the flowers. Although the visitors are mostly small flies these are ineffective pollinators. The main potential pollinators are medium sized flies and bees.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT9930333}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993LL86700007}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MC29800002, Author = {HOWELL, GJ and SLATER, AT and KNOX, RB}, Title = {{SECONDARY POLLEN PRESENTATION IN ANGIOSPERMS AND ITS BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{4-5}}, Pages = {{417-438}}, Abstract = {{Secondary pollen presentation is the developmental relocation of pollen from the anthers onto another floral organ which then functions as the pollen presenting organ for pollination. Nine different types have been identified in sixteen angiosperm families according to which organ is used for presentation, whether the pollen is exposed or concealed within a structure and how pollen is loaded onto the presenting surface: (1) Enveloping bloom presenters (Araceae); (2) Perianth presenters with exposed pollen presentation (Epacridaceae); (3) Androecial presenters (Santalaceae); (4) Terminal stylar presenters with passive pollen placement and concealed stigmas (Rubiaceae and Proteaceae); (5) Terminal stylar presenters with passive pollen placement and sub-terminal stigmas (Marantaceae and Polygalaceae); (6) Terminal stylar presenters with active pollen placement (Asteraceae, Calyceraceae and Lobeliaceae); (7) Sub-terminal stylar presenters (Campanulaceae, Cannaceae, Fabaceae and Myrtaceae); (8) Exposed stigmatic presenters (Rubiaceae); (9) Indusial stigmatic presenters (Goodeniaceae and Brunoniaceae). Secondary pollen presentation occurs in three monocotyledon and thirteen dicotyledon families. The presentation types appear to have been independently derived indicating that secondary pollen presentation is a character with a selective advantage. In all but the enveloping bloom type of secondary pollen presentation, developmental relocation of pollen requires simultaneous, introrse anther dehiscence and a close association of the presenting organ to the anthers prior to anthesis. The various secondary pollen presentation systems may be modified to promote xenogamy or autogamy and this can even change during anthesis. Most plants which have secondary pollen presentation, display reduced herkogamy within the flower to facilitate pollination. Increased risk of self-pollination due to this may be overcome through dichogamy, herkogamy within inflorescences, dry stigmas, self-incompatibility systems and passive or active control over pollinator behaviour. Enhanced male function of the flowers of secondary pollen presenting plants is also evident through extension of the male phase by the protection, controlled release and precise placement and receipt of pollen. Plants displaying secondary pollen presentation are almost always protandrous.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT9930417}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MC29800002}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993MC29800015, Author = {JAMES, EA and KNOX, RB}, Title = {{REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY OF THE AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS PANDOREA (BIGNONIACEAE)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{4-5}}, Pages = {{611-626}}, Abstract = {{We studied the reproductive biology of Australian species of Pandorea to facilitate a breeding program designed to develop elite cultivars for the horticultural industry. P. pandorana is protogynous whereas anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity occur at the same time in P. jasminoides and P. baileyana. The stigmas of all species are receptive prior to anthesis and can be artificially pollinated at this stage provided that the stigma lobes can be separated. Pollen viability, tested for P. pandorana and P. jasminoides, deteriorated during the flower life although pollen samples with a low Fluorescein diacetate response (5-14\%) still produced many pollen tubes which grew to the base of the style. For all species tested, pollen tubes grew into the ovary in both outcross pollinations and in self pollinations which are known to be incompatible indicating that the incompatibility barrier is within the ovary. Pollen-ovule ratios, determined for P. pandorana and P. jasminoides, were low compared with other published pollen-ovules ratios for taxa with breeding systems based on outcrossing.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT9930611}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993MC29800015}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993LR93000003, Author = {PHILLIPS, RL}, Title = {{CYTOGENETIC MANIPULATION OF POLYMITOTIC (PO)}}, Journal = {{MAYDICA}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{38}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{85-92}}, Abstract = {{A cytogenetic system is described which allows the production of lines with over 98\% homozygous polymitotic (male sterile) plants. Duplicate-deficient (Dp-Df) chromosomes derived from T5-6b heterozygotes by adjacent 1 disjuntion have been repeatedly extracted by crossing T5-6b heterozygotes with standard inbred or heterozygous +/po pollen parents. Crosses of Dp-Df+/+ po males with po po females result in only 1.7\% fertile plants (total n = 18,305), all of which have normal phenotypes and normal pollen, indicating the lack of pollen transmission of an intact Dp-Df chromosome. Pollen germination tests indicated that the smaller, presumably Dp-Df bearing pollen, does not germinate. Dp-Df heterozygotes are easily recognized by their shorter stature, wider and stiffer leaves, and more compact tassels. Pollen of Dp-Df heterozygotes is about 39\% normal, 47\% smaller and well-filled with starch, and 14\% abortive. The frequency of Dp-Df heterozygotes can be significantly increased by selection of smaller kernels (reduced 20\% in size). Recombination in the region between the Y locus and the breakpoint in chromosome 6 is not reduced due to Dp-Df heterozygosity. Ovule transmission of the Dp-Df chromosome is reduced in Dp-Df heterozygotes from the theoretical 50\% to about 36\%. The frequency of white kernels in Dp-Df y/+ Y self-pollinations is only about 5\%. This fits expectations based on: 12\% recombination between the Y locus and the breakpoint; 36\% transmission of Dp-Df eggs; and no transmission of Dp-Df pollen. The 1.7\% fertile plants in po po x Dp-Df+/+ po crosses could be the result of breakage in the duplicated segment of the Dp-Df chromosome allowing transmission of a near-normal chromosome 6 carrying the wild-type allele at the polymitotic locus. We have no cytological evidence for such breakage events at this time. Cytogenetic manipulation of po through Dp-Df +/+ po heterozygotes has potential application for hybrid seed corn production but requires further testing. The system can be utilized for basic biological studies requiring high frequencies of polymitotic plants. The system also facilitates studies where seedling or preflowering po po homozygotes are needed.}}, ISSN = {{0025-6153}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993LR93000003}}, } @article{ ISI:A1993KH04900001, Author = {DWEIKAT, I and MACKENZIE, S and LEVY, M and OHM, H}, Title = {{PEDIGREE ASSESSMENT USING RAPD-DGGE IN CEREAL CROP SPECIES}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{1993}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{497-505}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The introduction of molecular biology methodologies to plant improvement programs offers an invaluable opportunity for extensive germplasm characterization. However, the detection of adequate DNA polymorphism in self-pollinating species remains on obstacle. We have optimized a denaturing-gradient-gel electrophoresis (DGGE) system which, when used in combination with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, greatly facilitates the detection of reproducible DNA polymorphism among closely related plant lines. We have used this approach to estimate pedigree relationships among a spectrum of plant materials in wheat, barley and oat. Based on analysis with one or two primers, we were able to distinguish soft from hard winter wheat, and 2-rowed from 6-rowed barley. Further analysis with additional primers allowed resolution of polymorpisms even among closely related lines in highly selected populations. We placed 17 cultivars of oat into two distinct clusters that differed significantly from previous oat pedigree assessments. We believe that DGGE-FAPD is a superior method for detecting DNA polymorphism when compared to RFLP, agarose-RAPD, or polyacrylamide-RAPD methods.}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1993KH04900001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992JU77800011, Author = {LLOYD, DG}, Title = {{SELF-FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION IN PLANTS .2. THE SELECTION OF SELF-FERTILIZATION}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{153}}, Number = {{3, 1}}, Pages = {{370-380}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{I present a phenotypic model of the selection of self-fertilization that applies to any mode of self-pollination. A novel factor, seed discounting-the loss of outcrossing maternal fitness accompanying an increase in self-fertilization-is introduced, and pollen discounting is reformulated. The model incorporates the effects of five principal factors-the cost of meiosis, inbreeding depression, reproductive assurance, and seed and pollen discounting. The model indicates that either complete cross- or self-fertilization is selected, depending on the values of the parameters, but a number of additional factors can lead to intermediate frequencies of self-fertilization. Specific conditions for the selection of each mode of chasmogamous self-pollination and the effects of some special circumstances are derived by substituting the appropriate values of seed and pollen discounting in the general model. Geitonogamy and facilitated selfing are primarily nonadaptive by-products of mechanisms for outcrossing. Delayed selfing is most advantageous, but competing and prior selfing may be selected when structural constraints prevent delayed selfing or the prepotency of outcrossed pollen reduces seed discounting. The model predicts environmental modification of the frequency of self-fertilization and can explain the observed associations between frequent self-fertilization and both the annual habit and poor conditions for cross-pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/297041}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992JU77800011}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992JU77800012, Author = {SCHOEN, DJ and LLOYD, DG}, Title = {{SELF-FERTILIZATION AND CROSS-FERTILIZATION IN PLANTS .3. METHODS FOR STUDYING MODES AND FUNCTIONAL-ASPECTS OF SELF-FERTILIZATION}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{153}}, Number = {{3, 1}}, Pages = {{381-393}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Procedures are described for partitioning the selfing rate into contributions resulting from the different modes of chasmogamous selfing-geitonogamous, facilitated, prior, competing, and delayed-and for examining several functional aspects of self-fertilization associated with the different modes-reproductive assurance, degree of seed and pollen discounting, and relative abilities of cross- and self-pollen to fertilize ovules. The procedures involve floral manipulations-e.g., exclusion of pollinators, emasculation, and covering of stigmas-and typically require joint estimation of the mating system parameters in manipulated and unmanipulated plants. Two methods of mating system estimation are discussed, the first in which manipulations and selfing rate estimates are made using random parent plants that are resident in the population, and the second using plants with unique genotypes introduced from a separate population. The asymptotic variances of estimators for the different modes of selfing are compared for each method, and advantages and disadvantages of each method are presented. The method of partitioning selfing into modes is illustrated using data from a natural population of the annual plant Impatiens pallida. Selfing in the chasmogamous flowers of this species is shown to result primarily from geitonogamy.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/297042}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992JU77800012}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992JV03700031, Author = {AHMADI, H and BRINGHURST, RS}, Title = {{BREEDING STRAWBERRIES AT THE DECAPLOID LEVEL}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{117}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{856-862}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Two groups of Fragaria decaploid (2n = 70, x = 7) breeding populations were studied. The first was derived from pentaploid (2n = 35) and hexaploid (2n = 42) natural or synethetic interspecific hybrids between octoploid (2n = 56) F. chiloensis (L.) Duch. or F. vireniana Duch. both from California, and various Fragaria diploids (2n = 14). Their chromosome number was doubled with colchicine or through the naturally generated unreduced gametes. They were selfed repetitively, intercrossed, and open pollinated. Gametic viability of the hermaphroditic and female decaploid hybrids exceeded 50\%. The hybrids exhibited heterosis for runner production and vegetative vigor. Fragaria chiloensis bred for large fruit and desirable fruit qualities, and, in combination with diploids F. vesca L. and F. viridis Duch., resulted in hybrids that produced a single early spring crop and prolific runner production throughout the summer. Fragaria virginiana L. derivatives were characterized by high pollen fertility, and by day neutrality (photo-insensitivity). Together, they may contribute genes for adaptation to various regions and climates of the world and for pest and disease resistance. The second and most important group of decaploids involved here were those derived from hybrids between day-neutral octoploid cultivars (F, xananassa) crossed to F. vesca or F. viridis. This group of decaploids combined the genomes of the best octoploid cultivars with those of the above diploid species; facilitating the incorporation of genes responsible for high yield, day neutrality, and excellent fruit quality into the decaploid strawberries.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992JV03700031}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992JF85600036, Author = {MELCHERS, G and MOHRI, Y and WATANABE, K and WAKABAYASHI, S and HARADA, K}, Title = {{ONE-STEP GENERATION OF CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY BY FUSION OF MITOCHONDRIAL-INACTIVATED TOMATO PROTOPLASTS WITH NUCLEAR-INACTIVATED SOLANUM PROTOPLASTS}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{15}}, Pages = {{6832-6836}}, Month = {{AUG 1}}, Abstract = {{Mesophyll protoplasts of Lycopersicon esculentum were treated with iodoacetamide to inactivate mitochondria, and protoplasts of Solanum acaule and Solanum tuberosum were irradiated with gamma- or x-rays to inactivate nuclei. Mixtures of protoplasts thus modified were treated with Ca2+ and polyethylene glycol to obtain heterologous fusion products. Among the fusion products were some tomato plants that were indistinguishable from the original cultivars with respect to morphology, physiology, and chromosome number (2N = 24) but exhibited various degrees of male sterility (MS): complete lack or malformation of anthers, shrunken pollen, and normal-looking stainable pollen that could not germinate. The MS thus induced in five cultivars of different growth types, including one of subspecies L. esculentum cerasiforme, was inherited maternally over several generations and is, therefore, cytoplasmically determined MS (CMS). Analysis of mitochondrial DNA revealed that the mitochondrial genome of the CMS hybrids does not contain all elements of the mitochondrial DNA of either parent but includes sequences of a recombinational nature not present in either parent. The CMS hybrids, therefore, possess a true hybrid mitochondrial genome. The same procedure applied to fusion of tomato with Solanum lycopersicoides and Nicotiana tabacum cells did not produce CMS phenotypes. The advantages of this method over others for generating MS are as follows: (i) only one step is required; (ii) the nuclear genotype of the cultivar is unaffected; (iii) the prospect that cytoplasmic determination allows generation of 100\% CMS progenies. The normal-appearing but nonfunctional pollen of certain CMS types might render them attractive to pollinating bumblebees that thus would facilitate production of hybrid seed.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.89.15.6832}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992JF85600036}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992HU23000011, Author = {DAMATO, G and DALBO, S and BONINI, S}, Title = {{POLLEN-RELATED ALLERGY IN ITALY}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF ALLERGY}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{68}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{433-437}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Pollen-related allergies are very common in Italy and pollinosis is the commonest allergic disease. The type of allergenic plants and the prevalence of hay fever varies among regions. In the Mediterranean area there are characteristic climatic conditions (mildness of winter, summer dryness) that facilitate the growth of a typical vegetation with its associated various types of allergenic pollen grains, some of them very different from those of central and northern Europe. Italy has a central position in the mediterranean basin, but because of its geographic characteristics, there are different climatic aspects with different vegetation between northern, central, and southern areas. Gramineae are the most common allergenic plants in northern and central Italy, where more than 60\% of patients with pollinosis are grass-pollen sensitive. Parietaria is the most important pollinating plant in southern Italy and Liguria. Olea europaea, the olive tree with cultivation widespread in the whole Mediterranean basin, is responsible for frequently severe pollinosis, particularly in some region of the southern Italy.}}, ISSN = {{0003-4738}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992HU23000011}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992HL79100008, Author = {LAVERTY, TM}, Title = {{PLANT INTERACTIONS FOR POLLINATOR VISITS - A TEST OF THE MAGNET SPECIES EFFECT}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{502-508}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{From 1985-1987, patterns of fruit and seed set were studied in a population of mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), a clonal, self-incompatible herb found in deciduous woods in eastern North America. Mayapple flowers do not produce nectar, but depend on infrequent visits by nectar-seeking queen bumble bees for pollination. In all years female reproductive success in mayapple colonies was influenced by colony size (number of flowers), by the distance to neighbouring colonies and by proximity to lousewort plants (Pedicularis canadensis), a prolific nectar producer heavily visited by bumble bees. In all years fruit and seed set were greater in mayapple colonies < 25 m from lousewort flowers than in matched colonies which were > 50 m from lousewort. In 1985 and 1987 the frequency of queen bumble bee visits to flowers in colonies close to lousewort was about four times greater than to distant colonies. In 1986 I removed about 80\% of lousewort flowers to test whether the enhanced fruit and seed set in mayapples close to lousewort was pollinator mediated. Mayapple colonies close to flowerless lousewort patches did not differ in fruit or seed set from matched colonies > 50 m from lousewort. In contrast, mayapples close to flowering lousewort patches had greater fruit and seed set compared with distant colonies. Over all years, a larger proportion of mayapples close to flowering lousewort patches had enhanced fruit and seed set compared with colonies close to louseworts without flowers. Though rarely documented, this type of facilitative interaction between plants that are highly attractive to pollinators ({''}magnet{''} species), and co-flowering species that are rarely visited by pollinators, may be widespread in plant communities.}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992HL79100008}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992HP30700034, Author = {LEDUC, N and DOUGLAS, GC and MONNIER, M}, Title = {{METHODS FOR NON-STIGMATIC POLLINATION IN TRIFOLIUM-REPENS (PAPILIONACEAE) - SEED SET WITH SELF- AND CROSS-POLLINATIONS INVITRO}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{83}}, Number = {{6-7}}, Pages = {{912-918}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The stigma and style of Trifolium repens L. was successfully by-passed, and viable seed was obtained by placing pollen on a perforation made in either the ovary wall or in the base of the style. The application of pollen to the stump of the style also succeeded in producing viable seed. The presence of the calyx and corolla facilitated seed set in cultured florets. An incision made along the entire length of the ovary to permit pollen entry resulted in necrosis of the floret. Perforation of the ovary did not affect the yield of seeds obtained from stigmatic pollinations. Growth of pollen tubes was observed on wounded tissues and also within the style and cavity of the ovary. A mean yield of 20 embryos was obtained per 100 florets in non-stigmatic pollinations, whereas with stigmatic pollinations in vitro the yield was 148. Non-stigmatic pollinations also gave seeds when T. repens was self pollinated, which showed that the gametophytic system of self-incompatibility (SI) could be by-passed. With one genotype, self-pollination via the stigma failed, whereas embryos were obtained via non-stigmatic pollinations.}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992HP30700034}}, } @article{ ISI:A1992HQ30200023, Author = {FURUSHO, M and YOSHINO, M and YOSHIDA, T}, Title = {{SELECTION FOR SPRING-HABIT CLONES OF HORDEUM-BULBOSUM}}, Journal = {{CROP SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1992}}, Volume = {{32}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{384-385}}, Month = {{MAR-APR}}, Abstract = {{Haploids of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) can be produced from the interspecific cross with H. bulbosum L. Usually, H. bulbosum requires vernalization to produce pollen because of its winter habit. The objective of this study was to select spring-habit clones of H. bulbosum to facilitate the crossing of H. vulgare with H. bulbosum. The efficiency of embryo formation (number of embryos obtained/number of florets pollinated) and haploid production (number of haploids obtained/number of florets pollinated) of clones selected as spring habit were also evaluated. Twenty-three out of 183 clones flowered without a vernalization treatment. These clones produced sufficient pollen. Efficiencies were 26.3 to 86.5\% for embryo formation and 8.2 to 41.9\%, for haploid production, and some clones were superior to a conventional winter-habit type clone. These clones can be used to improve a barley haploid production program.}}, ISSN = {{0011-183X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1992HQ30200023}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991GV92200021, Author = {SASAKI, M and ONO, M and ASADA, S and YOSHIDA, T}, Title = {{ORIENTAL ORCHID (CYMBIDIUM-PUMILUM) ATTRACTS DRONES OF THE JAPANESE HONEYBEE (APIS-CERANA-JAPONICA) AS POLLINATORS}}, Journal = {{EXPERIENTIA}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{47}}, Number = {{11-12}}, Pages = {{1229-1231}}, Month = {{DEC 1}}, Abstract = {{The discovery that drones of the Japanese honeybee (Apis cerana japonica) pollinate the oriental orchid (Cymbidium pumilum) is reported. Drones are attracted to the orchid flower aroma mainly during their mating flights in April through May. Some drones cluster on the flower racemes and others insert their heads deep into the flowers. Drones with pollinia on their scutellum visit other orchids, which facilitates pollination. Individual workers and swarming colonies are also strongly attracted by the flower aroma, but the allopatric western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is not attracted.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF01918392}}, ISSN = {{0014-4754}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991GV92200021}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991GQ44700028, Author = {DWEIKAT, IM and LYRENE, PM}, Title = {{INDUCED TETRAPLOIDY IN A VACCINIUM-ELLIOTTII CLONE FACILITATES CROSSING WITH CULTIVATED HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{116}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1063-1066}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{A synthetic autotetraploid derived by colchicine treatment of a Vaccinium elliottii Chapm. plant (2n = 2x = 24) was used to study the effect of chromosome doubling on the ability of this noncultivated species to cross with the cultivated tetraploid highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.). Mean pollen germination was 28\% for the autotetraploid plant, compared to 53\% for the diploid V. elliottii plant. However, the number of seedlings obtained per flower pollinated on the tetraploid highbush cultivar O'Neal rose from 0.01 when diploid V. elliouii was the pollen source to 3.86 when pollen from the autotetraploid V. elliottii plant was used. Reciprocal crosses between diploid V. elliottii and its autotetraploid and selfs of the autotetraploid produced no seedlings. Meiotic irregularities, such as multivalents during metaphase, laggards, and unequal chromosome disjunction, were observed in the autotetraploid, but most chromosomes were associated as bivalents.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991GQ44700028}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991GM93000012, Author = {BOYLANPETT, W and RAMSDELL, DC and HOOPINGARNER, RA and HANCOCK, JF}, Title = {{HONEYBEE FORAGING BEHAVIOR, IN-HIVE SURVIVAL OF INFECTIOUS, POLLEN-BORNE BLUEBERRY LEAF MOTTLE VIRUS AND TRANSMISSION OF THE VIRUS IN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY}}, Journal = {{PHYTOPATHOLOGY}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1407-1412}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Factors associated with honeybees that facilitate the spread of pollen-borne blueberry leaf mottle nepovirus (BBLMV) to highbush blueberries were examined. These factors included the longevity of infectious BBLMV in the honeybee colony and in-hive pollen transfer within and between colonies. Blueberry leaf mottle virus remained infectious for at least 10 days within colonies of the honeybee, which is the primary pollinator. Flowering blueberry plants were caged for various periods with colonies of honeybees derived from a blueberry farm where a high percentage Of bushes were infected by BBLMV. Twelve of 84 plants later tested positive for BBLMV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Counts of pollen grains washed from ``house bees{''} (bees that never left the colony) resulted in an average of 5,149 pollen grains per bee, indicating that in-hive pollen-virus transfer occurs and can be a source of spread of virus-contaminated pollen within a colony. Evidence of pollen transfer between colonies and to a lesser extent between apiaries was also documented by observing the drifting (wandering far away from the bee's hive and/or visiting other hives) behavior of honeybees. Only 42.6\% of the total foragers of a colony originated from their own colony and 2.4\% of them were from colonies located 600 m apart. This drifting phenomenon could contribute to the maximum spread of BBLMV by bee-to-bee contact and multiple colony visits.}}, ISSN = {{0031-949X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991GM93000012}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991GZ01400003, Author = {TROCME, O}, Title = {{CONTRIBUTION TO STUDIES OF THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF MONILIA POD ROT (MONILIOPHTHORA-RORERI) OF COCOA (THEOBROMA-CACAO L) IN COSTA-RICA}}, Journal = {{CAFE CACAO THE}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{35}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{257-274}}, Month = {{OCT-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Due to the difficulties in studying the chemical control of monilia disease encountered by various researchers an attempt was made to adapt the paired microplot method used to investigate fungicides on Phytophthora black pod disease to the study of fungicides for the control of monilia disease. Two important modifications were made to the method to take into account the particularities of monilia disease. Pollination was carried out by hand to provide fruits of identical age and the source of inoculum was placed on the tops of posts. It was thus shown that the dose of chlorothalonil could be considerably reduced and that cupric oxide was as effective as chlorothalonil with the added advantage of controlling black pod. The application of these results to entire trees demonstrated the need to prune the cocoa trees to facilitate fungicide applications to the highest parts of the tree. An epidemiological study showed that no notable variation in inoculum pressure occurred throughout the year and that it was identical for the lower and upper parts of the tree. it will however be necessary to study the viability and pathogenicity of the spores that settle on the pods.}}, ISSN = {{0007-9510}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991GZ01400003}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991FR27500001, Author = {GRADZIEL, TM and ROBINSON, RW}, Title = {{OVERCOMING UNILATERAL BREEDING BARRIERS BETWEEN LYCOPERSICON-PERUVIANUM AND CULTIVATED TOMATO, LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-9}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Treatment of Lycopersicon peruvianum stigmas with an artifical medium analogous to stigmatic exudate allowed pollen germination and growth on immature pistils. Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum pollen tubes to L. peruvianum ovules, an otherwise incompatible cross, was achieved following such treated bud-pollinations. No plantlets were recovered, although a few embryos from this cross at the globular to heart stage of development were excised at 22 days after pollination, indicating the presence of crossing failures as severe as in the reciprocal cross. Hybrid plants were obtained from the reciprocal cross, using as pollen parent an L. peruvianum line selected for congruity with L. esculentum. Bud pollinations to L. peruvianum, using these interspecific F1 hybrids as the pollen parent, allowed viable embryo development and plantlet recovery. Resulting backcross plants, which possess approximately 1/4 L. esculentum genome in a L. peruvianum cytoplasm, may facilitate further introgression of the L. esculentum nuclear genes into a foreign cytoplasm.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF00145624}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991FR27500001}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991FR27400006, Author = {VANDERVALK, P and DEVRIES, SE and EVERINK, JT and VERSTAPPEN, F and DEVRIES, JN}, Title = {{PREFERTILIZATION AND POSTFERTILIZATION BARRIERS TO BACKCROSSING THE INTERSPECIFIC HYBRID BETWEEN ALLIUM-FISTULOSUM L AND A-CEPA-L WITH ALLIUM-CEPA}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{53}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{201-209}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{To facilitate the introgression of desirable traits of Allium fistulosum into the genome of A. cepa, several accessions of the hybrid between these species were pollinated with A. cepa as the recurrent parent, and in vitro ovary and ovule culture were performed to obtain an increase in the recovery of backcross progeny. Compared to the results obtained from seed development in planta, the increase in the number of backcross progeny was generally very limited, and in some cases even a decrease was found. Raising the sucrose concentration in the ovary culture medium resulted in a higher frequency of ovules developing back seed coats but this was not followed by an increase in the number of backcross progeny obtained. Pollen tube growth of A. cepa was distributed in the styles of the interspecific hybrids. Per ovule, frequencies of micropylar penetration exceeded frequencies of backcross progeny only to a limited extent. Hence, it was concluded that in the tested interspecific hybrid accessions the attainable gain in viable backcross progeny by the application of in vitro culture techniques is limited by strong pre-fertilization barriers acting at the level of stylar incongruity.}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991FR27400006}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991FB65400030, Author = {LAVERTY, T and VORSA, N}, Title = {{FERTILITY OF ANEUPLOIDS BETWEEN THE 5X AND 6X LEVELS IN BLUEBERRY - THE POTENTIAL FOR GENE-TRANSFER FROM 4X TO 6X LEVELS}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{116}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{330-335}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Vaccinium ashei (6x)/V. corymbosum (4x) pentaploid hybrids backcrossed to V. ashei yield aneuploid progeny ranging in chromosome number from 5x to 6x levels. Six backcross aneuploids having chromosome numbers of 2n = 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, and 70 were selected from this backcross and crossed in a complete diallel mating design and backcrossed (as female parents) to two V. ashei cultivars and an interspecific hexaploid hybrid. Fertility variables measured were percent fruit set, total seed per berry, developed seed per berry, percent developed seed per berry, percent seed germination, developed seed per pollination, and seedlings per pollination. A significant linear and positive relationship was found between chromosome number and all seven fertility variables. However, regression accounted for 30\% or less of the variation among crosses. Diallel analysis revealed that general combining ability was the major contributing effect for all seven variables, followed by reciprocal effects. Specific combining ability was not significant. The second backcross to the hexaploid level suggested significant effects due to both the BC1 aneuploid and hexaploid genotypes and to a significant genotype x genotype interaction for three of the variables. All six aneuploids were either fully or partially self-sterile. The findings of this study substantiate earlier suggestions that pentaploids in blueberry can be used to facilitate bilateral transfer of characteristics between the tetraploid and hexaploid levels in blueberry.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991FB65400030}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991FJ65600011, Author = {CARVALHO, A and MEDINA, HP and FAZUOLI, LC and FILHO, OG and LIMA, MMA}, Title = {{GENETIC-ASPECTS OF THE COFFEE TREE}}, Journal = {{REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE GENETICA}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{14}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{135-183}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Genetic analysis of coffee (Coffea arabica) has been undertaken in the Genetics Department of the Instituto Agronomico de Campinas since 1933 to better understand the inheritable variability within the species, for genetics and breeding purposes. Initially, the main characteristics of C. arabica cultivars were analysed. Afterwards, factors affecting charcters of economic importance, such as plant height and yield potential and more recently, factors related to disease resistance and adverse environmental conditions were studied. Gradually, a C. arabica, germoplasm bank, i.e. a living collection, was established with land races, new cultivars, deviant types found in nurseries and farms, as well as acessions of native germoplasm from Ethiopia, the center of origin or diversification of this species. Other Coffea species and related genera were also assembled, though not so extensively. In this paper we present an updated review of the genetic analysis already published, with additional information on mutants not hitherto mentioned. We also discuss aspects of taxonomy, cytology and phylogenetic relationships of C. arabica with diploid species. The primitive Arabica cultivar, botanically described as C. arabica var typica was used as the standard type in all genetic analysis, allowing the establishment of dominance relationships, epistasis and pleiotropic effects. The relationship of the Arabica and Bourbon cultivars was established. The dominant T allele is present in the Arabica cultivar (TT NaNa), while the higher yielding Bourbon has the alleles tt NaNa. Crosses of mutants with Murta plants (tt Nana) indicate their relationship either to Arabica or to Bourbon primitive cultivars. We also studied factors affecting the color of young leaves, fruits and seeds, fasciation of the polysperma cultivar, presence and associated characteristics of mutants with developed sepals in the ripe fruit, leaf shape and size, orientation of plagiotropic branches, flowering habit, size and shape of the trees and defective seed endosperm development. Detailed investigations were done with the so called laurina mutants (1r1r). Besides halving the caffeine content of the seeds, this factor has a strong pleiotropic effect of the shape of the plant, fruit, seed and length of lateral branches. Factors controlling resistance to leaf rust disease (H. vastatrix), bacterial blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv garceae), coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum coffeanum), nematodes (Meloidogyne exigua) and leaf miner (Perileucoptera coffella) were also investigated, emphasizing their importance in the breeding program. Although millions of plants have been carefully checked in nurseries and farms, in search for new variants, only a few were found in the last decades, probably due to the tetraploid nature of the species. Attempts to use physical and chemical mutagens to increase the number of variants were unsuccessfull. As in other perennial crops, genetic analysis in coffee takes years to be accomplished, and it is expensive. This explains the scarcity of data from other research centers. Some factors such as maragogipe, mokka and fasciation affect various characteristics. Other seem to have the effect restricted to a single trait like the allele cera which, in triple dosage, changes the normal green endosperm to waxy coloured, or erecta that determines an upright orientation of the lateral branches. The four main short structure factors reduce internode length and as a consequence plant height. Caturra (Ct), Sao Bernardo (Sb), Vila Lobos (Vl) and San Ramon (Sr) are dominant, independently inherited and interact with each other in dihybrid combinations in a typical duplicate dominant epistasis, the presence of one dominant allele at one locus masking the effect of the other. Caturra (Ct) was transferred to high yielding cultivars to reduce costs of manual and to facilitate mechanical harvesting. The cera factor proved to be an invaluable marker to determine the ontogenetic origin of the tissue that forms the seeds as true endosperm. Also due to the xenia effect, it allowed fast and convenient evaluation of the degree of cross pollination under natural conditions. The erecta factor, by reducing the canopy diameter, permits close spacings in the field, allowing for higher plant densities. Genetic factors controlling the resistance to leaf rust disease were mainly found in C. arabica acessions and in selected C. canephora lines. They have been transferred to commercial cultivars, resulting in new resistant germoplasms such as Icatu, Catimor, Colombia and others. Icatu coffee is of particular value to Brazilian coffee producing regions due to its rusticity, high yield and non-specific resistance to the pathogen. The determination of the genetics of resistance to coffee berry disease has provided the basis for the development of resistant cultivars, of utmost importance to consumers since chemicals are normally sprayed throughout the fruit development cycle for controlling the disease. Resistance to nematodes and to leaf miner present respectively in C. canephora and C. racemosa are being transferred to C. arabica and such interspecifically derived germoplasms look very promising. Though not many coffee genetic factors have been characterized so far, their study has proved to be of great value for assisting coffee breeding programs and undoubtedly provide a significant improvement in our knowledge of the coffee tree.}}, ISSN = {{0100-8455}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Guerreiro Filho, Oliveiro/E-9409-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991FJ65600011}}, } @article{ ISI:A1991JM00300003, Author = {FREE, JB and PAXTON, RJ and WAGHCHOURE, ES}, Title = {{INCREASING THE AMOUNT OF FOREIGN POLLEN CARRIED BY HONEY-BEE FORAGERS}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{1991}}, Volume = {{30}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{132-136}}, Abstract = {{Inserting rows of soft bristles into the entrances of hives facilitated the transfer of pollen between incoming and outgoing foraging honey bees (Apis mellifera). Outgoing foragers carried more pollen grains (significant differences in two of five trials) and more species (significant differences in four of five trials) of pollen than outgoing foragers in hives not fitted with bristles, and so were likely to be more efficient cross-pollinators. Hive entrance bristles are easy to use and have the potential to increase the pollinating efficiency of honey bee colonies at little cost; their design and use deserves further study.}}, ISSN = {{0021-8839}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Paxton, Robert/D-7082-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Paxton, Robert/0000-0003-2517-1351}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1991JM00300003}}, } @article{ ISI:A1986C700200177, Author = {FIRMAGE, DH and SPEARS, G and COLE, FR}, Title = {{THE EFFECT OF POLLINATOR COMPETITION AND FACILITATION ON THE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF CALOPOGON-TUBEROSUS (ORCHIDACEAE)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1986}}, Volume = {{73}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{666}}, Month = {{MAY}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:A1986C700200177}}, }