@article{ ISI:000290707600007, Author = {Junker, Robert R. and Daehler, Curtis C. and Doetterl, Stefan and Keller, Alexander and Bluethgen, Nico}, Title = {{Hawaiian ant-flower networks: nectar-thieving ants prefer undefended native over introduced plants with floral defenses}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{295-311}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Ants are omnipresent in most terrestrial ecosystems, and plants have responded to their dominance by evolving traits that either facilitate positive interactions with ants or reduce negative ones. Because ants are generally poor pollinators, plants often protect their floral nectar against ants. Ants were historically absent from the geographically isolated Hawaiian archipelago, which harbors one of the most endemic floras in the world. We hypothesized that native Hawaiian plants lack floral features that exclude ants and therefore would be heavily exploited by introduced, invasive ants. To test this hypothesis, ant-flower interactions involving co-occurring native and introduced plants were observed in 10 sites on three Hawaiian Islands. We quantified the residual interaction strength of each pair of antplant species as the deviation of the observed interaction frequency from a null-model prediction based on available nectar sugar in a local plant community and local ant activity at sugar baits. As predicted, flowers of plants that are endemic or indigenous to Hawaii were more strongly exploited by ants than flowers of co-occurring introduced plants, which shared an evolutionary history with ants. We also found that the percentage of plant species with ant-visited flowers was much higher in Hawaii than in other island and continental systems, even reaching 100\% in habitats dominated by endemic species. We showed experimentally that the absence of ants on flowers of most introduced and few native plants species was due to morphological barriers, repellent floral scents, and to a lesser extent, unpalatable nectar. Analysis of floral volatiles, however, revealed no consistent ant-repellent ``syndrome{''} attributable to negative responses by ants, probably due to the high chemical variability within the floral scent bouquets. Results from a molecular phylogeny imply that floral defenses against ants were convergently lost in native Hawaiian plants. Exploitation of floral nectar by ants may be an important threat to Hawaiian ecosystems, reducing nectar resources available to native flower visitors and potentially reducing the reproductive success of the endangered endemic flora.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/10-1367.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9615}}, EISSN = {{1557-7015}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Keller, Alexander/D-1221-2009 Bluthgen, Nico/F-5983-2010 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Keller, Alexander/0000-0001-5716-3634 Dotterl, Stefan/0000-0001-5228-1332}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000290707600007}}, } @article{ ISI:000290538900010, Author = {Engler, Jan and Abt, Kai and Buhk, Constanze}, Title = {{Seed characteristics and germination limitations in the highly invasive Fallopia japonica s.l. (Polygonaceae)}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{26}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{555-562}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The species in the Japanese knotweed complex (Fallopia japonica s.l. and its hybrids) are among the most invasive plants on earth. Their expansion and reproduction in the introduced range have been mostly due to vegetative reproduction, but observations of low seedling numbers and hybridization processes exist. Knowledge of factors affecting germination characteristics is essential if the risk of sexual reproduction is to be assessed, and its impact on the ability of the species to spread and adapt to different environments. This study aims to examine the germination success of Fallopia japonica s.l. seeds of different ages, quality, and storage conditions. Irrespective of age and even after natural overwintering in the soil, seeds germinated quite well (48-79\%). Ungerminated seeds collected in autumn of 2008 were characterized by a low weight/length ratio (W/L), low nutrient concentrations, and a greenish tepal coloration. These differences may be due to alternative male taxa participating in the pollination process. Spring collected seeds were subject to strong predation by birds. In contrast to the high germination observed under laboratory conditions, seed germination or early establishment in the field was inhibited and only a few seedlings were observed. Although the factors that inhibit the establishment of mature seeds in the field remain unknown, there is a clear risk that sexual reproduction could gain importance in the future as a result of changing environmental conditions or genetic adaptation. Not only would this facilitate expansive dispersal by wind, but it might also increase the potential for further adaptation of the species complex.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11284-011-0813-8}}, ISSN = {{0912-3814}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Engler, Jan/C-3432-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000290538900010}}, } @article{ ISI:000290538900014, Author = {Saiz, Hugo and Alados, Concepcion L.}, Title = {{Effect of Stipa tenacissima L. on the structure of plant co-occurrence networks in a semi-arid community}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{26}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{595-603}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Network approaches can increase our understanding of both changes in ecosystems and the role that individual species play in such changes. In ecology, networks have been applied mainly to the study of food webs and mutualistic interactions, with few studies on plant communities. This study used a network approach to examine a semi-arid plant community along a Stipa tenacissima abundance gradient at two locations in SE Spain: (1) an open shrub land where S. tenacissima is a highly competitive species, and (2) an alpha steppe where S. tenacissima forms the end stable successional community. In alpha steppe, the influence of slope was also examined. We detected that S. tenacissima influenced the network structuring process, and that network organization changed along the gradient. In open shrub land, when S. tenacissima became abundant, it dominated the community and other species disappeared. This resulted in a reduction of the number of links that S. tenacissima established. At the alpha-steppe, S. tenacissima coexists with other species, developing more links as it becomes more abundant. On gentle slope zones of alpha steppe, S. tenacissima is more competitive and becomes dominant for high abundance values, reducing its links with other species. The organization of networks varied similarly in both locations. When plant species reduce their abundance and number, links are more heterogeneously distributed in networks. This leads to a concentration of most of the links around a few species, particularly S. tenacissima, which is the most abundant in this case. We conclude that, in order to study plant communities, it is convenient to consider the properties of individual components together with the interaction between them.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11284-011-0818-3}}, ISSN = {{0912-3814}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Alados, Concepcion/K-8085-2014 Saiz, Hugo/K-8724-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Alados, Concepcion/0000-0002-6227-861X Saiz, Hugo/0000-0002-7568-2996}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000290538900014}}, } @article{ ISI:000289626000009, Author = {Thorpe, Andrea S. and Aschehoug, Erik T. and Atwater, Daniel Z. and Callaway, Ragan M.}, Title = {{Interactions among plants and evolution}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{729-740}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{P>1. Interactions among plants and their consumers, pollinators and dispersers are central to evolutionary theory, but interactions among plants themselves have received much less attention. Thus focusing more attention on the evolutionary role of plant-plant interactions may provide greater insight into the processes that organize communities. 2. Here, we integrate divergent themes in the literature in an effort to provide a synthesis of empirical evidence and ideas about how plant interactions may affect evolution and how evolution may affect plant interactions. 3. First, we discuss the idea of niche partitioning evolving through competitive interactions among plants, the idea of niche construction evolving through facilitative interactions, and the connections between these ideas and more recent research on diversity and ecosystem function and trait-based community organization. 4. We then review how a history of coexistence within a region might affect competitive outcomes and explore the mechanisms by which plants exert selective forces on each other. Next, we consider recent research on invasions suggesting that plant interactions can reflect regional evolutionary trajectories. Finally, we place these lines of research into the context of extended phenotypes and the geographic mosaic of co-evolution. 5. Synthesis. Our synthesis of separate lines of inquiry is a step towards understanding the evolutionary importance of interactions among plants, and suggests that the evolutionary consequences of interactions contribute to communities that are more than assemblages of independent populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2011.01802.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000289626000009}}, } @article{ ISI:000289259300012, Author = {Rader, Romina and Edwards, Will and Westcott, David A. and Cunningham, Saul A. and Howlett, Bradley G.}, Title = {{Pollen transport differs among bees and flies in a human-modified landscape}}, Journal = {{DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{17}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{519-529}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Aim Dispersal distances of insect pollinators are critical in defining their contribution to landscape-wide pollen movement and ultimately gene flow in natural and agricultural systems. We ask whether bee and fly pollinator taxa differ in their dispersal distances and transport of viable pollen in a human-modified system. Location Canterbury and Otago region, South Island, New Zealand. Methods We captured pollen-carrying insects travelling outside of a model mass-flowering agricultural crop, Brassica rapa, using insect flight intercept traps at five distances (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 m) from the pollen source. We examined pollen loads and pollen viability to determine whether pollen transport distance and viability differ among pollinator taxa. Results A total of 5453 insects were collected of which 717 individuals from 26 insect taxa were positively identified as dispersing pollen up to 400 m from the source. These taxa consisted of four species from two bee families (Hymenoptera: Apidae and Halictidae), and eight species from four fly families (Diptera: Bibiondae, Stratiomyidae, Syrphidae and Tachinidae). Apidae generally carried higher pollen loads and more viable pollen than most fly taxa. Taxa in the fly families Stratiomyidae and Syrphidae, however, carried pollen to 400 m, which is further than both bee families. Main conclusions A diverse array of wild and managed flower visitors can transport viable pollen from a pollen source to at least 400 m. Knowledge of the differences in transport distances among generalist pollinators in human-modified environments is crucial to understand the potential extent to which (1) pollen transport can facilitate gene flow and (2) unwanted hybridization may occur between crops and related weeds.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1472-4642.2011.00757.x}}, ISSN = {{1366-9516}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cunningham, Saul/B-9947-2009 Westcott, David/G-5559-2010 Rader, Romina/A-1054-2012 James Cook University, TESS/B-8171-2012 CSIRO, SAF/H-3134-2013 Research ID, CTBCC /O-3564-2014 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Edwards, Will/0000-0001-8981-7479 Rader, Romina/0000-0001-9056-9118}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000289259300012}}, } @article{ ISI:000288312400016, Author = {Chen, Yu-Yun and Hsu, Sze-Bi}, Title = {{Synchronized reproduction promotes species coexistence through reproductive facilitation}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{274}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{136-144}}, Month = {{APR 7}}, Abstract = {{Theories for species coexistence often emphasize niche differentiation and temporal segregation of recruitment to avoid competition. Recent work on mutualism suggested that plant species sharing pollinators provide mutual facilitation when exhibit synchronized reproduction. The facilitation on reproduction may enhance species persistence and coexistence. Theoretical ecologists paid little attention to such indirect mutualistic systems by far. We propose a new model for a two-species system using difference equations. The model focuses on adult plants and assumes no resource competition between these well-established individuals. Our formulas include demographic parameters, such as mortality and recruitment rates, and functions of reproductive facilitation. Both recruitment and facilitation effects reach saturation levels when flower production is at high levels. We conduct mathematical analyses to assess conditions of coexistence. We establish demographical conditions permitting species coexistence. Our analyses suggest a ``rescue{''} effect from a ``superior{''} species to a ``weaker{''} species under strong recruitment enhancement effect when the later is not self-sustainable. The facilitation on rare species may help to overcome Allee effect. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.01.013}}, ISSN = {{0022-5193}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000288312400016}}, } @article{ ISI:000291085100004, Author = {Jun, J. H. and Kwon, J. H. and Chung, K. H.}, Title = {{`Harmony' Plumcot}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{65}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{47-51}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{`Harmony' is a plumcot originating from a cross between `Soldam' plum (P. salicina Lindl.) and `Harcot' apricot (P. armeniaca L.). The cross was made in 1999 at the National Institute of Horticultural \& Herbal Science (NIHHS) of the Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Korea. It was first selected as PA7-1657 in 2004 for its high fruit quality with attractive appearance. After further evaluation of its characteristics, it was named as `Harmony' in 2007. It blooms almost same time as `Harcot'. Since its anthers have no pollen, apricots blooming at the same time should be co-planted to facilitate insect pollination. `Harmony' ripens in early July at Suwon (127.01 degrees E, 37.17 degrees N) Korea, 5 days later than `Harcot' and 27 days earlier than `Soldam'. Fruit is round and skin color is reddish orange. Fruit flesh is light orange, marketably firm, sweet and adherent to the pit. Average fruit weight is 71.3 g and total soluble solids concentration is 13.4 degrees Brix.}}, ISSN = {{1527-3741}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000291085100004}}, } @article{ ISI:000289956300001, Author = {Sun, Xiao-Jing and Xiao, Jin-Hua and Cook, James M. and Feng, Gui and Huang, Da-Wei}, Title = {{Comparisons of host mitochondrial, nuclear and endosymbiont bacterial genes reveal cryptic fig wasp species and the effects of Wolbachia on host mtDNA evolution and diversity}}, Journal = {{BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{11}}, Month = {{APR 1}}, Abstract = {{Background: Figs and fig-pollinating wasp species usually display a highly specific one-to-one association. However, more and more studies have revealed that the ``one-to-one{''} rule has been broken. Co-pollinators have been reported, but we do not yet know how they evolve. They may evolve from insect speciation induced or facilitated by Wolbachia which can manipulate host reproduction and induce reproductive isolation. In addition, Wolbachia can affect host mitochondrial DNA evolution, because of the linkage between Wolbachia and associated mitochondrial haplotypes, and thus confound host phylogeny based on mtDNA. Previous research has shown that fig wasps have the highest incidence of Wolbachia infection in all insect taxa, and Wolbachia may have great influence on fig wasp biology. Therefore, we look forward to understanding the influence of Wolbachia on mitochondrial DNA evolution and speciation in fig wasps. Results: We surveyed 76 pollinator wasp specimens from nine Ficus microcarpa trees each growing at a different location in Hainan and Fujian Provinces, China. We found that all wasps were morphologically identified as Eupristina verticillata, but diverged into three clades with 4.22-5.28\% mtDNA divergence and 2.29-20.72\% nuclear gene divergence. We also found very strong concordance between E. verticillata clades and Wolbachia infection status, and the predicted effects of Wolbachia on both mtDNA diversity and evolution by decreasing mitochondrial haplotypes. Conclusions: Our study reveals that the pollinating wasp E. verticillata on F. microcarpa has diverged into three cryptic species, and Wolbachia may have a role in this divergence. The results also indicate that Wolbachia strains infecting E. verticillata have likely resulted in selective sweeps on host mitochondrial DNA.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2148-11-86}}, Article-Number = {{86}}, ISSN = {{1471-2148}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cook, James/D-6423-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cook, James/0000-0001-8447-6126}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000289956300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000289808400008, Author = {Econopouly, Bethany F. and McKay, John K. and Westra, Philip and Lapitan, Nora L. V. and Chapman, Phillip L. and Byrne, Patrick F.}, Title = {{Backcrossing Provides an Avenue for Gene Introgression from Wheat to Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) in the U.S. Great Plains}}, Journal = {{WEED SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{188-194}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Jointed goatgrass is an exotic species introduced into the western United States from Eurasia. The weed is an agricultural pest infesting winter wheat fields and causing economic loss. Common ancestry between the two species enables interspecific hybridization, thus providing a mechanism for gene flow to occur. This can facilitate the accumulation of novel genes, which could increase the wild species' competitiveness with wheat and its ability to invade novel habitats. Interest in the development of transgenic wheat cultivars has increased the concern for interspecific gene flow. Gene introgression requires recurrent backcrossing to the weedy species after the initial hybridization event. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Colorado in 2007-2008 and 2008-2009, with jointed goatgrass acting as the sole source of viable pollen for fertilization of transplanted hybrid plants. Backcrossing rates were determined by conducting germination studies on spikes collected from a total of 206 hybrid plants. Pollination by jointed goatgrass led to the production of 463 BC, plants from seed produced on these 206 hybrid plants. Ninety-five percent confidence intervals estimate the rate of backcrossing at 0.028 to 0.306\% and 0.077 to 0.604\%, with medians of 0.062 and 0.152\%, respectively, at the two locations. The results demonstrate that backcrossing to jointed goatgrass can occur, despite low rates of hybrid fertility. Subsequent backcrossing would make it likely that a wheat gene conferring a selective advantage will introgress into the weedy population. For the U.S. Great Plains, it is possible that transgenic wheat cultivars will be released in the future and determining proper management of these cultivars is necessary to minimize hybridization and advantageous gene introgression into weedy relatives.}}, DOI = {{10.1614/WS-D-10-00141.1}}, ISSN = {{0043-1745}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McKay, John/K-3875-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{McKay, John/0000-0003-4311-5513}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000289808400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000288448400014, Author = {Abe, Tetsuto and Wada, Katsuyuki and Kato, Yuka and Makino, Shun'ichi and Okochi, Isamu}, Title = {{Alien pollinator promotes invasive mutualism in an insular pollination system}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{13}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{957-967}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The alien predatory lizard, Anolis carolinensis, has reduced the insect fauna on the two main islands of the Ogasawara archipelago in Japan. As a result of this disturbance, introduced honeybees are now the dominant visitors to flowers instead of endemic bees on these islands. On the other hand, satellite islands not invaded by alien anoles have retained the native flower visitors. The effects of pollinator change on plant reproduction were surveyed on these contrasting island groups. The total visitation rates and the number of interacting visitor groups on main islands were 63\% and 30\% lower than that on satellite islands, respectively. On the main islands, the honeybees preferred to visit alien flowers, whereas the dominant endemic bees on satellite islands tended to visit native flowers more frequently than alien flowers. These results suggest that alien anoles destroy the endemic pollination system and caused shift to alien mutualism. On the main islands, the natural fruit set of alien plants was significantly higher than that of native plants. In addition, the natural fruit set was positively correlated with the visitation rate of honeybees. Pollen limitation was observed in 53.3\% of endemic species but only 16.7\% of alien species. These data suggest that reproduction of alien plants was facilitated by the floral preference of introduced honeybees.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-010-9882-9}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000288448400014}}, } @article{ ISI:000287749600005, Author = {Tsvuura, Zivanai and Griffiths, Megan E. and Gunton, Richard M. and Lawes, Michael J.}, Title = {{Predator satiation and recruitment in a mast fruiting monocarpic forest herb}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{107}}, Number = {{3, SI}}, Pages = {{379-387}}, Month = {{MAR 11}}, Abstract = {{Background and Aims Cross-pollination and satiation of seed predators are often invoked to explain synchronous mast reproduction in long-lived plants. However, explanations for the synchronous death of parent plants are elusive. The roles of synchronous seeding and post-reproductive mortality were investigated in a perennial monocarpic herb (Isoglossa woodii) in coastal dune forest in South Africa. Methods Pre-dispersal seed predation and seed production were assessed by measuring fruit and seed set of inflorescences sprayed with insecticide or water and with no spray treatments. Seed predation was measured at different densities of I. woodii plants by monitoring removal rates of seed from the forest floor. The influence of adult plants on establishment of I. woodii seedlings was assessed by monitoring growth and survivorship of seedlings in caged and uncaged 1 x 1 m plots in understorey gaps and thickets. Key Results Fruit and seed set were similar between spray treatments. An I. woodii stem produced 767.8 +/- 160.8 seeds (mean +/- s.e.) on dune crests and 1359.0 +/- 234.4 seeds on the foredune. Seed rain was greater on the foredune than in other topographic locations. Seed predation rates were 32 and 54\% on dune crests and in dune slacks, respectively, and decreased with seed abundance, number of inflorescences per stem and plant height. Seedling recruitment was greater beneath synchronously dying adult plants than in natural understorey gaps (no I. woodii). However, seedling growth rate beneath I. woodii mid-way through its life-cycle was less than in gaps, although survivorship was similar. Conclusions The selective advantage of masting in I. woodii derives from satiation of both pre- and post-dispersal seed predators. In addition, post-seeding mortality of adult plants facilitates seedling establishment. Satiation of seed predators and the benefits of seedling establishment are strong drivers of the evolution of synchronous monocarpy in I. woodii.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcq262}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Griffiths, Megan/E-6017-2010 Lawes, Michael/N-2132-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Lawes, Michael/0000-0002-2381-6147 Gunton, Richard/0000-0002-7213-787X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000287749600005}}, } @article{ ISI:000292654700006, Author = {Vervoort, Arnaud and Cawoy, Valerie and Jacquemart, Anne-Laure}, Title = {{COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY IN CO-OCCURRING INVASIVE AND NATIVE IMPATIENS SPECIES}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{172}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{366-377}}, Month = {{MAR-APR}}, Abstract = {{Two alien Impatiens species are spreading in Europe and share habitats with the native Impatiens noli-tangere. We studied their reproductive biology to estimate which traits facilitate invasiveness. Flower morphology was examined, insect observations were made, and hand pollination treatments were performed. Floral biology differed among species. Impatiens glandulifera and I. noli-tangere presented large quantities of sucrose-dominant nectar, contrary to Impatiens parviflora. The latter had high autonomous selfing ability (81.4\% fruit set) linked to complete self-compatibility. No inbreeding depression was detected for this species. The second alien, I. glandulifera, showed lower autonomous selfing (9.3\% fruit set), with high self-compatibility and low inbreeding depression (delta = 0.11). No evidence of autonomous selfing was found for the native, which presented the lowest self-compatibility and the highest inbreeding depression (delta = 0.42). However, all species can be considered self-compatible. Impatiens glandulifera flowers were visited by insects up to 250 times during their life span, whereas I. noli-tangere and I. parviflora flowers received fewer than seven visits. Both exotics present traits facilitating reproductive success. Impatiens parviflora exhibits autonomous self-pollination, whereas the other species possess attractive traits with respect to insect pollination. On the other hand, the native, unable to self-pollinate, is poorly attractive to pollinators. The high fecundity of the aliens seems to contribute to their invasiveness.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/658152}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000292654700006}}, } @article{ ISI:000290529800018, Author = {Baldock, Katherine C. R. and Memmott, Jane and Ruiz-Guajardo, Juan Carlos and Roze, Denis and Stone, Graham N.}, Title = {{Daily temporal structure in African savanna flower visitation networks and consequences for network sampling}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{92}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{687-698}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Ecological interaction networks are a valuable approach to understanding plant-pollinator interactions at the community level. Highly structured daily activity patterns are a feature of the biology of many flower visitors, particularly provisioning female bees, which often visit different floral sources at different times. Such temporal structure implies that presence/absence and relative abundance of specific flower-visitor interactions (links) in interaction networks may be highly sensitive to the daily timing of data collection. Further, relative timing of interactions is central to their possible role in competition or facilitation of seed set among coflowering plants sharing pollinators. To date, however, no study has examined the network impacts of daily temporal variation in visitor activity at a community scale. Here we use temporally structured sampling to examine the consequences of daily activity patterns upon network properties using fully quantified flower-visitor interaction data for a Kenyan savanna habitat. Interactions were sampled at four sequential three-hour time intervals between 06:00 and 18:00, across multiple seasonal time points for two sampling sites. In all data sets the richness and relative abundance of links depended critically on when during the day visitation was observed. Permutation-based null modeling revealed significant temporal structure across daily time intervals at three of the four seasonal time points, driven primarily by patterns in bee activity. This sensitivity of network structure shows the need to consider daily time in network sampling design, both to maximize the probability of sampling links relevant to plant reproductive success and to facilitate appropriate interpretation of interspecific relationships. Our data also suggest that daily structuring at a community level could reduce indirect competitive interactions when coflowering plants share pollinators, as is commonly observed during flowering in highly seasonal habitats.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/10-1110.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Baldock, Katherine/J-8469-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Baldock, Katherine/0000-0001-6849-8747}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000290529800018}}, } @article{ ISI:000288582000002, Author = {McMullen, Conley K.}, Title = {{Nocturnal and diurnal pollination of Clerodendrum molle (Verbenaceae) in the Galapagos Islands}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{292}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{15-23}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The primary hypothesis of this study was that in the Galapagos Islands, fruit and seed set via nocturnal pollination would exceed that of diurnal pollination because of the greater insect activity at night typical of hot, arid regions. Clerodendrum molle, a widespread member of the Galapagos flora was submitted to pollination experiments, visitor observations, nectar sampling, pollen transfer studies, pollen ovule ratio studies, and pollen measurements. Flowers set fruit and seed via open pollination, autonomous autogamy, facilitated autogamy, facilitated cross-pollination, diurnal pollination, and nocturnal pollination. Results indicate no significant difference in fruit set. Cross-pollinated flowers showed a significant increase in seed set over all treatments except facilitated autogamy. Nocturnal and diurnal fruit and seed set did not differ significantly. Nocturnal visitors included ants, spiders, hawk moths, and roaches whereas diurnal visitors included carpenter bees and ants. Galapagos members of C. molle exhibit incomplete protandry and set fruit via autonomous autogamy as a result of natural selection in an environment with few faithful pollinators. Overall low fruit and seed set are likely because of a combination of pollen and resource limitation, the latter exacerbated by nectar robbing. Studies of island angiosperms are crucial for complete understanding of the population dynamics of indigenous plants, which can assist conservation officials in protecting these species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-010-0395-x}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000288582000002}}, } @article{ ISI:000287201700017, Author = {Culley, Theresa M. and Hardiman, Nicole A. and Hawks, Jennifer}, Title = {{The role of horticulture in plant invasions: how grafting in cultivars of Callery pear (Pyrus calleryana) can facilitate spread into natural areas}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{13}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{739-746}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Although few plant species escape from cultivation, some horticultural practices used with woody ornamentals may enhance their invasion potential into natural areas. One such procedure is grafting, in which individuals are propagated for commercial sale by joining a clone of a desired cultivar (the scion) with rootstock obtained from a different individual. If the rootstock can sprout and flower, it can potentially cross-pollinate the scion, leading to fruit production in a self-incompatible species. The effect of grafting on invasion success was examined in the Callery pear, Pyrus calleryana, one of the most popular landscaping trees in the United States. Using nine microsatellite markers, scion and rootstock were genotyped for 57 cultivated trees to characterize rootstock genotypes and the rootstock gene pool. Invasive populations were then sampled to determine if rootstock genotypes have contributed to their formation. In no case were scion and rootstock genotypes identical for any given cultivated tree and rootstock genotypes were genetically variable, although some cloned rootstock genotypes were detected. Rootstock genotypes were also observed in invasive populations, with up to 17\% of wild individuals having at least one rootstock parent. These results indicate that rootstock can contribute to the formation of invasive populations of the Callery pear through cross-pollination with other available genotypes. Future investigations of woody ornamentals propagated by grafting should consider this horticultural practice as a potential contributor to invasiveness. Furthermore, plant breeders are encouraged to assess the ability of rootstock to sprout as well as its cross-compatibility with the scion or other cultivar genotypes growing nearby.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-010-9864-y}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, EISSN = {{1573-1464}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000287201700017}}, } @article{ ISI:000288714000015, Author = {Neves, E. L. and Viana, B. F.}, Title = {{Pollination efficiency of Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) on the monoecious plants Jatropha mollissima (Pohl) Baill. and Jatropha mutabilis (Pohl) Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) in a semi-arid Caatinga area, northeastern Brazil}}, Journal = {{BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{71}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{107-113}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Previous studies have shown the superior competitive ability of honeybees compared with native bees in the exploitation of floral resources and nesting sites besides their low efficiency in pollinating native plant species. However, there is little evidence of the effect of this invading species on autochthonous plant populations in natural environments. Thus experiments were performed to test the pollination efficiency of honeybees in two species of Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae), J. mollissima (Pohl) Baill. and J. mutabilis (Pohl) Baill., after a single flower visitation. Samplings were carried out between March and April 2006 in a hyperxerophilous shrub-arboreal Caatinga at Estacao Biologica de Canudos, Bahia (9 degrees 56'34 `' S, 38 degrees 59'17 `' W), the property of Fundacao Biodiversitas. Apis mellifera was efficient at pollinating J. mollissima (100\%) and J. mutabilis (85\%). This high efficiency may be explained by 1) the simple floral characteristics of both plant species, which facilitate access to the sexual organs of the plant; and 2) the body size of A. mellifera that fits the flower's dimensions.}}, ISSN = {{1519-6984}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Viana, Blandina/M-6537-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Viana, Blandina/0000-0002-4924-1257}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000288714000015}}, } @article{ ISI:000286884500022, Author = {Sargent, Risa D. and Kembel, Steven W. and Emery, Nancy C. and Forrestel, Elisabeth J. and Ackerly, David D.}, Title = {{EFFECT OF LOCAL COMMUNITY PHYLOGENETIC STRUCTURE ON POLLEN LIMITATION IN AN OBLIGATELY INSECT-POLLINATED PLANT}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{283-289}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Premise of the study : Pollination is a key aspect of ecosystem function in the majority of land plant communities. It is well established that many animal-pollinated plants suffer lower seed set than they are capable of, likely because of competition for pollinators. Previously, competition for pollinator services has been shown to be most intense in communities with the greatest plant diversity. In spite of the fact that community evolutionary relations have a demonstrated impact on many ecological processes, their role in competition for pollinator services has rarely been examined. Methods : In this study, we explore relations among several aspects of the surrounding plant community, including species richness, phylodiversity, evolutionary distance from a focal species, and pollen limitation in an annual insect-pollinated plant. Key results : We did not find a significant effect of species richness on competition for pollination. However, consistent with a greater role for facilitation than competition, we found that a focal species occurring in communities composed of species of close relatives, especially other members of the Asteraceae, was less pollen limited than when it occurred in communities composed of more distant relatives. Conclusions : Our results demonstrate that community phylodiversity is an important correlate of pollen limitation in this system and that it has greater explanatory power than species richness alone.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.1000329}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ackerly, David/A-1247-2009 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ackerly, David/0000-0002-1847-7398 Kembel, Steven/0000-0001-5224-0952}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000286884500022}}, } @article{ ISI:000286468500027, Author = {Dai, Can and Galloway, Laura F.}, Title = {{Do dichogamy and herkogamy reduce sexual interference in a self-incompatible species?}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{25}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{271-278}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{P>1. Dichogamy and herkogamy respectively represent the temporal and spatial separation of male and female reproductive functions. They are regarded as mechanisms to avoid selfing, to promote outcrossing and, particularly in self-incompatible plants, to reduce sexual interference. However, little is known about the extent to which these mechanisms reduce sexual interference, and whether this reduction impacts fitness. 2. We studied patterns of dichogamy and herkogamy, their influence on sexual interference, and the fitness outcome in self-incompatible Passiflora incarnata. We manipulated flowers to be adichogamous or unisexual to evaluate fruit production under increased and decreased sexual interference. 3. Incomplete protandry guaranteed that almost half of the pollen could be successfully exported without interfering with the stigmas, indicating dichogamy may facilitate male pollination success. We found no difference in pollen deposition between natural and emasculated flowers, suggesting that herkogamy does not decrease self pollination. Increased herkogamy resulted in reduced pollen deposition and lower probability of setting fruits, however, a higher seed number. No difference in female fitness was detected under experimentally increased or decreased sexual interference. 4. Taken together, our results suggest that dichogamy is mostly driven by the advantage to male fitness and herkogamy is chiefly determined by female fitness. The lack of difference in female fitness under varied levels of sexual interference indicates that male function is more likely to play a role in shaping floral traits that reduce sexual interference.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01795.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000286468500027}}, } @article{ ISI:000287132300002, Author = {Johnson, Karen A. and McQuillan, Peter B. and Kirkpatrick, James B.}, Title = {{NOCTURNAL MAMMALS, DIURNAL LIZARDS, AND THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF THE CRYPTIC FLOWERING ACROTRICHE SERRULATA (ERICACEAE)}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{172}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{173-182}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Acrotriche serrulata exhibits a complex and uncommon form of flowering. It starts with a male-phase flower that shows secondary pollen presentation on the perianth and follows with a female phase after the corolla is removed or abscissed. We examined the potential for insects, lizards, and mammals to act as pollinators. Observations and experiments on breeding system, phenology, floral scent, flower visitors, and lizard feeding were undertaken in southern Australia. Acrotriche serrulata sets little fruit by autonomous selfing but readily sets fruit after facilitated geitonogamy and xenogamy. Flower anthesis is diurnal and nocturnal. The nectar profile includes acetaldehyde, ethanol, and ethyl acetate. The nocturnal mammals Trichosurus vulpecula and the introduced Rattus rattus were the only visitors observed to actively forage on the flowers. In contrast, the skinks Egernia whitii, Niveoscincus ocellatus, and Niveoscincus metallicus routinely passed flowers full of nectar and foraged only on those presented during feeding observations. Insects visited the flowers but did not behave as pollinators. Acrotriche serrulata is likely to be pollinated by nocturnal mammals attracted to its flowers by scent. Effective pollinators appear to be rare over some of its range. This may have implications for the long-term reproductive success and conservation of A. serrulata.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/657280}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McQuillan, Peter/C-2373-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000287132300002}}, } @article{ ISI:000286619300001, Author = {Hsu, Chia-Chi and Chung, Yu-Lin and Chen, Tien-Chih and Lee, Yu-Ling and Kuo, Yi-Tzu and Tsai, Wen-Chieh and Hsiao, Yu-Yun and Chen, Yun-Wen and Wu, Wen-Luan and Chen, Hong-Hwa}, Title = {{An overview of the Phalaenopsis orchid genome through BAC end sequence analysis}}, Journal = {{BMC PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{11}}, Month = {{JAN 6}}, Abstract = {{Background: Phalaenopsis orchids are popular floral crops, and development of new cultivars is economically important to floricultural industries worldwide. Analysis of orchid genes could facilitate orchid improvement. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences (BESs) can provide the first glimpses into the sequence composition of a novel genome and can yield molecular markers for use in genetic mapping and breeding. Results: We used two BAC libraries (constructed using the BamHI and HindIII restriction enzymes) of Phalaenopsis equestris to generate pair-end sequences from 2,920 BAC clones (71.4\% and 28.6\% from the BamHI and HindIII libraries, respectively), at a success rate of 95.7\%. A total of 5,535 BESs were generated, representing 4.5 Mb, or about 0.3\% of the Phalaenopsis genome. The trimmed sequences ranged from 123 to 1,397 base pairs (bp) in size, with an average edited read length of 821 bp. When these BESs were subjected to sequence homology searches, it was found that 641 (11.6\%) were predicted to represent protein-encoding regions, whereas 1,272 (23.0\%) contained repetitive DNA. Most of the repetitive DNA sequences were gypsy- and copia-like retrotransposons (41.9\% and 12.8\%, respectively), whereas only 10.8\% were DNA transposons. Further, 950 potential simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were discovered. Dinucleotides were the most abundant repeat motifs; AT/TA dimer repeats were the most frequent SSRs, representing 253 (26.6\%) of all identified SSRs. Microsynteny analysis revealed that more BESs mapped to the whole-genome sequences of poplar than to those of grape or Arabidopsis, and even fewer mapped to the rice genome. This work will facilitate analysis of the Phalaenopsis genome, and will help clarify similarities and differences in genome composition between orchids and other plant species. Conclusion: Using BES analysis, we obtained an overview of the Phalaenopsis genome in terms of gene abundance, the presence of repetitive DNA and SSR markers, and the extent of microsynteny with other plant species. This work provides a basis for future physical mapping of the Phalaenopsis genome and advances our knowledge thereof.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2229-11-3}}, Article-Number = {{3}}, ISSN = {{1471-2229}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000286619300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000290402900003, Author = {Shapcott, Alison and Powell, Michael}, Title = {{Demographic structure, genetic diversity and habitat distribution of the endangered, Australian rainforest tree Macadamia jansenii help facilitate an introduction program}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{215-225}}, Abstract = {{Macadamia jansenii is endemic to south-east Queensland, Australia, and is currently known from a single population 180 km north of the nearest wild population of its congener, the edible Macadamia integrifolia. A recently developed Macadamia recovery plan identified that this population was under significant threat and recommended a reintroduction program to safeguard against chance extinction of the single wild population. This study undertook demographic population census surveys, genetic analysis, habitat analysis and niche modelling to determine the potential long-term viability for the species, and to guide search and reintroduction programs. We expanded the known population size of the species to similar to 60 individuals (1 m and taller) spread over a 900-m distance along a single creek clumped into three subpopulations. There was moderate genetic diversity in the species and the subpopulations showed little genetic differentiation. We developed a potential habitat model combining abiotic variables and vegetation associations, and mapped areas of potentially suitable habitat for M. jansenii within its local area. These maps are being used to target searches for other populations and to guide the location of introduction populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT10132}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000290402900003}}, } @article{ ISI:000290502800006, Author = {Ronnenberg, Katrin and Hensen, Isabell and Wesche, Karsten}, Title = {{Contrasting effects of precipitation and fertilization on seed viability and production of Stipa krylovii in Mongolia}}, Journal = {{BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{141-151}}, Abstract = {{In drylands, primary production is predominantly limited by water availability; however, there is evidence for co-limitation by nutrients. We tested whether improved water and nutrient availability facilitate reproduction of dominant steppe species, and studied the effects of increased moisture and fertilization on seed production of the steppe grass Stipa krylovii. Effects of water availability on seed production and seed viability were investigated in a large-scale study on three sites with decreasing precipitation in Mongolia, over three to five consecutive years. In dry southern Mongolia, we additionally conducted an in situ irrigation and fertilization experiment to clarify the role of environmentally induced effects on seed production. Seed viability of S. krylovii was negatively correlated with annual precipitation over five years at the driest study site. The relation between annual precipitation and seed viability in the large-scale study was not as clear, however, in the two moister regions there was a trend of lower seed viability. Experimental irrigation also significantly decreased seed viability and seed mass. Seed production per hectare was not affected by irrigation, while fertilization resulted in a more than fivefold increase in both seed weight and number of viable seeds. The underlying mechanisms for these unexpected results were not investigated. However, a switch from cleistogamous pollination under dry conditions to less effective cross-pollination in moist years may be an explanation. Our data indicate that plant reproduction may show complex and unexpected reactions, and that nutrient limitation must be considered in global change scenarios even for dry regions.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.baae.2010.12.002}}, ISSN = {{1439-1791}}, EISSN = {{1618-0089}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000290502800006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000287943700005, Author = {Abe, Harue and Ueno, Saneyoshi and Tsumura, Yoshihiko and Hasegawa, Masami}, Editor = {{Isagi, Y and Suyama, Y}}, Title = {{Expanded Home Range of Pollinator Birds Facilitates Greater Pollen Flow of Camellia japonica in a Forest Heavily Damaged by Volcanic Activity}}, Booktitle = {{SINGLE-POLLEN GENOTYPING}}, Year = {{2011}}, Pages = {{47-62}}, Note = {{54th Annual Meeting of the Ecological-Society-of-Japan, Matsuyama, JAPAN, MAR 19-23, 2007}}, Organization = {{Ecolog Soc Japan}}, DOI = {{10.1007/978-4-431-53901-8\_5}}, ISBN = {{978-4-431-53900-1}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000287943700005}}, } @article{ ISI:000287201400009, Author = {Mangla, Yash and Tandon, Rajesh}, Title = {{Insects facilitate wind pollination in pollen-limited Crateva adansonii (Capparaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{61-69}}, Abstract = {{Low fruit-set in obligately outbreeding plant species is attributed to a variety of reasons that can be ascertained from reproductive studies. In the present work, the causes of poor natural fruit-set in Crateva adansonii DC. were investigated. Floral biology, the role of wind and insects in pollination and the breeding system of the species were studied in two natural populations for three consecutive seasons (2006-08). The flowers exhibited traits conducive to a mixture of wind and insect pollination (ambophily). Although a variety of insects visited the flowers, they were ineffective in pollinating. Nevertheless, active foraging by the honeybees (Apis dorsata, A. mellifera and A. cerana indica) facilitated enhanced pollen dispersal in the air and resulted in indirect pollination by wind. Airborne pollen grains pollinated the plants only up to 10 m. Fruit-set from open pollination was comparable to wind-pollinated flowers. Supplemental pollination treatments established the occurrence of strong self-incompatibility (SI) (index of SI = 0.14). Spontaneous autogamy was prevented by pronounced herkogamy. Low natural fecundity in C. adansonii is due to pollination failure, pollen limitation (pollen limitation index = 0.98) and the sparse distribution of the conspecifics; partial SI may partly ensure reproductive assurance through geitonogamy. In the absence of a pollinator wind appears to act as a secondary mode of pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT10174}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000287201400009}}, } @article{ ISI:000284953600007, Author = {Dawson, Ian K. and Vinceti, Barbara and Weber, John C. and Neufeldt, Henry and Russell, Joanne and Lengkeek, Ard G. and Kalinganire, Antoine and Kindt, Roeland and Lilleso, Jens-Peter B. and Roshetko, Jim and Jamnadass, Ramni}, Title = {{Climate change and tree genetic resource management: maintaining and enhancing the productivity and value of smallholder tropical agroforestry landscapes. A review}}, Journal = {{AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{67-78}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Anthropogenic climate change has significant consequences for the sustainability and productivity of agroforestry ecosystems upon which millions of smallholders in the tropics depend and that provide valuable global services. We here consider the current state of knowledge of the impacts of climate change on tree genetic resources and implications for action in a smallholder setting. Required measures to respond to change include: (1) the facilitated translocation of environmentally-matched germplasm across appropriate geographic scales, (2) the elevation of effective population sizes of tree stands through the promotion of pollinators and other farm management interventions; and (3) the use of a wider range of `plastic' species and populations for planting. Key bottlenecks to response that are discussed here include limitations in the international exchange of tree seed and seedlings, and the absence of well-functioning delivery systems to provide smallholders with better-adapted planting material. Greater research on population-level environmental responses in indigenous tree species is important, and more studies of animal pollinators in farm landscapes are required. The development of well-functioning markets for new products that farmers can grow in order to mitigate and adapt to anthropogenic climate change must also consider genetic resource issues, as we describe.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10457-010-9302-2}}, ISSN = {{0167-4366}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Lilleso, Jens-Peter Barnekow/F-4455-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Lilleso, Jens-Peter Barnekow/0000-0003-1418-3496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000284953600007}}, } @article{ ISI:000285136700013, Author = {Yang, Suann and Ferrari, Matthew J. and Shea, Katriona}, Title = {{Pollinator Behavior Mediates Negative Interactions between Two Congeneric Invasive Plant Species}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{177}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{110-118}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Simultaneously flowering plant species may indirectly interact with each other by influencing the quantity of pollinator visitation and/or the quality of pollen that is transferred. These effects on pollination may depend on how pollinators respond to floral resources at multiple levels. In this study, we demonstrate pollinator-mediated negative interactions between two invasive plants, Carduus acanthoides and Carduus nutans. Using constructed arrays of the two species, alone and in mixture, we quantified pollinator visitation at the patch and individual plant levels and measured seed production. We found that co-occurrence of our species led to a shift in pollinator services at both levels. Greater interference occurred when arrays were small and spacings between neighboring plants were large. A spatially explicit movement model suggests that pollinator foraging behavior, which mediates the interactions between plants, was driven by floral display size rather than species identity per se. Pollinator behavior significantly reduced the proportion of seed set for both species relative to that in single-species arrays. Overall, the dependence of pollinator behavior on patch size, spacing between plants, and patch composition can lead to pollinator-mediated plant interactions that range from facilitative to competitive.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/657433}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Shea, Katriona/B-7954-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Shea, Katriona/0000-0002-7607-8248}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285136700013}}, } @article{ ISI:000285413500002, Author = {Sun, Hai-Qin and Huang, Bao-Qiang and Yu, Xiao-Hong and Kou, Yong and An, De-Jun and Luo, Yi-Bo and Ge, Song}, Title = {{Reproductive isolation and pollination success of rewarding Galearis diantha and non-rewarding Ponerorchis chusua (Orchidaceae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{107}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{39-47}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Background and Aims Increasing evidence challenges the conventional perception that orchids are the most distinct example of floral diversification due to floral or prezygotic isolation. Regarding the relationship between co-flowering plants, rewarding and non-rewarding orchids in particular, few studies have investigated whether non-rewarding plants affect the pollination success of rewarding plants. Here, floral isolation and mutual effects between the rewarding orchid Galearis diantha and the non-rewarding orchid Ponerorchis chusua were investigated. Methods Flowering phenological traits were monitored by noting the opening and wilting dates of the chosen individual plants. The pollinator pool and pollinator behaviour were assessed from field observations. Key morphological traits of the flowers and pollinators were measured directly in the field. Pollinator limitation and interspecific compatibility were evaluated by hand-pollination experiments. Fruit set was surveyed in monospecific and heterospecific plots. Key Results The species had overlapping peak flowering periods. Pollinators of both species displayed a certain degree of constancy in visiting each species, but they also visited other flowers before landing on the focal orchids. A substantial difference in spur size between the species resulted in the deposition of pollen on different regions of the body of the shared pollinator. Hand-pollination experiments revealed that fruit set was strongly pollinator-limited in both species. No significant difference in fruit set was found between monospecific plots and heterospecific plots. Conclusions A combination of mechanical isolation and incomplete ethological isolation eliminates the possibility of pollen transfer between the species. These results do not support either the facilitation or competition hypothesis regarding the effect of nearby rewarding flowers on non-rewarding plants. The absence of a significant effect of non-rewarding P. chusua on rewarding G. diantha can be ascribed to low levels of overlap between the pollinator pools of two species.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcq210}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285413500002}}, } @article{ ISI:000299187500008, Author = {Padron, Benigno and Nogales, Manuel and Traveset, Anna}, Title = {{Alternative approaches of transforming bimodal into unimodal mutualistic networks. The usefulness of preserving weighted information}}, Journal = {{BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{713-721}}, Abstract = {{Pollination and seed dispersal networks are by definition bimodal, linking two sets of species, plants and animals. Bimodal networks are often analysed after being transformed into unimodal ones, since most attributes in network theory are defined for the latter. Such unimodal projections (e.g. of plants sharing flower visitors or seed dispersers) map potential inter-specific competition or facilitation, and can thus be useful for instance when identifying native species potentially sensitive to aliens in the communities. In this work, we introduce procedures to project unweighted and weighted bimodal networks into unimodals, for animals or plants, and calculate two centrality measures that inform us about the species' role in the communities. By using 20 empirical weighted networks worldwide, we obtained 160 unimodal networks via four projection methods and evaluated correlations among centrality parameters across the different methodologies to assess how consistent the results are when including different link weights between species. Degree centralities obtained by projecting unweighted and weighted bimodal networks were not significantly correlated, suggesting that the role of the species differs when considering link weights in the original bimodal networks. By contrast, betweenness centralities were highly correlated, indicating the consistent importance of the species as connectors regardless of the projection method used. We conclude that preserving the weighted information when transforming bimodal into unimodal networks may allow us to make more realistic predictions on the potential competitive or facilitative interactions among species of one set (e.g. plants) that share species of the other (e.g. flower visitors or dispersers).}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.baae.2011.09.004}}, ISSN = {{1439-1791}}, EISSN = {{1618-0089}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Nogales, Manuel/I-9831-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Nogales, Manuel/0000-0002-5327-3104}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000299187500008}}, } @article{ ISI:000285301100010, Author = {van Dam, Nicole M. and Heil, Martin}, Title = {{Multitrophic interactions below and above ground: en route to the next level}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{77-88}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{P>1. Plants mediate multiple interactions between below-ground (BG) and above-ground (AG) heterotrophic communities that have no direct physical contact. These interactions can be positive or negative from the perspective of each player, can go from the BG to the AG community or vice versa, and comprise representatives of different phyla. Here we highlight emerging general patterns and discuss future research directions. 2. Ecologists initially postulated that root herbivores induce general stress responses, which increase the levels of primary (nutritional) compounds in the undamaged plant compartment and thereby facilitate future attack by AG herbivores. However, damage can also reduce the levels of primary compounds or increase contents of secondary (defensive) metabolites. Both effects may cause resistance phenotypes that play an important role in mediating BG-AG interactions. Systemically induced resistance does not only affect other herbivores but also pathogens in the AG and BG compartment and may inhibit beneficial organisms such as natural enemies of herbivores, microbial root symbionts and pollinators. Conversely, symbiotic mutualists such as mycorrhiza and rhizobia may affect AG and BG defence levels. Finally, BG-AG interactions may be costly if they impede optimal defence strategies in the undamaged compartment. 3. Synthesis. In order to better understand the adaptive value of BG-AG induced responses for the players involved and to identify the driving evolutionary forces, we need a better integration of studies at the community level with experiments on model systems that allow unravelling the genetic and physiological mechanisms of BG-AG interactions. Experiments preferably should be carried out at realistic densities and using the natural temporal sequence at which the various associations are established, because we can expect plants to be adapted only to events that are common over evolutionary time spans. Detailed mechanistic knowledge will help to reproduce relevant interactions in experiments that study multiple species in the field. This step will ultimately allow us to evaluate the importance of plant-mediated interactions between BG and AG communities for the fitness of the species involved and for the structuring of natural communities.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01761.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{van Dam, Nicole/B-3281-2008 Heil, Martin/I-1797-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{van Dam, Nicole/0000-0003-2622-5446 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285301100010}}, } @article{ ISI:000285301100021, Author = {Kaiser-Bunbury, Christopher N. and Valentin, Terence and Mougal, James and Matatiken, Denis and Ghazoul, Jaboury}, Title = {{The tolerance of island plant-pollinator networks to alien plants}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{202-213}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{P>1. Invasive alien plant species pose a severe threat to native plant communities world-wide, especially on islands. While many studies focus on the direct impact of alien plants on native systems, indirect effects of plant invaders on co-flowering natives, for example through competition for pollination services, are less well studied and the results are variable. 2. We used six temporally and taxonomically highly resolved plant-pollinator networks from the island of Mahe, Seychelles, to investigate the indirect impact of invasive alien plant species on remnant native plant communities mediated by shared pollinators. We employed fully quantitative network parameters and information on plant reproductive success, and pollinator diversity and behaviour, to detect changes in plant-pollinator networks along an invasion gradient. 3. The number of visits to and fruit set of native plants did not change with invasion intensity. Weighted plant linkage and interaction evenness, however, was lower at invaded sites than at less invaded sites. These patterns were primarily driven by shifts in interactions of the most common pollinator, the introduced honey bee Apis mellifera, while weak interactions and strong native interactions remained unchanged. 4. Synthesis. The implications of these findings are twofold: first, quantitative network parameters are important tools for detecting underlying biological patterns. Secondly, alien plants and pollinators may play a greater role in shaping network structure at high than low levels of invasion. We could not show, however, whether the presence of invasive plants result in a simplification of plant-pollinator networks that is detrimental to native plants and pollinators alike.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01732.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Frankel, Victor/F-7943-2011 Kaiser-Bunbury, Christopher/C-5038-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285301100021}}, } @article{ ISI:000285090000021, Author = {Leonard, Anne S. and Dornhaus, Anna and Papaj, Daniel R.}, Title = {{Flowers help bees cope with uncertainty: signal detection and the function of floral complexity}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{214}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{113-121}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Plants often attract pollinators with floral displays composed of visual, olfactory, tactile and gustatory stimuli. Since pollinators' responses to each of these stimuli are usually studied independently, the question of why plants produce multi-component floral displays remains relatively unexplored. Here we used signal detection theory to test the hypothesis that complex displays reduce a pollinator's uncertainty about the floral signal. Specifically, we asked whether one component of the floral display, scent, improved a bee's certainty about the value of another component, color hue. We first trained two groups of bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson) to discriminate between rewarding and unrewarding artificial flowers of slightly different hues in the presence vs absence of scent. In a test phase, we presented these bees with a gradient of floral hues and assessed their ability to identify the hue rewarded during training. We interpreted the extent to which bees' preferences were biased away from the unrewarding hue ('peak shift') as an indicator of uncertainty in color discrimination. Our data show that the presence of an olfactory signal reduces uncertainty regarding color: not only was color learning facilitated on scented flowers but also bees showed a lower amount of peak shift in the presence of scent. We explore potential mechanisms by which scent might reduce uncertainty about color, and discuss the broader significance of our results for our understanding of signal evolution.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.047407}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285090000021}}, } @article{ ISI:000284951900018, Author = {Malladi, Anish and Johnson, Lisa Klima}, Title = {{Expression profiling of cell cycle genes reveals key facilitators of cell production during carpel development, fruit set, and fruit growth in apple (Malusxdomestica Borkh.)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{62}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{205-219}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Cell production is an essential facilitator of fruit growth and development. Cell production during carpel/floral-tube growth, fruit set, and fruit growth, and its regulation by cell cycle genes were investigated in apple (Malusxdomestica Borkh.). Cell production was inhibited during late carpel/floral-tube development, resulting in growth arrest before bloom. Fruit set re-activated cell production between 8 d and 11 d after full bloom (DAFB) and triggered fruit growth. The early phase of fruit growth involved rapid cell production followed by exit from cell proliferation at similar to 24 DAFB. Seventy-one cell cycle genes were identified, and expression of 59 genes was investigated using quantitative RT-PCR. Changes in expression of 19 genes were consistently associated with transitions in cell production during carpel/floral-tube growth, fruit set, and fruit growth. Fourteen genes, including B-type cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and A2-, B1-, and B2-type cyclins, were positively associated with cell production, suggesting that availability of G2/M phase regulators of the cell cycle is limiting for cell proliferation. Enhanced expression of five genes including that of the putative CDK inhibitors, MdKRP4 and MdKRP5, was associated with reduced cell production. Exit from cell proliferation at G0/G1 during fruit growth was facilitated by multiple mechanisms including down-regulation of putative regulators of G1/S and G2/M phase progression and up-regulation of KRP genes. Interestingly, two CDKA genes and several CDK-activating factors were up-regulated during this period, suggesting functions for these genes in mediating exit from cell proliferation at G0/G1. Together, the data indicate that cell cycle genes are important facilitators of cell production during apple fruit development.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jxb/erq258}}, ISSN = {{0022-0957}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000284951900018}}, } @article{ ISI:000293654700003, Author = {Biko'o, Armand A. and du Plessis, Dawid G. C. and Myburgh, Willem J.}, Title = {{Population size, structure and habitat features of Haworthia koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi, an endemic plant from Mpumalanga Province, South Africa}}, Journal = {{KOEDOE}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{53}}, Number = {{1}}, Abstract = {{Haworthia koelmaniorum Oberm. \& D. S. Hardy var. mcmurtryi (C.L.Scott) M. B. Bayer is an endemic plant restricted to the high-lying areas of Mpumalanga Province in South Africa. There is a serious lack of information on this species; it was known from only two populations at the time of the study but this information did not include population sizes and structures or its habitat requirements. A total count was conducted of one of the two populations to determine its size. Recorded plants were classified into age groups - according to their size and number of leaves - to determine the population structure. A detailed investigation of the habitat features of the studied population was also conducted. It was found that the studied population consisted of 1284 individuals and comprised approximately 4\% seedlings, 12\% juveniles and 84\% mature plants. The species was found to have specialised habitat requirements, occurring only on red rhyolite of the Selons River Formation. The plants were also found to select very specific habitat features within their range of occurrence. The species also seems to be adapted to fire and has developed strategies to survive fire events. It is recommended that future research projects on this species use the same methods and age groups as this study to facilitate comparison. It is also recommended that more research be initiated to determine the population and seed viability, specific pollinators and the optimum fire frequency and intensity for this species. Conservation implications: This article provides baseline information related to the size, structure and habitat features of one of two known populations of Haworthia koelmaniorum var. mcmurtryi. This information will contribute to the understanding of the ecology of this plant, thus contributing to better management decisions to enhance its in situ conservation.}}, DOI = {{10.4102/koedoe.v53i1.1025}}, Article-Number = {{1025}}, ISSN = {{0075-6458}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000293654700003}}, } @article{ ISI:000293792400020, Author = {Wragg, Peter D. and Johnson, Steven D.}, Title = {{Transition from wind pollination to insect pollination in sedges: experimental evidence and functional traits}}, Journal = {{NEW PHYTOLOGIST}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{191}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{1128-1140}}, Abstract = {{Transitions from wind pollination to insect pollination were pivotal to the radiation of land plants, yet only a handful are known and the trait shifts required are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that a transition to insect pollination took place in the ancestrally wind-pollinated sedges (Cyperaceae) and that floral traits modified during this transition have functional significance. We paired putatively insect-pollinated Cyperus obtusiflorus and Cyperus sphaerocephalus with related, co-flowering, co-occurring wind-pollinated species, and compared pairs in terms of pollination mode and functional roles of floral traits. Experimentally excluding insects reduced seed set by 56-89\% in putatively insect-pollinated species but not in intermingled wind-pollinated species. The pollen of putatively insect-pollinated species was less motile in a wind tunnel than that of wind-pollinated species. Bees, beetles and flies preferred inflorescences, and color-matched white or yellow models, of putatively insect-pollinated species over inflorescences, or color-matched brown models, of wind-pollinated species. Floral scents of putatively insect-pollinated species were chemically consistent with those of other insect-pollinated plants, and attracted pollinators; wind-pollinated species were unscented. These results show that a transition from wind pollination to insect pollination occurred in sedges and shed new light on the function of traits involved in this important transition.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03762.x}}, ISSN = {{0028-646X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wragg, Peter/C-8385-2009 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wragg, Peter/0000-0003-2361-4286 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000293792400020}}, } @article{ ISI:000287667300016, Author = {Zhang, Yan-Wen and Zhao, Ji-Min and Wang, Yong}, Title = {{The dynamics of pollen removal and deposition, and its effects on sexual phases in a protandrous plant: Glechoma longituba (Lamiaceae)}}, Journal = {{NORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{105-111}}, Abstract = {{The duration of sexual phases in dichogamous plants are affected by many factors. Using both experimental and observational studies, we investigated natural patterns of pollen removal and deposition, visiting frequency of pollinators, patterns of nectar secretion, and effects of pollen removal and stigmatic pollen deposition on the duration of sexual phases in a protandrous plant, Glechoma longituba. We found that visiting frequency of pollinators correlated with the nectar secretion pattern. The nectar volume during the male phase was higher than during the female phase. In the morning, the main pollinator, the bee Anthophora plumipes, mainly foraged for nectar and showed no preference for flowers in male or female phase, despite male phase flowers producing higher amounts of nectar. However, in the afternoon, they changed their behavior and foraged mainly for pollen, and then showed a preference for flowers in male phase. Furthermore, the rates of pollen removal and stigmatic pollen deposition can affect the starting time and the duration of the female phase. When pollen removal and pollination rates are low due to scarcity of pollinator services, the sexual phase can be prolonged, leading to an overlap, and thereby enhance the chance for sexual reproduction through pollinator-facilitated self-pollination. We consider the variation of sexual phases in Glechoma longituba an adaptive mechanism prepared for both cross-pollination enhancement and reproductive assurance depending on the available pollination services.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1756-1051.2010.00798.x}}, ISSN = {{0107-055X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000287667300016}}, } @article{ ISI:000292017900005, Author = {Czarnecka, Bozenna}, Title = {{FORMATION AND DYNAMICS OF THE METAPOPULATION OF SENECIO RIVULARIS (WALDST. \& KIT.) DC. (ASTERACEAE) AT THE LIMIT OF ITS GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE: WHERE, WHEN, BY WHAT MEANS?}}, Journal = {{POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{263-278}}, Abstract = {{In the studies on the metapopulation system two aspects are important: cognitive and practical. The former indicates that a metapopulation is a demographic structure of a higher level than coenotic or local populations and aims at recognition of relations between particular populations of a given species. The practical aspect reflects the issues of the dynamics and/or the extinction rate in particular populations and indicates potential habitats which can be colonized. The study of the Senecio rivularis metapopulation is created by relatively abundant population of ragwort in the Roztocze Highlands, Roztocze National Park, south-eastern Poland, recognized as the source population and three other called marginal or sink populations as well as potentially suitable habitats which are distributed as islands in adjacent hydrogenic areas. The distances between particular populations range from 1.3 to 6.5 km. As a long-lived, iteroparous rhizomatous clonal plant, insect-pollinated and anemochoric one, so having adaptations both for `escape in time' and `escape in space', S. rivularis may be treated as the model object of the study on the metapopulation level. The following hypotheses were put forward: (1) the spatial pattern, size and life-stage structures of particular populations reflect the time of their origin in the meta-system; (2) hydrochory is a complementary or alternative way of migration of anemochoric diaspores; (3) local watercourses and hydro-technical activity affect the formation and dynamics of S. rivularis metapopulation. The multi-aspect studies of the source population were conducted in the years 1987-2007. They aimed to establish the density, spatial pattern and life-stage structure of the S. rivularis population, both at a large scale, i.e. in the whole population (three times) and at a small scale, i.e. on the level of three particular clumps (four times). The size structure of generative genets and ramets in the whole population was elaborated five times. In the greatest of the other populations in the meta-system, the size structure was elaborated twice (2002, 2007) while the study of spatial and life-stage structures was done only once, in the first period, because of the disturbance of a greater part of the population in the next years. In the two remaining localities all plants were counted thanks to small abundance of the populations. Considerable changes in the spatial organization and life-stage structure of genets in the source and sink populations exhibited that colonization in the meta-system of S. rivularis proceeds in accordance with an island model of the `stepping stone' type, downstream the river. Renaturalization of water relations of river catchment areas and construction of the so-called small retention objects affect the formation and dynamics of S. rivularis metapopulation which reflects at least some dynamics phases observed at the level of the source population: progressive, stable, fluctuation and/or regressive, and extinction phases. Knowledge of the density, life-stage and size structures of plants in a population facilitates a highly reliable determination of the development phase of a given local population in the meta-system and prognosis of its future.}}, ISSN = {{1505-2249}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000292017900005}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000313331500027, Author = {Coggeshall, M. V.}, Editor = {{Hummer, KE}}, Title = {{Use of Microsatellite Markers to Develop New Eastern Black Walnut Cultivars in Missouri, USA}}, Booktitle = {{XXVIII INTERNATIONAL HORTICULTURAL CONGRESS ON SCIENCE AND HORTICULTURE FOR PEOPLE (IHC2010): III INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES}}, Series = {{Acta Horticulturae}}, Year = {{2011}}, Volume = {{918}}, Pages = {{221-226}}, Note = {{28th International Horticultural Congress on Science and Horticulture for People (IHC) / International Symposium on Plant Protection / 3rd International Symposium on Plant Genetic Resources, Lisbon, PORTUGAL, AUG 22-27, 2010}}, Abstract = {{Eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), is valued both for its edible nuts and high quality timber. Production of black walnut nutmeats is centered in the western portion of the species' native range and primarily derived from wild sources. An applied breeding program focused on the development of improved black walnut nut cultivars was initiated at the University of Missouri in 1996. Initially, a base population of 84 nut cultivars was assembled, represented by 161 total trees in three replicated clonal repositories. Microsatellite markers have been repeatedly used to define levels of genetic diversity within this collection, as well as facilitate breeding program activities. All base population trees were fingerprinted using 10 microsatellite markers in 2004. Results suggested that the collection actually contained 61 different cultivars, rather than 84 as originally defined. This 27\% error rate was attributed to past propagation errors, due to the fact that most scion sources were obtained from non-commercial sources. These fingerprint results were also compared using phenological descriptors. In cases when two trees shared similar, but not identical fingerprints, date of first pollen shed and first pistillate bloom more accurately reflected actual cultivar differences in comparison to season length and mean pistillate bloom date. To facilitate breeding program goals, microsatellites have been employed to identify full siblings within a large open pollinated seedling family for the purpose of creating the first mapping population for the species. To date, 787 seedlings have been genotyped representing 17 known pollen parents. In addition, microsatellites were used to confirm the parentage of 121 control pollinated seedlings. Overall, for nearly 10\% of these hand-pollinated trees (12/121) the assumed parentage was at least partially incorrect, which demonstrates the value of using currently available microsatellite fingerprinting techniques to conserve and improve this important hardwood tree species.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{978-90-66055-54-4}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000313331500027}}, } @article{ ISI:000285793200077, Author = {Yoder, Matthew J. and Miko, Istvan and Seltmann, Katja C. and Bertone, Matthew A. and Deans, Andrew R.}, Title = {{A Gross Anatomy Ontology for Hymenoptera}}, Journal = {{PLOS ONE}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{5}}, Number = {{12}}, Month = {{DEC 29}}, Abstract = {{Hymenoptera is an extraordinarily diverse lineage, both in terms of species numbers and morphotypes, that includes sawflies, bees, wasps, and ants. These organisms serve critical roles as herbivores, predators, parasitoids, and pollinators, with several species functioning as models for agricultural, behavioral, and genomic research. The collective anatomical knowledge of these insects, however, has been described or referred to by labels derived from numerous, partially overlapping lexicons. The resulting corpus of information-millions of statements about hymenopteran phenotypes-remains inaccessible due to language discrepancies. The Hymenoptera Anatomy Ontology (HAO) was developed to surmount this challenge and to aid future communication related to hymenopteran anatomy. The HAO was built using newly developed interfaces within mx, a Web-based, open source software package, that enables collaborators to simultaneously contribute to an ontology. Over twenty people contributed to the development of this ontology by adding terms, genus differentia, references, images, relationships, and annotations. The database interface returns an Open Biomedical Ontology (OBO) formatted version of the ontology and includes mechanisms for extracting candidate data and for publishing a searchable ontology to the Web. The application tools are subject-agnostic and may be used by others initiating and developing ontologies. The present core HAO data constitute 2,111 concepts, 6,977 terms (labels for concepts), 3,152 relations, 4,361 sensus (links between terms, concepts, and references) and over 6,000 text and graphical annotations. The HAO is rooted with the Common Anatomy Reference Ontology (CARO), in order to facilitate interoperability with and future alignment to other anatomy ontologies, and is available through the OBO Foundry ontology repository and BioPortal. The HAO provides a foundation through which connections between genomic, evolutionary developmental biology, phylogenetic, taxonomic, and morphological research can be actualized. Inherent mechanisms for feedback and content delivery demonstrate the effectiveness of remote, collaborative ontology development and facilitate future refinement of the HAO.}}, DOI = {{10.1371/journal.pone.0015991}}, Article-Number = {{e15991}}, ISSN = {{1932-6203}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Deans, Andrew/0000-0002-2119-4663}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285793200077}}, } @article{ ISI:000284502100002, Author = {Pellissier, Loic and Vittoz, Pascal and Internicola, Antonina Ingrid and Gigord, Luc Daniel Bienvenu}, Title = {{Generalized food-deceptive orchid species flower earlier and occur at lower altitudes than rewarding ones}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{3}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{243-250}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Aims Food-deceptive pollination, in which plants do not offer any food reward to their pollinators, is common within the Orchidaceae. As food-deceptive orchids are poorer competitors for pollinator visitation than rewarding orchids, their occurrence in a given habitat may be more constrained than that of rewarding orchids. In particular, the success of deceptive orchids strongly relies on several biotic factors such as interactions with co-flowering rewarding species and pollinators, which may vary with altitude and over time. Our study compares generalized food-deceptive (i.e. excluding sexually deceptive) and rewarding orchids to test whether (i) deceptive orchids flower earlier compared to their rewarding counterparts and whether (ii) the relative occurrence of deceptive orchids decreases with increasing altitude. Methods To compare the flowering phenology of rewarding and deceptive orchids, we analysed data compiled from the literature at the species level over the occidental Palaearctic area. Since flowering phenology can be constrained by the latitudinal distribution of the species and by their phylogenetic relationships, we accounted for these factors in our analysis. To compare the altitudinal distribution of rewarding and deceptive orchids, we used field observations made over the entire Swiss territory and over two Swiss mountain ranges. Important Findings We found that deceptive orchid species start flowering earlier than rewarding orchids do, which is in accordance with the hypotheses of exploitation of naive pollinators and/or avoidance of competition with rewarding co-occurring species. Also, the relative frequency of deceptive orchids decreases with altitude, suggesting that deception may be less profitable at high compared to low altitude.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jpe/rtq012}}, ISSN = {{1752-9921}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pellissier, Loic/J-2563-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Pellissier, Loic/0000-0002-2289-8259}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000284502100002}}, } @article{ ISI:000284427500003, Author = {Pellegrino, Giuseppe and Bellusci, Francesca and Musacchio, Aldo}, Title = {{Strong post-pollination pre-zygotic isolation between sympatric, food-deceptive Mediterranean orchids}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{281-289}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Mediterranean orchids that grow in admixed, co-flowering populations, and frequently show hybrid progenies are interesting to use to study the nature and the strength of post-zygotic barriers. However, examination of pre- and post-pollination pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms requires sympatric, co-flowering species pairs that do not produce hybrid swarms. In this study, we analyzed a contact zone between Orchis italica and O. papilionacea, in which hybrid forms have never been reported, although hybridization between members of their groups of appurtenance has been signaled. We investigated pre-pollination barriers observing the floral phenology of both species and identified pollinators by means of molecular analysis of pollinaria collected on the insects captured in the study site. Post-pollination barriers were tested performing manual crosses in order to evaluate pollen germination/pollen tube growth in vivo and fruit and seed formation. Floral phenologies of O. italica and O. papilionacea display nearly overlapping trends, and two common pollinators have been identified by molecular analysis of pollinaria. Thus, pre-pollination barriers are very weak or nonexistent. Bidirectional crosses have shown that the growth of heterospecific pollen tubes is fully blocked in stigmatic cell layers. Since no fruit formation was detected in bidirectional interspecific crosses, we assume that reproductive isolation between the examined species is fully guaranteed by post-pollination pre-zygotic mechanisms acting at stigmatic level. Such condition has been rarely described and may mask the potential action of post-zygotic mechanisms.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00497-010-0138-8}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Pellegrino, Giuseppe/0000-0002-9358-2075}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000284427500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000283334100003, Author = {Tachiki, Yuuya and Iwasa, Yoh and Satake, Akiko}, Title = {{Pollinator coupling can induce synchronized flowering in different plant species}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{267}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{153-163}}, Month = {{NOV 21}}, Abstract = {{Synchronous and intermittent plant reproduction has been identified widely in diverse biomes. While synchronous flowering is normally observed within the same species, different species also flower in synchrony. A well-known example of interspecific synchrony is ``general flowering{''} in tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia. Environmental factors, such as low temperature and drought, have been considered as major trigger of general flowering. However, environmental cues are not enough to explain general flowering because some trees do not flower even when they encounter favorable environmental cues. We propose alternative explanation of general flowering: ``pollinator coupling{''}. When species flower synchronously, the elevated pollen and nectar resource may attract increased numbers of generalist pollinators, with a concomitant enhancement of pollination success (facilitation). However, under these circumstances, plants of different species may compete with one another for limited pollinator services, resulting in declines in pollination success for individual species (competition). Here, we present a model describing resource dynamics of individual trees serviced by generalist pollinators. We analyze combinations of conditions under which plants reproduce intermittently with synchronization within species, and/or (sometimes) between different species. We show that plants synchronize flowering when the number of pollinators attracted to an area increases at an accelerating rate with increasing numbers of flowers. In this case, facilitation of flowering by different species exceeds the negative influence of interspecific plant competition. We demonstrate mathematically that co-flowering of different species occurs under a much narrower range of circumstances than intraspecific co-flowering. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.08.023}}, ISSN = {{0022-5193}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Satake, Akiko/A-5895-2013 Iwasa, Yoh/G-5368-2010 U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Iwasa, Yoh/0000-0003-0691-1852 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000283334100003}}, } @article{ ISI:000283921700005, Author = {Koenig, Walter D. and Knops, Johannes M. H. and Carmen, William J.}, Title = {{Testing the environmental prediction hypothesis for mast-seeding in California oaks}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{2115-2122}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{We analyzed 29 years of acorn production by five species of California oaks (genus Quercus) to test the hypothesis that trees produce large seed crops prior to wet years, conditions facilitating seedling germination and survival. The mean crop of three of the species correlated positively and nontrivially with the following year's rainfall, but none was statistically significant. Including the acorn crop 1 and 2 years earlier yielded several significant relationships between the acorn crop and future rainfall, but none held up when applied to a second, independent site. Across individuals, acorn production by 7\% of trees correlated significantly with subsequent rainfall. Although these trees differed from other trees in several characters, differences were not sufficient to discriminate between trees that correlated significantly with subsequent rainfall from those that did not. We conclude that acorn production by California oaks does not forecast wet years and does not support the environmental prediction hypothesis.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/X10-152}}, ISSN = {{0045-5067}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Koenig, Walter/0000-0001-6207-1427}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000283921700005}}, } @article{ ISI:000284198400002, Author = {Faisal, Ali and Dondelinger, Frank and Husmeier, Dirk and Beale, Colin M.}, Title = {{Inferring species interaction networks from species abundance data: A comparative evaluation of various statistical and machine learning methods}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL INFORMATICS}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{5}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{451-464}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{The complexity of ecosystems is staggering, with hundreds or thousands of species interacting in a number of ways from competition and predation to facilitation and mutualism. Understanding the networks that form the systems is of growing importance, e.g. to understand how species will respond to climate change, or to predict potential knock-on effects of a biological control agent. In recent years, a variety of summary statistics for characterising the global and local properties of such networks have been derived, which provide a measure for gauging the accuracy of a mathematical model for network formation processes. However, the critical underlying assumption is that the true network is known. This is not a straightforward task to accomplish, and typically requires minute observations and detailed field work. More importantly, knowledge about species interactions is restricted to specific kinds of interactions. For instance, while the interactions between pollinators and their host plants are amenable to direct observation, other types of species interactions, like those mentioned above, are not, and might not even be clearly defined from the outset. To discover information about complex ecological systems efficiently, new tools for inferring the structure of networks from field data are needed. In the present study, we investigate the viability of various statistical and machine learning methods recently applied in molecular systems biology: graphical Gaussian models, L1-regularised regression with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), sparse Bayesian regression and Bayesian networks. We have assessed the performance of these methods on data simulated from food webs of known structure, where we combined a niche model with a stochastic population model in a 2-dimensional lattice. We assessed the network reconstruction accuracy in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, which was typically in the range between 0.75 and 0.9, corresponding to the recovery of about 60\% of the true species interactions at a false prediction rate of 5\%. We also applied the models to presence/absence data for 39 European warblers, and found that the inferred species interactions showed a weak yet significant correlation with phylogenetic similarity scores, which tended to weakly increase when including bio-climate covariates and allowing for spatial autocorrelation. Our findings demonstrate that relevant patterns in ecological networks can be identified from large-scale spatial data sets with machine learning methods, and that these methods have the potential to contribute novel important tools for gaining deeper insight into the structure and stability of ecosystems. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ecoinf.2010.06.005}}, ISSN = {{1574-9541}}, EISSN = {{1878-0512}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Faisal, Ali/A-4613-2012 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Faisal, Ali/0000-0001-9607-9371 Al-khazraji, Ali M. A./0000-0003-0756-0556}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000284198400002}}, } @article{ ISI:000282978100015, Author = {Staggemeier, Vanessa Graziele and Felizola Diniz-Filho, Jose Alexandre and Cerdeira Morellato, Leonor Patricia}, Title = {{The shared influence of phylogeny and ecology on the reproductive patterns of Myrteae (Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1409-1421}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{1. Many factors shape plant reproductive patterns including climate, competition or attraction of pollinators and seed dispersers, flower and fruit morphologies and phylogenetic relationships. South American Myrtaceae (Myrteae) were chosen to evaluate hypotheses on how abiotic and biotic factors, morphology and phylogeny influence plant reproductive phenology. 2. We examined whether Myrteae reproductive patterns are seasonal and related to climate; whether aggregated or segregated flowering and fruiting occur among species sharing pollinators or seed dispersers; the relationship between phenological and morphological traits, time of reproduction and Myrteae phylogenetic history; and the shared influence of ecological (environmental) and phylogenetic factors on Myrteae reproductive patterns. 3. We observed flowering and fruiting of 34 Myrteae species during 30 months in an Atlantic rain forest (south-eastern Brazil). We employed circular statistics to test for seasonality and multiple regressions to relate climate and phenology. Competition and facilitation hypotheses were tested using null models. We quantified the phylogenetic signal on phenology and morphology of Myrteae species using phylogenetic eigenvector regression (PVR) analyses, and used PVR and partial regressions to quantify the influences of ecology and phylogeny on phenology. 4. Myrteae flowered seasonally, whereas fruiting was not seasonal. Environmental factors (day-length and temperature) and associations with biotic vectors through facilitation hypothesis explained the aggregated blossom. Fruit maturation time affected the species' flowering sequence. Plants with longer fruit maturation times flowered at the end of the appropriate season, explaining the continuous fruit availability despite the seasonal flowering. The random fruiting pattern explained the regular presence of seed dispersers. Myrteae phenology was phylogenetically structured, even when phenophases were not seasonal, i.e., closer related species fruited under more similar environmental conditions, suggesting that the reproductive phenological niche was inherited along the course of evolution. We detected a shared influence of ecology and phylogeny on Myrteae phenological responses, and the ecological component explained better phenological variation than phylogeny. 5. Synthesis. We provided a new perspective on plant phenology based on phylogeny and ecology and demonstrated the importance of considering their shared influence in phenological studies. Our analyses can be employed for the most representative families of highly diverse ecosystems to improve our understanding of evolutionary patterns and general trends in phenology.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01717.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Staggemeier, Vanessa/E-8013-2013 Morellato, Patricia/B-6026-2013 Diniz-Filho, Jose Alexandre/D-9405-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Staggemeier, Vanessa/0000-0003-4911-9574 Morellato, Patricia/0000-0001-5265-8988 Diniz-Filho, Jose Alexandre/0000-0002-0967-9684}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000282978100015}}, } @article{ ISI:000282978100019, Author = {Verdu, Miguel and Jordano, Pedro and Valiente-Banuet, Alfonso}, Title = {{The phylogenetic structure of plant facilitation networks changes with competition}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1454-1461}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{1. Ecological communities are assembled as complex networks of both positive (i.e. facilitation) and negative (i.e. competition) interactions. In networks established among plant species, many facilitative interactions occurring between a benefactor - a nurse - and a beneficiary - a facilitated seedling - turn into competition over time as the facilitated seedling grows and outcompetes the nurse. The facilitative associations that disappear over time are mainly restricted to closely related taxa, because close relatives tend to share niche requirements and compete more strongly for the same resources. In consequence, the phylogenetic structure of a network might change as positive associations become negative. 2. This study is aimed to characterize how the overall (i.e. nestedness and connectance) and the phylogenetic structure of facilitation networks in semi-arid communities change when facilitation turns into competition and some of the early species associations established by facilitation disappear. 3. We show that the initial facilitation networks retain the overall, but not the phylogenetic, structure. Phylogenetic analyses show that as seedlings, facilitated species tend to associate with the same subset of nurses while, on the contrary, nurses are indifferent to the identity of their facilitated seedlings. But when competition becomes important, closely related nurse species appear associated with only a subset of facilitated species in the community. 4. Synthesis. Temporal rearrangements in the phylogenetic structure of the facilitation networks provide evidence that plant-plant species interactions lead to highly species-specific networks in which the phylogenetic history has a pervasive influence not only on recruitment but also on adult community composition. The use of phylogenetic methods combined with complex network approaches opens the possibility to understand the complexity of ecological interactions occurring in nature as for example those occurring when biological invasions take place or those producing coextinction cascades following species removal from ecosystems.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2010.01731.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011 Jordano, Pedro/A-5162-2008 Jordano, Pedro/B-6678-2014 Verdu, Miguel/C-4461-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602 Jordano, Pedro/0000-0003-2142-9116 Jordano, Pedro/0000-0003-2142-9116 Verdu, Miguel/0000-0002-9778-7692}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000282978100019}}, } @article{ ISI:000283059700017, Author = {Goyret, Joaquin}, Title = {{Look and touch: multimodal sensory control of flower inspection movements in the nocturnal hawkmoth Manduca sexta}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{213}}, Number = {{21}}, Pages = {{3676-3682}}, Month = {{NOV 1}}, Abstract = {{A crucial stage in the interaction between pollinators and plants is the moment of physical contact between them, known as flower inspection, or handling. Floral guides - conspicuous colour markings, or structural features of flower corollas - have been shown to be important in the inspecting behaviour of many insects, particularly in diurnal species. For the nocturnal hawkmoth Manduca sexta tactile input has an important role in flower inspection, but there is no knowledge about the use of visual floral guides in this behaviour. I carried out a series of experiments to first, evaluate the putative role of floral guides during flower inspection and second, to explore how simultaneous tactile and visual guides could influence this behaviour. Results show that visual floral guides affect flower inspection by M. sexta. Moths confine proboscis placement to areas of higher light reflectance regardless of their chromaticity, but do not appear to show movements in any particular direction within these areas. I also recorded inspection times, finding that moths can learn to inspect flowers more efficiently when visual floral guides are available. Additionally, I found that some visual floral guides can affect the body orientation that moths adopt while hovering in front of horizontal models. Finally, when presented with flower models offering both visual and tactile guides, the former influenced proboscis placement, whereas the latter controlled proboscis movements. Results show that innate inspection behaviour is under multimodal sensory control, consistent with other components of the foraging task. Fine scale inspection movements (elicited by diverse floral traits) and the tight adjustment between the morphology of pollinators and flowers appear to be adaptively integrated, facilitating reward assessment and effective pollen transfer.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.045831}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000283059700017}}, } @article{ ISI:000283097900010, Author = {Cazares-Martinez, Juana and Montana, Carlos and Franco, Miguel}, Title = {{The role of pollen limitation on the coexistence of two dioecious, wind-pollinated, closely related shrubs in a fluctuating environment}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{164}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{679-687}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Elucidating the mechanisms of species coexistence is a crucial goal in ecology. Theory suggests that, when resource abundance fluctuates, coexistence can be achieved if each species in a competing pair is better at exploiting resources at opposite extremes of a fluctuating resource spectrum. Nonetheless, the proximal mechanisms allowing coexistence remain largely unexplored. In a previous paper, we showed that the coexistence of two Atriplex species was facilitated by their varying demographic response (in survival, growth and recruitment) to fluctuation in water availability. Here we explore the effect of spatial distribution, and pollen and resource limitation on the reproductive success (production of viable seeds) of the same two species. An analysis of their spatial distribution showed that Atriplex acanthocarpa had a clumped distribution, which is thought to increase the effectiveness of pollination in wind-pollinated plants, while Atriplex canescens had a random distribution, a pattern expected to restrict wind-pollination success. A pollen and resource (water and nutrients) addition experiment implemented through a repeated-measures design demonstrated that seed viability of A. canescens was both pollen and resource limited, but that these effects were negligible in A. acanthocarpa. Under natural conditions, pollen limitation restricted seed number in A. canescens to only one-third of that recorded when manual pollination was performed. By decreasing its fecundity (and consequent potential seedling recruitment), pollen limitation reverses the competitive advantage of A. canescens over A. acanthocarpa when the limiting resource (water) is abundant and seedling recruitment takes place. To our knowledge, our study of this congeneric pair in the Chihuahuan Desert is the first to document a link between pollen limitation and species coexistence.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-010-1696-z}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Franco, Miguel/A-4671-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Franco, Miguel/0000-0002-7249-4981}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000283097900010}}, } @article{ ISI:000281611800001, Author = {Forrest, Jessica and Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.}, Title = {{Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution}}, Journal = {{PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{365}}, Number = {{1555}}, Pages = {{3101-3112}}, Month = {{OCT 12}}, Abstract = {{Phenology affects nearly all aspects of ecology and evolution. Virtually all biological phenomena-from individual physiology to interspecific relationships to global nutrient fluxes-have annual cycles and are influenced by the timing of abiotic events. Recent years have seen a surge of interest in this topic, as an increasing number of studies document phenological responses to climate change. Much recent research has addressed the genetic controls on phenology, modelling techniques and ecosystem-level and evolutionary consequences of phenological change. To date, however, these efforts have tended to proceed independently. Here, we bring together some of these disparate lines of inquiry to clarify vocabulary, facilitate comparisons among habitat types and promote the integration of ideas and methodologies across different disciplines and scales. We discuss the relationship between phenology and life history, the distinction between organismal- and population-level perspectives on phenology and the influence of phenology on evolutionary processes, communities and ecosystems. Future work should focus on linking ecological and physiological aspects of phenology, understanding the demographic effects of phenological change and explicitly accounting for seasonality and phenology in forecasts of ecological and evolutionary responses to climate change.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rstb.2010.0145}}, ISSN = {{0962-8436}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Forrest, Jessica/A-6290-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Forrest, Jessica/0000-0002-5273-9339}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000281611800001}}, } @article{ ISI:000282513800012, Author = {Wang, Yun and Meng, Li-Lua and Yang, Yong-Ping and Duan, Yuan-Wen}, Title = {{CHANGE IN FLORAL ORIENTATION IN ANISODUS LURIDUS (SOLANACEAE) PROTECTS POLLEN GRAINS AND FACILITATES DEVELOPMENT OF FERTILIZED OVULES}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1618-1624}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Premise of the study : Some floral traits could be selected by pollinators and nonpollinator agents, and studying the floral traits shaped by physical agents could reveal adaptive mechanisms to the environment. We explored the adaptive significance of the change in floral orientation, from pendulous flowers to erect fruits that have a persistent calyx, in Anisodus luridus, a perennial native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). Methods : We examined the effect of flower orientation on pollinator visitation rates, pollen deposition efficiency, pollen quantity, and pollen viability to estimate whether pendulous flowers have improved male fitness. We then measured seed production and seed germination rate to assess whether erect fruits have enhanced female fitness. Key results : Pendulous flowers did not have any preferred pollinators or increased pollen deposition. In artificially erected flowers, the number of pollen grains greatly decreased after rainwash. Pollen germination experiments indicated that pollen damage by water and exposure to solar radiation is serious. In the persistent calyx that holds water within it, the temperature inside the calyx changed slower than in the calyx that had the water removed. After supplemental pollination, the seed number, seed set, and seed mass of fruits that had water removed from the calyx were reduced greatly in both years. Conclusions : We conclude that the change in floral orientation could enhance male and female fitness of A. luridus and is effectively adaptive to the alpine environments, indicating a strong selection by the combined pressure from various abiotic nonpollinator agents in shaping the floral traits of this alpine plant.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.1000010}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Duan, Yuan/B-2555-2008 Meng, Lihua/N-3436-2015}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000282513800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000281860700016, Author = {Flanagan, Rebecca J. and Mitchell, Randall J. and Karron, JeVrey D.}, Title = {{Increased relative abundance of an invasive competitor for pollination, Lythrum salicaria, reduces seed number in Mimulus ringens}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{164}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{445-454}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{When exotic plant species share pollinators with native species, competition for pollination may lower the reproductive success of natives by reducing the frequency and/or quality of visits they receive. Exotic species often become numerically dominant in plant communities, and the relative abundance of these potential competitors for pollination may be an important determinant of their effects on the pollination and reproductive success of co-occurring native species. Our study experimentally tests whether the presence and abundance of an invasive exotic, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae), influences reproductive success of a co-flowering native species, Mimulus ringens L. (Phrymaceae). We also examine the mechanisms of competition for pollination and how they may be altered by changes in competitor abundance. We found that the presence of Lythrum salicaria lowered mean seed number in Mimulus ringens fruits. This effect was most pronounced when the invasive competitor was highly abundant, decreasing the number of seeds per fruit by 40\% in 2006 and 33\% in 2007. Reductions in the number of seeds per fruit were likely due to reduced visit quality resulting from Mimulus pollen loss when bees foraged on neighboring Lythrum plants. This study suggests that visit quality to natives may be influenced by the presence and abundance of invasive flowering plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-010-1693-2}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/G-6380-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/0000-0001-7961-3560}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000281860700016}}, } @article{ ISI:000281259700008, Author = {Alba-Lynn, Christina and Henk, Shanna}, Title = {{Potential for ants and vertebrate predators to shape seed-dispersal dynamics of the invasive thistles Cirsium arvense and Carduus nutans in their introduced range (North America)}}, Journal = {{PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{210}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{291-301}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{The population dynamics of invasive plants are influenced by positive and negative associations formed with members of the fauna present in the introduced range. For example, mutualistic associations formed with pollinators or seed dispersers may facilitate invasion, but reduced fitness from attack by native herbivores can also suppress it. Since population expansion depends on effective seed dispersal, interactions with seed dispersers and predators in a plant species introduced range may be of particular importance. We explored the relative contributions of potential seed dispersers (ants) and vertebrate predators (rodents and birds) to seed removal of two diplochorous (i.e., wind- and ant-dispersed), invasive thistles, Cirsium arvense and Carduus nutans, in Colorado, USA. We also conducted behavior trials to explore the potential of different ant species to disperse seeds, and we quantified which potential ant dispersers were prevalent at our study locations. Both ants and vertebrate predators removed significant amounts of C. arvense and C. nutans seed, with the relative proportion of seed removed by each guild varying by location. The behavior trials revealed clear seed preferences among three ant species as well as differences in the foragers' abilities to move seeds. In addition, two ant species that acted as potential dispersal agents were dominant at the study locations. Since local conditions in part determined whether dispersers or predators removed more seed, it is possible that some thistle populations benefit from a net dispersal effect, while others suffer proportionally more predation. Additionally, because the effectiveness of potential ant dispersers is taxon-specific, changes in ant community composition could affect the seed-dispersal dynamics of these thistles. Until now, most studies describing dispersal dynamics in C. arvense and C. nutans have focused on primary dispersal by wind or pre-dispersal seed predation by insects. Our findings suggest that animal-mediated dispersal and post-dispersal seed predation deserve further consideration.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11258-010-9757-2}}, ISSN = {{1385-0237}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Alba, Christina/H-1579-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Alba, Christina/0000-0001-7040-8480}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000281259700008}}, } @article{ ISI:000281905300005, Author = {Matallana, G. and Godinho, M. A. S. and Guilherme, F. A. G. and Belisario, M. and Coser, T. S. and Wendt, Tania}, Title = {{Breeding systems of Bromeliaceae species: evolution of selfing in the context of sympatric occurrence}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{289}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{57-65}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Co-occurring congener plant species in the highly diverse Atlantic forests of southeastern Brazil may act as natural laboratories for evaluating evolution of reproductive shifts. We assessed the breeding systems in a sympatric assemblage of bromeliad species and compiled literature available for the family to compare our experiments with available information. We performed controlled experiments of autonomous selfing, self- and cross-pollination in 40 species of 11 genera of two subfamilies that, in general, overlap their blooming period and share the same pollination vectors. We also tested for differences between self-compatible (SC) and self-incompatible (SI) species with regard to ecological factors such as abundance, co-flowering and co-occurrence. Most species experimentally tested and surveyed in the literature (75\%) were SC. Species from the subfamily Tillandsioideae were predominantly SC, while Bromelioideae showed greater variation in breeding systems. About 43\% of the species studied set fruits spontaneously in the absence of pollinator vectors. We found that SC species were the more abundant, were more frequently associated with other relatives and overlapped their blooming period with other species more than SI species. Thus, our results suggest that self-compatibility is common for Bromeliaceae and do not support the traditional hypothesis of reproductive assurance used to explain the evolution of selfing. We discuss self-compatibility as a reproductive isolating mechanism in the presence of pollen flow among sympatric congener species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-010-0332-z}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/I-6110-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/0000-0001-6411-0354}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000281905300005}}, } @article{ ISI:000285221300006, Author = {Les, Donald H. and Sheldon, Sallie P. and Tippery, Nicholas P.}, Title = {{Hybridization in Hydrophiles: Natural Interspecific Hybrids in Najas (Hydrocharitaceae)}}, Journal = {{SYSTEMATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{35}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{736-744}}, Month = {{OCT-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Pollination by water (hydrophily) is a highly specialized mechanism that occurs rarely among aquatic angiosperms, which mainly retain the reproductive systems reminiscent of their terrestrial ancestors. Hydrophily is abiotic and typically associated with unisexual flowers, factors that predictably would promote xenogamy and outcrossing. Yet, there have been few reports of hybridization involving water-pollinated plants (hydrophiles), with no firm evidence of natural interspecific hybridization. The genus Najas comprises about 40 species of submersed aquatic plants, all characterized by subsurface hydrophily. Hybridization in this genus has been suspected, but verified previously only among infraspecific taxa. In this study we document the first instance of interspecific hybridization in Najas using genetic evidence from three populations that were identifiable as N. guadalupensis but yielded polymorphic DNA sequence profiles. To facilitate our analysis we first conducted a phylogenetic survey of New World Najas taxa using nuclear and chloroplast markers. Alleles cloned from a biparentally-inherited locus (ITS) in these aberrant populations associated with two distinct but phylogenetically sister species (N. guadalupensis subsp. olivacea and N. flexilis) thus confirming their hybrid origin. In all cases the chloroplast markers associated with N. guadalupensis subsp. olivacea, implicating it as the maternal parent. The hybrid Najas plants occur at the edge of the sympatric range of the parental species. They possess no readily distinctive morphological features and require genetic analysis for confident detection. One population grows aggressively, raising concerns that at least some hybrid Najas plants represent a potential conservation threat. The possible hybrid ancestry of the endemic N. guadalupensis subsp. muenscheri also was assessed, but could not be confirmed or refuted by the data evaluated.}}, DOI = {{10.1600/036364410X539826}}, ISSN = {{0363-6445}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Tippery, Nicholas/0000-0002-9559-2795}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000285221300006}}, } @article{ ISI:000282924800006, Author = {Soltis, Douglas E. and Buggs, Richard J. A. and Doyle, Jeff J. and Soltis, Pamela S.}, Title = {{What we still don't know about polyploidy}}, Journal = {{TAXON}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1387-1403}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{During the past decade there has been a tremendous resurgence of interest in polyploidy that has in large part been stimulated by the development of increasingly powerful genetic and genomic tools. The result has been numerous new insights into the genomic and genetic consequences of polyploidy. The plethora of new discoveries has dramatically reshaped traditional views and concomitantly revealed that polyploidy is a highly dynamic and ubiquitous process. These recent advances in our understanding of polyploidy have stimulated numerous reviews, most focused on the various genetic, epigenetic, and genomic consequences of polyploid evolution. Whereas genetic and genomic attributes of polyploidization have received considerable attention, other crucial areas of polyploid evolution have received much less (e.g., ecology, pollination biology, physiology). The focus of this paper is not to review again recent discoveries, but to emphasize what we do not yet know about polyploidy, which despite all that has been learned about genome doubling is still an enormous amount. Our list is not meant to be comprehensive, but includes a range of topics that we have placed in several general categories, including mode of formation, ecological and physiological consequences, and genomic rules. Questions include: What is (are) the most frequent mechanism(s) of polyploidization? What factors promote/facilitate polyploidization? What factors favor autopolyploid vs. allopolyploid formation? Do multiple origins result in lineages with differing evolutionary trajectories and/or cryptic species? Our major goals are to stimulate discussion and promote further research.}}, ISSN = {{0040-0262}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Soltis, Pamela/L-5184-2015 Buggs, Richard/A-9826-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Buggs, Richard/0000-0003-4495-3738}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000282924800006}}, } @article{ ISI:000281794100012, Author = {Xiao, Yong and Chen, Lunlin and Zou, Jun and Tian, Entang and Xia, Wei and Meng, Jinling}, Title = {{Development of a population for substantial new type Brassica napus diversified at both A/C genomes}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{121}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1141-1150}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Intersubgenomic heterosis in rapeseed has been revealed in previous studies by using traditional Brassica napus (A(n)A(n)C(n)C(n)) to cross partial new type B. napus with A(r)/C(c) introgression from the genomes of B. rapa and B. carinata, respectively. To further enlarge the genetic basis of B. napus and to facilitate a sustained heterosis breeding in rapeseed, it is crucial to create a population for substantial new type B. napus diversified at both A/C genomes. In this experiment, hundreds of artificial hexaploid plants (A(r)A(r)B(c)B(c)C(c)C(c)) involving hundreds of B. carinata/B. rapa combinations were first crossed with elite lines of partial new type B. napus. The pentaploid plants (AABCC) were open-pollinated in isolated conditions, and their offspring were successively self-pollinated and intensively selected for two generations. Thereafter, a population of substantial new type B. napus mainly with a genomic composition of A(r)A(r)C(c)C(c) harbouring genetic diversity from 25 original cultivars of B. rapa and 72 accessions of B. carinata was constructed. The population was cytologically verified to have the correct chromosome constitution of AACC and differed genetically from traditional B. napus, in terms of the genome components of A(r)/C(c) and B(c) as well as the novel genetic variations induced by the interspecific hybridisation process. Synchronously, rich phenotypic variation with plenty of novel valuable traits was observed in the population. The origin of the novel variations and the value of the population are discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00122-010-1378-6}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000281794100012}}, } @article{ ISI:000280892600025, Author = {Lach, Lori and Tillberg, Chadwick V. and Suarez, Andrew V.}, Title = {{Contrasting effects of an invasive ant on a native and an invasive plant}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{3123-3133}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{When invasive species establish in new environments, they may disrupt existing or create new interactions with resident species. Understanding of the functioning of invaded ecosystems will benefit from careful investigation of resulting species-level interactions. We manipulated ant visitation to compare how invasive ant mutualisms affect two common plants, one native and one invasive, on a sub-tropical Indian Ocean island. Technomyrmex albipes, an introduced species, was the most common and abundant ant visitor to the plants. T. albipes were attracted to extrafloral nectaries on the invasive tree (Leucaena leucocephala) and deterred the plant's primary herbivore, the Leucaena psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana). Ant exclusion from L. leucocephala resulted in decreased plant growth and seed production by 22\% and 35\%, respectively. In contrast, on the native shrub (Scaevola taccada), T. albipes frequently tended sap-sucking hemipterans, and ant exclusion resulted in 30\% and 23\% increases in growth and fruit production, respectively. Stable isotope analysis confirmed the more predacious and herbivorous diets of T. albipes on the invasive and native plants, respectively. Thus the ants' interactions protect the invasive plant from its main herbivore while also exacerbating the effects of herbivores on the native plant. Ultimately, the negative effects on the native plant and positive effects on the invasive plant may work in concert to facilitate invasion by the invasive plant. Our findings underscore the importance of investigating facilitative interactions in a community context and the multiple and diverse interactions shaping novel ecosystems.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-010-9703-1}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Lach, Lori/B-3145-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Lach, Lori/0000-0001-5137-5185}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000280892600025}}, } @article{ ISI:000280671000002, Author = {Traill, Lochran W. and Lim, Matthew L. M. and Sodhi, Navjot S. and Bradshaw, Corey J. A.}, Title = {{Mechanisms driving change: altered species interactions and ecosystem function through global warming}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{79}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{937-947}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{P>1. We review the mechanisms behind ecosystem functions, the processes that facilitate energy transfer along food webs, and the major processes that allow the cycling of carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, and use case studies to show how these have already been, and will continue to be, altered by global warming. 2. Increased temperatures will affect the interactions between heterotrophs and autotrophs (e.g. pollination and seed dispersal), and between heterotrophs (e.g. predators-prey, parasites/pathogens-hosts), with generally negative ramifications for important ecosystem services (functions that provide direct benefit to human society such as pollination) and potential for heightened species co-extinction rates. 3. Mitigation of likely impacts of warming will require, in particular, the maintenance of species diversity as insurance for the provision of basic ecosystem services. Key to this will be long-term monitoring and focused research that seek to maintain ecosystem resilience in the face of global warming. 4. We provide guidelines for pursuing research that quantifies the nexus between ecosystem function and global warming. These include documentation of key functional species groups within systems, and understanding the principal outcomes arising from direct and indirect effects of a rapidly warming environment. Localized and targeted research and monitoring, complemented with laboratory work, will determine outcomes for resilience and guide adaptive conservation responses and long-term planning.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01695.x}}, ISSN = {{0021-8790}}, EISSN = {{1365-2656}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bradshaw, Corey/A-1311-2008 Lim, Matthew/D-4154-2011 Traill, Lochran/J-8459-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Bradshaw, Corey/0000-0002-5328-7741 Lim, Matthew/0000-0002-0888-3595 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000280671000002}}, } @article{ ISI:000282101800009, Author = {Zhu, Lin and Lou, Anru}, Title = {{Mating system and pollination biology of a high-mountain perennial plant, Rhodiola dumulosa (Crassulaceae)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{3}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{219-227}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Aims Rhodiola dumulosa is a perennial herb growing in a naturally fragmented habitat of high-mountain rocks. This research aims to (i) investigate the mating system characteristics and pollination biology of R. dumulosa, (ii) study the effects of ecological factors on the mating system and pollination biology of R. dumulosa and (iii) assess the relationship between its pollination and mating system. Methods Mating system parameters were analysed using allozyme markers. Growth of pollen tubes from artificial self- and cross-pollination was also examined. Field investigations were conducted on insect flower visitation during the blooming period of R. dumulosa. Relationships among mating system, insect flower visitation frequency and environmental factors were assessed. Important Findings The results showed that (i) R. dumulosa has a mixed-mating system: it is self-compatible and primarily outbreeding, with the multilocus outcrossing rate (t(m)) ranging from 0.589 +/- 0.078 (+/- standard deviation) to 0.846 +/- 0.077; inbreeding coefficients of maternal parents (F) were zero, indicating that inbreeding depression was intense. (ii) Light intensity and temperature impacted the visitation of the principal pollinators, the syrphid Eristalis tenax and the bumblebee Bombus pyrosoma. (iii) Population size plays an important role in the mating system and pollination. Populations received more frequent visits by the principal pollinators usually had higher outcrossing rates. Pollination to some extent affects the mating system of R. dumulosa and it is important to maintain large populations to prevent further inbreeding and to maintain pollinators to facilitate outcrossing.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jpe/rtq024}}, ISSN = {{1752-9921}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{li, dongsheng/B-2285-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000282101800009}}, } @article{ ISI:000280605900039, Author = {Jha, Shalene and Dick, Christopher W.}, Title = {{Native bees mediate long-distance pollen dispersal in a shade coffee landscape mosaic}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{107}}, Number = {{31}}, Pages = {{13760-13764}}, Month = {{AUG 3}}, Abstract = {{Coffee farms are often embedded within a mosaic of agriculture and forest fragments in the world's most biologically diverse tropical regions. Although shade coffee farms can potentially support native pollinator communities, the degree to which these pollinators facilitate gene flow for native trees is unknown. We examined the role of native bees as vectors of gene flow for a reproductively specialized native tree, Miconia affinis, in a shade coffee and remnant forest landscape mosaic. We demonstrate extensive cross-habitat gene flow by native bees, with pollination events spanning more than 1,800 m. Pollen was carried twice as far within shade coffee habitat as in nearby forest, and trees growing within shade coffee farms received pollen from a far greater number of sires than trees within remnant forest. The study shows that shade coffee habitats support specialized native pollinators that enhance the fecundity and genetic diversity of remnant native trees.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.1002490107}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Dick, Christopher/A-8744-2008 Jha, Shalene/B-4271-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000280605900039}}, } @article{ ISI:000279682800031, Author = {McKinney, Amy M. and Goodell, Karen}, Title = {{Shading by invasive shrub reduces seed production and pollinator services in a native herb}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{2751-2763}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Plant invasions disrupt native plant reproduction directly via competition for light and other resources and indirectly via competition for pollination. Furthermore, shading by an invasive plant may reduce pollinator visitation and therefore reproduction in native plants. Our study quantifies and identifies mechanisms of these direct and indirect effects of an invasive shrub on pollination and reproductive success of a native herb. We measured pollinator visitation rate, pollen deposition, and female reproductive success in potted arrays of native Geranium maculatum in deciduous forest plots invaded by the non-native shrub Lonicera maackii and in two removal treatments: removal of aboveground L. maackii biomass and removal of flowers. We compared fruit and seed production between open-pollinated and pollen-supplemented plants to test for pollen and light limitation of reproduction. Plots with L. maackii had significantly lower light, pollinator visitation rate, and conspecific pollen deposition to G. maculatum than biomass removal plots. Lonicera maackii flower removal did not increase pollinator visitation or pollen deposition compared to unmanipulated invaded plots, refuting the hypothesis of competition for pollinators. Thus, pollinator-mediated impacts of invasive plants are not limited to periods of co-flowering or pollinator sharing between potential competitors. Geranium maculatum plants produced significantly fewer seeds in plots containing L. maackii than in plant removal plots. Seed set was similar between pollen-supplemented and open-pollinated plants, but pollen-supplemented plants exhibited higher seed set in plant removal plots compared to invaded plots. Therefore, we conclude that the mechanism of impact of L. maackii on G. maculatum reproduction was increased understory shade.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-009-9680-4}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000279682800031}}, } @article{ ISI:000281062500009, Author = {Yoder, Jeremy B. and Smith, Christopher Irwin and Pellmyr, Olle}, Title = {{How to become a yucca moth: minimal trait evolution needed to establish the obligate pollination mutualism}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{100}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{847-855}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The origins of obligate pollination mutualisms, such as the classic yucca yucca moth association, appear to require extensive trait evolution and specialization. To understand the extent to which traits truly evolved as part of establishing the mutualistic relationship, rather than being pre-adaptations, we used an expanded phylogenetic estimate with improved sampling of deeply-diverged groups to perform the first formal reconstruction of trait evolution in pollinating yucca moths and their nonpollinating relatives. Our analysis demonstrates that key life-history traits of yucca moths, including larval feeding in the floral ovary and the associated specialized cutting ovipositor, as well as colonization of woody monocots in xeric habitats, may have been established before the obligate mutualism with yuccas. Given these pre-existing traits, novel traits in the mutualist moths are limited to the active pollination behaviours and the tentacular appendages that facilitate pollen collection and deposition. These results suggest that a highly specialized obligate mutualism was built on the foundation of pre-existing interactions between early Prodoxidae and their host plants, and arose with minimal trait evolution. (C) 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 100, 847-855.}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, EISSN = {{1095-8312}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Yoder, Jeremy/A-8087-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Yoder, Jeremy/0000-0002-5630-0921}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000281062500009}}, } @article{ ISI:000279539400009, Author = {Gross, C. L. and Gorrell, L. and Macdonald, M. J. and Fatemi, M.}, Title = {{Honeybees facilitate the invasion of Phyla canescens (Verbenaceae) in Australia - no bees, no seed!}}, Journal = {{WEED RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{50}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{364-372}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{P>Several environmental weeds rely on the pollination services of introduced bees. The transfer of this knowledge to weed control management has not been fully explored. In part, this may be because it is difficult to quantify the economic impact of environmental weeds. This diminishes the prospects for expensive research and development required for integrated weed management. In this study, we examine the reproductive ecology of Phyla canescens, a species native to South America that is an aggressive agricultural and environmental weed in many parts of the world. We found that P. canescens is self-compatible, but not capable of automatic self-pollination. A vector is required to effect seed set. Field studies showed that 45\% of seeds produced through open pollination are viable. Using exclosure cages, we showed that non-native Apis mellifera L. (honeybee) was the primary floral visitor and pollinator. Honeybee abundance was positively correlated with P. canescens abundance. Within the study site of 0.51 ha, almost 500 000 seeds ha-1 would be produced annually, as a result of honeybee pollination. This study shows that a shared evolutionary history is not required for honeybees to be successful pollinators. Facilitation is demonstrated through the obligate need for pollinators and the successful recruitment of the species through seed. Models for the control of feral honeybees in agricultural systems require development.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-3180.2010.00788.x}}, ISSN = {{0043-1737}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Management, Ecosystem/C-2259-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000279539400009}}, } @article{ ISI:000280243800023, Author = {Cussans, John and Goulson, David and Sanderson, Roy and Goffe, Louis and Darvill, Ben and Osborne, Juliet L.}, Title = {{Two Bee-Pollinated Plant Species Show Higher Seed Production when Grown in Gardens Compared to Arable Farmland}}, Journal = {{PLOS ONE}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{5}}, Number = {{7}}, Month = {{JUL 23}}, Abstract = {{Background: Insect pollinator abundance, in particular that of bees, has been shown to be high where there is a superabundance of floral resources; for example in association with mass-flowering crops and also in gardens where flowering plants are often densely planted. Since land management affects pollinator numbers, it is also likely to affect the resultant pollination of plants growing in these habitats. We hypothesised that the seed or fruit set of two plant species, typically pollinated by bumblebees and/or honeybees might respond in one of two ways: 1) pollination success could be reduced when growing in a floriferous environment, via competition for pollinators, or 2) pollination success could be enhanced because of increased pollinator abundance in the vicinity. Methodology/Principal Findings: We compared the pollination success of experimental plants of Glechoma hederacea L. and Lotus corniculatus L. growing in gardens and arable farmland. On the farms, the plants were placed either next to a mass-flowering crop (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L. or field beans, Vicia faba L.) or next to a cereal crop (wheat, Triticum spp.). Seed set of G. hederacea and fruit set of L. corniculatus were significantly higher in gardens compared to arable farmland. There was no significant difference in pollination success of G. hederacea when grown next to different crops, but for L. corniculatus, fruit set was higher in the plants growing next to oilseed rape when the crop was in flower. Conclusions/Significance: The results show that pollination services can limit fruit set of wild plants in arable farmland, but there is some evidence that the presence of a flowering crop can facilitate their pollination (depending on species and season). We have also demonstrated that gardens are not only beneficial to pollinators, but also to the process of pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1371/journal.pone.0011753}}, Article-Number = {{e11753}}, ISSN = {{1932-6203}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cussans, John/A-2764-2010 Goulson, Dave/A-2462-2010 Osborne, Juliet/I-6776-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Goulson, Dave/0000-0003-4421-2876 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000280243800023}}, } @article{ ISI:000296130900011, Author = {Ramalho, Mauro and Rosa, Jaqueline Figueredo}, Title = {{Ecological interaction between the tiny keel flowers of Stylosanthes viscosa Sw. (Faboideae) and the large bee Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) cearensis Ducke, 1910 (Apoidea, Hymenoptera), in tropical sand dune}}, Journal = {{BIOTA NEOTROPICA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{10}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{93-100}}, Month = {{JUL-SEP}}, Abstract = {{Stylosanthes viscosa is a common `herb' in the tropical sand dunes of the Brazilian coast with clumped distribution in urban sand dunes of Salvador, BA. Its tiny keel flower with a very small amount of nectar hidden inside the corolla tube, a single open flower/inflorescence/day and the low floral density altogether should not be attractive to large bees. This should be true mainly upon the high-demanded energy for thermoregulation within the tropical sand dunes. Contrary to this expectation, most of the bee species sampled on S. viscosa flowers were medium to large sized bees and harvested nectar in legitimate visits by activating the keel's pollination mechanism of flowers. However, the keel was always inactivated after being visited by the enormous and frequent (78\%) Xylocopa bees. All the flowers visited by these bees (including those with inactivated keels), and those experimentally protected from bee visiting produced fruits (100\%). The specialized embolus mechanism of the anthers assures self-pollination. Because of this autonomous self-pollination and self-compatibility it was not possible to discriminate the relative importance of both facilitated self-pollination and cross-pollination by bees. Nevertheless, the large Xylocopa bees didn't limit self-pollination. Xylocopa cearensis was the most abundant bee (63\%) and it visited several flowers (13.0 +/- 4.27) in each flight route in the same clump, in spite of the low floral density therein (5 to 20 flowers.m(-2)). Flight distances between successive flowers varied between one and two meters (49\%), and so they were higher than would be possible (15 to 70 cm) given the floral density in the clumps. The flight routes were directional, and most of shifting direction between successive flowers was below 90 degrees with high frequency of small angles (<30 degrees). This general pattern is explained by foraging optimization with adjustments to critical resource level thresholds. Paradoxically, floral biology and flowering pattern of S. viscosa should discourage the largest dune dweller bees, but this strategy works just temporarily. In this melittophilous species, the autonomous self-pollination (assured by the embolus) can be better explained by the automatic selection hypothesis rather than by reproductive assurance hypothesis, considering the availability of large bee pollinators in the tropical dunes.}}, DOI = {{10.1590/S1676-06032010000300010}}, ISSN = {{1676-0611}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ramalho, Mauro/K-7178-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ramalho, Mauro/0000-0001-8287-7479}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000296130900011}}, } @article{ ISI:000283003200005, Author = {Speroni, Gabriela and Izaguirre, Primavera and Bernardello, Gabriel}, Title = {{On the causes of the differential seed production in the anficarpic species Trifolium polymorphum (Leguminosae)}}, Journal = {{BOLETIN DE LA SOCIEDAD ARGENTINA DE BOTANICA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{45}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{57-72}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{On the causes of the differential seed production in the anficarpic species Trifolium polymorphum (Leguminosae). Trifolium polymorphum is recognized as one of the best adapted legume in field conditions. It combines different reproductive strategies such as stoloniferous vegetative reproduction and seed reproduction by two types of fruits produced in underground and aerial flowers. These last ones are chasmogamous and underground flowers are cleistogamous. A higher seed production has empirically been detected in underground flowers rather than in aerial ones. In the present work, embryological studies in aerial and underground flowers were carried out in order to determine the existence of ontogenetic causes which may promote productivity differences in both types of seeds. No embryological pre-zygotic cause explaining aerial flowers low productivity was detected. Aerial and underground seeds share ontogenetic characteristics as both types of flowers showed normal ovule and embryo sac development. Similar nutritional pathways for embryo sacs, embryos and endosperms were also observed. In general, flowering represents a high energetic inversion for plant species. Aerial flowering in I polymorphum, though subjected to a strong herbivorous pressure, incorporates genetic variability to populations through cross-pollination and succeeds in facilitating long distance dispersion.}}, ISSN = {{0373-580X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000283003200005}}, } @article{ ISI:000278035400021, Author = {Reddi, C. Subba and Raju, N. S. N. and Rao, M. V. Subba}, Title = {{Pollination and seed set in tropical wetland grasses}}, Journal = {{NORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{28}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{354-365}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{This study concerns 39 different grass species occurring in the wetland regions of Godavari delta in the west Godavari district (16 degrees 15'-17 degrees 30'N and 80 degrees 50'-81 degrees 55'E) of Andhra Pradesh, southern India. In each species, the sexual status of lemmas, the period of stigma receptivity, pollen/ovule ratio, pollen longevity and daily pollen release were examined. The functional sexual systems were determined after performing controlled pollinations and testing seed quality by weight and germination potential. The florets of 35 species are morphologically hermaphroditic. Among the other four species, Chionachne koenigii and Iseilema laxum are monoecious; Chrysopogon aciculatus and Pennisetum pedicellatum are andromonoecious. Examination of the sequential opening of florets and controlled pollinations revealed that C. koenigii and I. laxum are obligate outcrossers with incompatibility to geitonogamous pollen; C. aciculatus and P. pedicellatum have a high level of compatibility to xenopollen. These and another nine species were treated as predominantly outcrossing species. Yet another five species were predominantly self-fertilized, while the remaining 21 species displayed a mixed breeding system. In a majority of the species the P/O ratios are not high and thus do not conform to the expected large P/O ratios in wind-pollinated plants and postulated breeding systems except in a few species. The majority of these grasses shed pollen over a short period spreading from 2 am to 8 am, when usually low turbulent conditions exist, thus allowing short distance transport and restricted pollen shadows with higher concentration of pollen near the source. This appears to be the appropriate strategy for maximization of pollination in view of the short lifespan of pollen that extends mostly over 1-3 h period, and the patchy distribution of the grasses under study. The restricted pollen shadows facilitate the low levels of pollen production in the grass species under study to fertilize most or all the available ovules.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00567.x}}, ISSN = {{0107-055X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000278035400021}}, } @article{ ISI:000277672900007, Author = {Garcia-Cano, Elena and Navas-Castillo, Jesus and Moriones, Enrique and Fernandez-Munoz, Rafael}, Title = {{Resistance to Tomato chlorosis virus in Wild Tomato Species that Impair Virus Accumulation and Disease Symptom Expression}}, Journal = {{PHYTOPATHOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{100}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{582-592}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Tomato chlorosis vines (ToCV) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is an emerging threat to tomato crops worldwide. Although symptoms on fruits are not obvious, yield losses occur through decreased fruit size and number. Control of ToCV epidemics is difficult because the virus is transmitted by several whitefly vector species and its relatively wide host range facilitates establishment in local wild reservoirs. Therefore, breeding for ToCV resistance offers the best control alternative. However, no sources for resistance are available thus far. Here, a screen of tomatoes and wild species relatives was performed in search of ToCV resistance. Two sources of resistance to Tocv were identified in this work, lines `802-11-1' and `821-13-1', each derived by two self-pollinations from ToCV asymptomatic plants of the population `IAC CN RT' (derived from an interspecific hybrid Solarium lycopersicum x S. peruvianum accession LA0444) and accession LA 1028 (S. chmielewskii), respectively. The resistance was expressed by impairing virus accumulation and disease symptom expression, both under natural infection and after challenging with ToCV in controlled inoculations. Genetic control of resistance to ToCV infection in `821-13-1' was conferred by a major locus with mainly additive effects but also partial dominance for higher susceptibility. Also, an additive x dominance epistatic interaction with at least one additional gene was evident.}}, DOI = {{10.1094/PHYTO-100-6-0582}}, ISSN = {{0031-949X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Navas-Castillo, Jesus/G-3894-2011 Fernandez-Munoz, Rafael/F-3714-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Fernandez-Munoz, Rafael/0000-0002-4054-8949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000277672900007}}, } @article{ ISI:000277179900006, Author = {Lazaro, Amparo and Totland, Orjan}, Title = {{POPULATION DEPENDENCE IN THE INTERACTIONS WITH NEIGHBORS FOR POLLINATION: A FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH TARAXACUM OFFICINALE}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{760-769}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Premise of the study. The fitness of plants depends on their immediate biotic and abiotic environmental surroundings. The floral neighborhood of individual plants is part of this immediate environment and affects the frequency and behavior of their pollinators. However, the interactions among plants for pollination might differ among populations because populations differ in floral densities and pollinator assemblages. Despite that, manipulative experiments of the floral neighborhood in different populations with a specific focus on pollinator behavior are still rare. Methods. We introduced mixtures of two species (Salvia farinacae and Tagetes bonanza) in two populations of Taraxacum officinale and examined their effect on pollinators' foraging behavior on Taraxacum. Key results. The effects of the heterospecific neighborhood differed among pollinator groups and between the two populations. Only honeybees consistently preferred both the most diverse (containing three species) and completely pure patches of Taraxacum in both populations. We found a strong and positive effect of patch diversity on visitation to Taraxacum in one population, whereas in the other population either no effect or a negative effect of plant diversity occurred, which we attribute to differences between populations in the ratio of pollinators to inflorescences. Pollinator visitation consistently increased with local Taraxacum density in both populations. Conclusions. Our study shows that a similar local neighborhood can differentially affect the frequency and foraging behavior of pollinators, even in closely situated populations. Experimental studies conducted in several populations would contribute to determine which factors drive the variation in pollination interactions among populations.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.0900263}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000277179900006}}, } @article{ ISI:000280463600008, Author = {Chaudhury, Rekha and Malik, S. K. and Rajan, S.}, Title = {{AN IMPROVED POLLEN COLLECTION AND CRYOPRESERVATION METHOD FOR HIGHLY RECALCITRANT TROPICAL FRUIT SPECIES OF MANGO (Mangifera indica L.) AND LITCHI (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)}}, Journal = {{CRYOLETTERS}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{31}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{268-278}}, Month = {{MAY-JUN}}, Abstract = {{An improved method for pollen collection from freshly dehiscing anthers of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) using the organic solvent cyclohexane has been devised. Using this method pollen quantity sufficient for large scale pollinations could be collected and stored for future use. Transport of pollen in viable conditions over long distances, from site of collection (field genebank) to cryolab was successfully devised for both these fruit species. Cryopreservation was successfully applied to achieve long-term pollen storage over periods of up to four years. Pollen viability was tested using in vitro germination, the fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) method and by fruit set following field pollination. On retesting, four year cryostored pollen of different mango and litchi varieties showed high percentage viability as good as fresh control pollens. Pollens of more than 180 cultivars of mango and 19 cultivars of litchi have been stored in the cryogenebank using the technology developed, thus facilitating breeding programmes over the long-term.}}, ISSN = {{0143-2044}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rajan, Shailendra /A-7630-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Rajan, Shailendra /0000-0002-3466-4521}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000280463600008}}, } @article{ ISI:000277867600006, Author = {Holland, J. Nathaniel and DeAngelis, Donald L.}, Title = {{A consumer-resource approach to the density-dependent population dynamics of mutualism}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1286-1295}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Like predation and competition, mutualism is now recognized as a consumer-resource (C-R) interaction, including, in particular, bi-directional (e.g., coral, plant-mycorrhizae) and uni-directional (e.g., ant-plant defense, plant-pollinator) C-R mutualisms. Here, we develop general theory for the density-dependent population dynamics of mutualism based on the C-R mechanism of interspecific interaction. To test the influence of C-R interactions on the dynamics and stability of bi- and uni-directional C-R mutualisms, we developed simple models that link consumer functional response of one mutualistic species with the resources supplied by another. Phase-plane analyses show that the ecological dynamics of C-R mutualisms are stable in general. Most transient behavior leads to an equilibrium of mutualistic coexistence, at which both species densities are greater than in the absence of interactions. However, due to the basic nature of C-R interactions, certain density-dependent conditions can lead to C-R dynamics characteristic of predator-prey interactions, in which one species overexploits and causes the other to go extinct. Consistent with empirical phenomena, these results suggest that the C-R interaction can provide a broad mechanism for understanding density-dependent population dynamics of mutualism. By unifying predation, competition, and mutualism under the common ecological framework of consumer-resource theory, we may also gain a better understanding of the universal features of interspecific interactions in general.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/09-1163.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000277867600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000277867600008, Author = {Wang, Rui-Wu and Sun, Bao-Fa and Zheng, Qi}, Title = {{Diffusive coevolution and mutualism maintenance mechanisms in a fig-fig wasp system}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1308-1316}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{In reciprocal mutualism systems, the exploitation events by exploiters might disrupt the reciprocal mutualism, wherein one exploiter species might even exclude other coexisting exploiter species over an evolutionary time frame. What remains unclear is how such a community is maintained. Niche partitioning, or spatial heterogeneity among the mutualists and exploiters, is generally believed to enable stability within a mutualistic system. However, our examination of a reciprocal mutualism between a fig species (Ficus racemosa) and its pollinator wasp (Ceratosolen fusciceps) shows that spatial niche partitioning does not sufficiently prevent exploiters from overexploiting the common resource (i.e., the female flowers), because of the considerable niche overlap between the mutualists and exploiters. In response to an exploiter, our experiment shows that the fig can (1) abort syconia-containing flowers that have been galled by the exploiter, Apocryptophagus testacea, which oviposits before the pollinators do; and (2) retain syconia-containing flowers galled by Apocryptophagus mayri, which oviposit later than pollinators. However, as a result of (2), there is decreased development of adult non-pollinators or pollinator species in syconia that have not been sufficiently pollinated, but not aborted. Such discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in offspring development of exploiters while rewarding cooperative individuals with higher offspring development by the fig will increase the fitness of cooperative pollinating wasps, but decrease the fitness of exploiters. The fig fig wasp interactions are diffusively coevolved, a case in which fig wasps diversify their genotype, phenotype, or behavior as a result of competition between wasps, while figs diverge their strategies to facilitate the evolution of cooperative fig waps or lessen the detrimental behavior by associated fig wasps. In habitats or syconia that suffer overexploitation, discriminative abortion of figs or reduction in the offspring development of exploiters in syconia that are not or not sufficiently pollinated will decrease exploiter fitness and perhaps even drive the population of exploiters to local extinction, enabling the evolution and maintenance of cooperative pollinators through the movement between habitats or syconia (i.e., the metapopulations).}}, DOI = {{10.1890/09-1446.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000277867600008}}, } @article{ ISI:000277297700012, Author = {Chybicki, I. J. and Burczyk, J.}, Title = {{Realized gene flow within mixed stands of Quercus robur L. and Q-petraea (Matt.) L. revealed at the stage of naturally established seedling}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{2137-2151}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The estimates of contemporary gene flow assessed based on naturally established seedlings provide information much needed for understanding the abilities of forest tree populations to persist under global changes through migration and/or adaptation facilitated by gene exchange among populations. Here, we investigated pollen- and seed-mediated gene flow in two mixed-oak forest stands (consisting of Quercus robur L. and Q. petraea {[}Matt.] Liebl.). The gene flow parameters were estimated based on microsatellite multilocus genotypes of seedlings and adults and their spatial locations within the sample plots using models that attempt to reconstruct the genealogy of the seedling cohorts. Pollen and seed dispersal were modelled using the standard seedling neighbourhood model and a modification-the 2-component seedling neighbourhood model, with the later allowing separation of the dispersal process into local and long-distance components. The 2-component model fitted the data substantially better than the standard model and provided estimates of mean seed and pollen dispersal distances accounting for long-distance propagule dispersal. The mean distance of effective pollen dispersal was found to be 298 and 463 m, depending on the stand, while the mean distance of effective seed dispersal was only 8.8 and 15.6 m, which is consistent with wind pollination and primarily seed dispersal by gravity in Quercus. Some differences observed between the two stands could be attributed to the differences in the stand structure of the adult populations and the existing understory vegetation. Such a mixture of relatively limited seed dispersal with occasional long distance gene flow seems to be an efficient strategy for colonizing new habitats with subsequent local adaptation, while maintaining genetic diversity within populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04632.x}}, ISSN = {{0962-1083}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Burczyk, Jaroslaw/B-1686-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000277297700012}}, } @article{ ISI:000276407700004, Author = {Rong, Jun and Song, Zhiping and de Jong, Tom J. and Zhang, Xinsheng and Sun, Shuguang and Xu, Xian and Xia, Hui and Liu, Bo and Lu, Bao-Rong}, Title = {{Modelling pollen-mediated gene flow in rice: risk assessment and management of transgene escape}}, Journal = {{PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{452-464}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{P>Fast development and commercialization of genetically modified plants have aroused concerns of transgene escape and its environmental consequences. A model that can effectively predict pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) is essential for assessing and managing risks from transgene escape. A pollen-trap method was used to measure the wind-borne pollen dispersal in cultivated rice and common wild rice, and effects of relative humidity, temperature and wind speed on pollen dispersal were estimated. A PMGF model was constructed based on the pollen dispersal pattern in rice, taking outcrossing rates of recipients and cross-compatibility between rice and its wild relatives into consideration. Published rice gene flow data were used to validate the model. Pollen density decreased in a simple exponential pattern with distances to the rice field. High relative humidity reduced pollen dispersal distances. Model simulation showed an increased PMGF frequency with the increase of pollen source size (the area of a rice field), but this effect levelled off with a large pollen-source size. Cross-compatibility is essential when modelling PMGF from rice to its wild relatives. The model fits the data well, including PMGF from rice to its wild relatives. Therefore, it can be used to predict PMGF in rice under diverse conditions (e.g. different outcrossing rates and cross-compatibilities), facilitating the determination of isolation distances to minimize transgene escape. The PMGF model may be extended to other wind-pollinated plant species such as wheat and barley.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00488.x}}, ISSN = {{1467-7644}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Lu, Bao-Rong/C-3130-2009 Rong, Jun/B-6037-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Lu, Bao-Rong/0000-0002-0214-2390 Rong, Jun/0000-0003-1408-2898}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000276407700004}}, } @article{ ISI:000278368900001, Author = {Vereecken, Nicolas J. and Cozzolino, Salvatore and Schiestl, Florian P.}, Title = {{Hybrid floral scent novelty drives pollinator shift in sexually deceptive orchids}}, Journal = {{BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{10}}, Month = {{APR 21}}, Abstract = {{Background: Sexually deceptive orchids of the genus Ophrys attract their pollinators, male insects, on a highly specific basis through the emission of odour blends that mimic the female sex pheromone of the targeted species. In this study, we have investigated a contact site between Ophrys arachnitiformis and O. lupercalis, two sympatric orchid species that are usually reproductively isolated via the exploitation of different pollinator ``niches{''}, but occasionally hybridise despite their apparent combination of ethological and mechanical isolation barriers. In particular, we have investigated the extent to which these Ophrys hybrids generate ``emergent{''} combinations (i.e. novel and unpredictable from the parents' phenotypes) of floral traits, and how these phenotypic novelties, particularly the odour blends emitted by the flower, could facilitate the invasion of a novel pollinator ``niche{''} and induce the rapid formation of reproductive isolation, a prerequisite for adaptive evolutionary divergence. Results: Our chemical analyses of floral scents show that the Ophrys F1 hybrids investigated here produce more compounds, significantly different ratios (\% of odour compounds in the total blend), as well as new compounds in their floral odour compared to their progenitors. When tested for their attractiveness to the pollinator of each parent orchid species, we found that floral scent extracts of the hybrids triggered less inspecting flights and contacts by the male bees with the scented dummy than those of the parental orchid species. However, a series of additional behavioural bioassays revealed that the novel floral scent of the hybrids was significantly more attractive than either of the two parents to a pollinator species not initially involved in the pollination of any of the parent Ophrys species. Conclusions: Collectively, our results illustrate that the process of hybridisation can lead to the generation of evolutionary novelties, and that novel combinations of floral traits can drive pollinator shifts and rapid reproductive isolation in highly specific plant-pollinator interactions.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2148-10-103}}, Article-Number = {{103}}, ISSN = {{1471-2148}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000278368900001}}, } @article{ ISI:000274952600015, Author = {Vaughton, Glenda and Ramsey, Mike}, Title = {{Pollinator-mediated selfing erodes the flexibility of the best-of-both-worlds mating strategy in Bulbine vagans}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{24}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{374-382}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{P> The best-of-both-worlds hypothesis proposes that delayed autonomous selfing assures reproduction when pollinators are absent, but allows outcrossing when pollinators are present without incurring seed and pollen discounting. However, because self-compatibility is necessary for delayed selfing, discounting can be incurred if pollinators mediate selfing concurrently with outcrossing. The extent that pollinator-mediated selfing erodes the best-of-both-worlds mating strategy is largely unknown. In this study, we assess how delayed selfing and pollinator-mediated selfing contribute to reproductive output under contrasting pollination environments in Bulbine vagans (Asphodelaceae). We manipulated floral phenotype under contrasting weather conditions, plant densities and floral display. We emasculated flowers at early-flowering (allowing only outcrossing) or late-flowering (eliminating delayed selfing) stages and compared reproductive output with intact flowers (outcrossing + pollinator-mediated selfing + delayed selfing). During inclement weather, few or no pollinators visited flowers. Reproductive output was severely limited by cross pollen, and delayed selfing provided reproductive assurance. During fine weather, cross pollen was also limiting, but pollinator-mediated selfing boosted reproductive output before delayed selfing could occur. On isolated plants, flowers received fewer pollinator visits and reproductive output was limited more by cross pollen compared with grouped plants. Despite these differences, reproductive output of both isolated and grouped plants was boosted to similar levels by pollinator-mediated selfing before delayed selfing could occur. One- and three-flowered plants were similarly limited by cross pollen. On three-flowered plants, facilitated and geitonogamous selfing boosted reproductive output before delayed selfing could occur. By contrast, on one-flowered plants geitonogamy was eliminated, and pollinator-mediated selfing was reduced. This provided mating flexibility by retaining opportunities for subsequent outcrossing, although delayed selfing boosted reproductive output. Reproductive output was consistently limited by cross-pollination. Yet, delayed selfing provided reproductive assurance only during inclement weather and on one-flowered plants. Under other conditions, pollinators mediated selfing that could render ovules unavailable for outcrossing as selfing occurred and for outcrossing that might occur subsequently. We conclude that best-of-both-worlds flexibility will often be eroded by pollinator-mediated selfing that inevitability occurs with outcrossing.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01648.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000274952600015}}, } @article{ ISI:000277238100003, Author = {Cheung, Alice Y. and Boavida, Leonor C. and Aggarwal, Mini and Wu, Hen-Ming and Feijo, Jose A.}, Title = {{The pollen tube journey in the pistil and imaging the in vivo process by two-photon microscopy}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{61}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1907-1915}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The process of pollen germination and tube growth in the pistil involves a series of cell-cell interactions, some facilitating fertilization while others prohibiting pollen tube access to the female gametophyte, either because of incompatibility or as a result of mechanisms to avert polyspermy and to ensure reproductive success. Understanding pollen tube growth and guidance to the female gametophyte has long been a pursuit among plant biologists, and observations indicate that diverse strategies may be adopted by different plant species. Recent studies in Arabidopsis, maize, and Torenia fournieri suggest that low molecular weight secretory molecules probably play major roles in the short-range attraction of pollen tubes to the female gametophyte. The process of pollen tube growth in the pistil occurs beneath several cell layers so much of the information that conveys the intimate partnership between penetrating pollen tubes and the female tissues has come from fixed samples and observations of in vitro pollen tube growth responses to female factors. A unique glimpse of the in vivo pollen germination and tube growth process is provided here by intra-vital two-photon excitation (TPE) microscopy of pollinated Arabidopsis pistils that remained on intact plants. Further discoveries of critical factors of male or female origins and how they control the pollen tube growth and fertilization process will broaden our understanding of the common themes and diverse strategies that plants have evolved to ensure reproductive success. The advancement of imaging technology to monitor pollination and fertilization and the development of probes to monitor various aspects of the pollen tube growth process, including pollen intracellular dynamics, will allow us to superimpose details obtained from studying pollen tube growth in culture conditions to interpret and understand the in vivo events.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jxb/erq062}}, ISSN = {{0022-0957}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Boavida, Leonor/A-5722-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Boavida, Leonor/0000-0001-6555-0685}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000277238100003}}, } @article{ ISI:000275761300020, Author = {McLeish, M. J. and Van Noort, S. and Tolley, K. A.}, Title = {{Parasitoid fig-wasp evolutionary diversification and variation in ecological opportunity}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1483-1496}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Ecological processes are manifest in the evolution and form of phenotype diversity. The great abundance of parasitoid species has led to speculation whether rates of speciation and extinction are dependent on parasitoid diversity. If these factors are mutually exclusive, species diversity should fluctuate instead of remaining relatively constant over time. It is not known whether radiations constrained by coevolutionary interactions conform to density-dependent diversification processes. Here we test the prediction that parasitoid fig wasp diversification responds to changes in ecological opportunity and density-independent processes. A phylogenetic approach is used to estimate relative divergence times and infer diversification rate changes using c-statistics. Monte Carlo constant rates tests that accommodate incomplete sampling could not reject constant rates diversification. Parasitoid fig wasp diversification is consistent with a more complex explanation than density-dependent cladogenesis. The results suggest contemporary African parasitoid fig wasp diversity remains a legacy of an ancient ecological opportunity facilitated by fig tree diversification following the breakup of Pan-African forests and evolution of the savanna biome over the last 55 Ma and the more recent aridification of the African continent in the last 5 Ma. These results imply that amplified phenotypic differentiation of specialist insects coevolving with plants is coupled to evolutionarily infrequent changes in ecological opportunity.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04583.x}}, ISSN = {{0962-1083}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tolley, Krystal/D-9738-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000275761300020}}, } @article{ ISI:000276292900011, Author = {Woodall, C. W. and Nowak, D. J. and Liknes, G. C. and Westfall, J. A.}, Title = {{Assessing the potential for urban trees to facilitate forest tree migration in the eastern United States}}, Journal = {{FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{259}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1447-1454}}, Month = {{MAR 31}}, Abstract = {{Latitudinal shifts in tree species distributions are a potential impact of climate change on forest ecosystems. It has been hypothesized that some tree species may become extirpated as climate change effects may exceed their migration ability. The goal of this study was to compare tree species compositions in northern urban areas to tree compositions in forestland areas in the eastern U.S. as an indicator of the potential for urban trees to facilitate future forest tree species migration. Results indicated that a number of tree species native to eastern U.S. forests of southern latitudes are currently present in northern urban forests. The biomass density (Mg/ha) of urban tree species is typically less than half of forestland densities with the majority of urban tree species found in nearby (<100 km) forestland. Urban tree propagation is often facilitated by humans, whereas the necessary pollinators and agents of tree seed dispersal in forestlands may be lacking regardless of climate change. It is suggested that urban areas may serve divergent, dual roles as both a native tree seed source and refuge for a limited number of forestland tree species, but also a facilitator of non-native tree invasion. Published by Elsevier B.V.}}, ISSN = {{0378-1127}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Woodall, Christopher/D-7757-2012 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Woodall, Christopher/0000-0001-8076-6214}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000276292900011}}, } @article{ ISI:000274307400001, Author = {Sun, Hai-Qin and Alexandersson, Ronny and Ge, Song}, Title = {{Positive effects of flower abundance and synchronous flowering on pollination success, and pollinia dispersal in rewardless Changnienia amoena (Orchidaceae)}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{477-488}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Pollination success and pollen dispersal in natural populations depend on the spatial-temporal variation of flower abundance. For plants that lack rewards for pollinators, pollination success is predicted to be negatively related to flower density and flowering synchrony. We investigated the relationships between pollination success and flower abundance and flowering synchrony, and estimated pollinia dispersal distance in a rewardless species, Changnienia amoena (Orchidaceae). The results obtained in the present study revealed that male pollination success was negatively influenced by population size but was positively affected by population density, whereas female pollination success was independent of both population size and density. Phenotypic analysis suggested that highly synchronous flowering was advantageous through total pollination success, which is in contrast to previous studies. These results indicate that pollination facilitation rather than competition for pollinator visits occurs in this rewardless plant. The median distance of pollinia dispersal was 11.5 m (mean distance = 17.5 m), which is comparable to that of other rewardless plants but longer than for rewarding plants. However, pollen transfer occured mainly within populations; pollen import was a rare event. Restricted gene flow by pollinia and seeds probably explains the previous population genetic reporting a high degree of genetic differentiation between populations. (C) 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99, 477-488.}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000274307400001}}, } @article{ ISI:000274544200007, Author = {Gutierrez, Agustina and Carrera, Alicia and Basualdo, Jessica and Rodriguez, Raul and Cantamutto, Miguel and Poverene, Monica}, Title = {{Gene flow between cultivated sunflower and Helianthus petiolaris (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{172}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{67-76}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Helianthus petiolaris (Asteraceae) native to North America has naturalized in Argentina. The extensive overlapping with sunflower crop regions, the coincidence of life cycles and the common pollinators facilitate interspecific crosses with sunflower, H. annuus var. macrocarpus. To estimate the occurrence of crop-to-wild and wild-to-crop gene flow, off-type plants in progenies of pure stands of both species flowering in coincidence and the presence of crop alleles in H. petiolaris populations were investigated in 26 wild populations and nine crop fields. Morphological traits and RAPD markers were used to attempt hybrid characterization. Off-type individuals were found in frequencies of 0.5 and 0.3\% among crop progenies and wild populations, respectively. Off-type plants showed intermediate values for metric morphological traits and low fertility traits. Some off-type plants proved to carry crop alleles based on molecular analysis. The average frequency of cultivar-marker introgression across the wild populations was very low (0.02). Although observed hybridization rates seem to be low, the extension of crop-wild overlapping in Argentina make hybrid formation a noticeable process. Therefore, the new sunflower varieties and eventually GM varieties would transfer their traits through pollen flow and they would persist in H. petiolaris populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10681-009-0045-y}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000274544200007}}, } @article{ ISI:000273949900016, Author = {Lomascolo, S. B. and Schaefer, H. M.}, Title = {{Signal convergence in fruits: a result of selection by frugivores?}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{614-624}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The Dispersal Syndrome hypothesis remains contentious, stating that apparently nonrandom associations of fruit characteristics result from selection by seed dispersers. We examine a key assumption under this hypothesis, i.e. that fruit traits can be used as reliable signals by frugivores. We first test this assumption by looking at whether fruit colour allows birds and primates to distinguish between fruits commonly dispersed by birds or primates. Second, we test whether the colours of fruits dispersed by primates are more contrasting to primates than the colours of bird-dispersed fruits, expected if fruit colour is an adaptation to facilitate the detection by seed dispersers. Third, we test whether fruit colour has converged in unrelated plant species dispersed by similar frugivores. We use vision models based on peak sensitivities of birds' and primates' cone cells. We base our analyses on the visual systems of two types of birds (violet and ultraviolet based) and three types of primates (trichromatic primates from the Old and the New Worlds, and a dichromatic New World monkey). Using a Discriminant Function Analysis, we find that all frugivore groups can reliably discriminate between bird- and primate-dispersed fruits. Fruit colour can be a reliable signal to different seed dispersers. However, the colours of primate-dispersed fruits are less contrasting to primates than those of bird-dispersed fruits. Fruit colour convergence in unrelated plants is independent of phylogeny and can be better explained by disperser type, which supports the hypothesis that frugivores are important in fruit evolution. We discuss adaptive and nonadaptive hypotheses that can potentially explain the pattern we found.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01931.x}}, ISSN = {{1010-061X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000273949900016}}, } @article{ ISI:000278299300003, Author = {Huang, Wen-San}, Title = {{Foraging behaviors of two sympatric ant species in response to lizard eggs}}, Journal = {{ZOOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{113}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{85-90}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The trade-off between behavioral dominance and resource discovery ability represents a mechanism which could facilitate the coexistence of species, but evidence of the existence of this trade-off is limited and is often derived from experiments using artificial bait. In this study, I performed a field experiment to investigate the outcome of potential food competition between an encounter species (Paratrechina longicornis) and an exploitative one (Pheidole taivanensis) and to examine the factors that may explain the behavior of P. taivanensis when obtaining food (lizard eggs) without being attacked by P. longicornis. When P. longicornis was experimentally introduced to eggs occupied by P. taivanensis for 1 day, it displaced P. taivanensis. However, P. longicornis ignored lizard eggs which had been occupied by P. taivanensis for 2 or more days, and did not displace P. taivanensis, because by that time the eggshells had been damaged by P. taivanensis so they could no longer be used by P. longicornis. Eggshells were damaged more quickly by P. taivanensis at Santimen, southwestern Taiwan, than at four other study sites where there were lower intensities of food competition between P. taivanensis and P. longicornis. The displacement percentage was higher at Santimen which had higher ant population densities. The present study shows that lizard eggs may constitute a natural, ephemeral resource for which ants compete in space and time. Comparisons between study sites with and without ants suggest the existence of a trade-off between resource discovery and territorial defense. (C) 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.zool.2009.06.003}}, ISSN = {{0944-2006}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000278299300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000273232800012, Author = {Kramer, Elena M. and Hodges, Scott A.}, Title = {{Aquilegia as a model system for the evolution and ecology of petals}}, Journal = {{PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{365}}, Number = {{1539}}, Pages = {{477-490}}, Month = {{FEB 12}}, Note = {{16th Discussion Meeting on Darwin and the Evolution of Flowers, Royal Soc London, London, ENGLAND, MAY, 2009}}, Abstract = {{The ranunculid genus Aquilegia holds extraordinary promise as a model system for investigating a wide range of questions relating to the evolution and ecology of petals. New genetic and genomic resources, including an extensive EST database, BAC libraries and physical maps, as well as virus-induced gene silencing are facilitating this research on multiple fronts. At the developmental genetic level, Aquilegia has been important for elucidating the developmental programme for specifying petals and petaloid characteristics. Data suggest that duplication events among the petal and stamen identity genes have resulted in sub- and neofunctionalization. This expansion of gene function does not include the petaloidy of Aquilegia sepals, however, which does not depend on the same loci that control identity of the second whorl petals. Of special interest is the elaboration of the petal into a nectar spur, a major innovation for the genus. Intra- and interspecific variation in the shape and colour of petals, especially the spurs, has been shown to be adaptative for different pollinators. Thus, understanding the genetic basis of these traits will help us connect the ecological interactions driving speciation with the genetic changes responsible for remodelling morphology. Progress in this area has focused on the multiple, parallel transitions in flower colour and nectar spur length across the genus. For flower colour, upstream transcription factors appear to be primarily targets of natural selection. Thus research in Aquilegia spans the initial evolution of petals and petaloidy to the diversification of petal morphology to the ecological basis of petal form, thereby providing a comprehensive picture of the evolutionary biology of this critical angiosperm feature.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rstb.2009.0230}}, ISSN = {{0962-8436}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000273232800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000274229500014, Author = {Steiner, Kim E.}, Title = {{TWIN OIL SACS FACILITATE THE EVOLUTION OF A NOVEL TYPE OF POLLINATION UNIT (MERANTHIUM) IN A SOUTH AFRICAN ORCHID}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{311-323}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{The unique floral morphology of the South African orchid H. pulchra, with its twin meranthia, is best explained as an adaptation to pollination by oil-collecting bees. Flowers consisting of meranthia (floral parts that function as single pollination units; commonly observed in garden Iris) are extremely rare among the angiosperms and their significance poorly understood. Unlike all other known examples of meranthia, the novel type described for H. pulchra is not bilabiate. All Huttonaea species are unique in having twin petal sacs with glandular verrucae that secrete oil and are pollinated by Rediviva (Melittidae) oil-collecting bees. But only Huttonaea pulchra has long and widely divergent petal claws that place the oil sacs well beyond the reach of a centrally positioned bee. The wide separation of these sacs forces the pollinator, R. colorata, to visit each side of the flower independently and effectively divides the flower into two meranthia. Molecular data indicate that the evolution of the Huttonaea-type meranthium was dependent on the prior evolution of the oil flower/oil bee relationship. Meranthium evolution was also facilitated by the presence of oil in two separate structures (petal sacs) that were not physically constrained to remain in close proximity.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.0900239}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000274229500014}}, } @article{ ISI:000275816900015, Author = {Forrest, Jessica and Inouye, David W. and Thomson, James D.}, Title = {{Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: Does climate variation influence community co-flowering patterns?}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{431-440}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Climate change is expected to alter patterns of species co-occurrence, in both space and time. Species-specific shifts in reproductive phenology may alter the assemblages of plant species in flower at any given time during the growing season. Temporal overlap in the flowering periods (co-flowering) of animal-pollinated species may influence reproductive success if competitive or facilitative interactions between plant species affect pollinator services. We used a 33-year data set on flowering phenology in subalpine meadows ill Colorado, USA, to determine whether interannual variation in snowmelt date, which marks the start of the growing season, affected co-flowering patterns. For two of four species considered, we found a significant relationship between snowmelt timing and composition of the assemblage of co-flowering plants. In years of early snowmelt, Lathyrus lanszwertii var. leucanthus (Fabaceac), the Species we investigated in most detail, tended to overlap with earlier-flowering species and with fewer species overall. In particular, overlap with the flowering period of Lupinus polyphyllus var. prunophilus, with which Lathyrus leucanthus shares pollinators. was significantly reduced ill early-snowmelt years. The observed association between timing of snowmelt and patterns of flowering overlap could not have been predicted simply by examining temporal trends in the dates of peak flowering of the dominant species in the community, its peak flowering dates have largely shifted in parallel with respect to snowmelt date. However, Subtle interspecific differences in responsiveness of flowering time, duration, and intensity to interannual climate variation have likely contributed to the observed relationship. Although much of the year-to-year variation in flowering overlap remains unexplained by snowmelt date, our finding of a Measurable signal of climate variation Suggests that future climate change may lead to altered competitive environments for these wildflower species.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/09-0099.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Forrest, Jessica/A-6290-2010 Inouye, David/C-2997-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Forrest, Jessica/0000-0002-5273-9339 Inouye, David/0000-0003-2076-7834}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000275816900015}}, } @article{ ISI:000273616100002, Author = {Johnson, Karen A. and McQuillan, Peter B. and Kirkpatrick, Jamie B.}, Title = {{BIRD POLLINATION OF THE CLIMBING HEATH PRIONOTES CERINTHOIDES (ERICACEAE)}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{171}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{147-157}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Tubular red and pink flowers often indicate bird pollination. Prionotes cerinthoides, a climbing shrub of the temperate rainforest in Tasmania (Australia) and one of only two members of the most primitive clade of the subfamily Styphelioideae (Ericaceae), has such flowers. We tested the hypothesis that P. cerinthoides is bird pollinated using breeding system experiments, observations of flower visitors, and invertebrate trapping. Flowering phenology, nectar availability, and flower damage were also recorded. Prionotes cerinthoides produced little viable seed in the absence of a pollinator but selfed readily when pollination was facilitated. It appears that P. cerinthoides depends largely on the pollination services of a single native bird species, the eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris). The only other flower visitor observed to contact anthers and stigma was the introduced bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). The crescent honeyeater (Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera), the introduced honeybee (Apis mellifera), and the bumblebee were nectar robbers.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/648990}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McQuillan, Peter/C-2373-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000273616100002}}, } @article{ ISI:000274112600007, Author = {Wang, Xiao-Ru and Torimaru, Takeshi and Lindgren, Dag and Fries, Anders}, Title = {{Marker-based parentage analysis facilitates low input `breeding without breeding' strategies for forest trees}}, Journal = {{TREE GENETICS \& GENOMES}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{6}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{227-235}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Controlled crosses and progeny testing are important components of tree breeding programs. Recently, a new approach, `breeding without breeding' (BWB), has been proposed to obtain structured pedigrees for the breeding and testing from wind-pollinated progenies; the technique uses high-resolution markers instead of conventional approaches. The BWB approach is attractive for outcrossing conifers where the breeding cycle is long and reproductive maturity is often delayed. For the application of the BWB approach, the accurate assignment of parents is essential. The first step in the application of the BWB approach is to conduct tests into the reliability of paternity and parent-pair exclusion procedures in complex situations. In this study we conducted multi-locus-based empirical and simulation analyses for a Scots pine seed orchard crop, in order to develop the appropriate parentage assignment techniques for BWB and to investigate whether pedigrees from a seed orchard crop can be determined with sufficient accuracy. The results were promising, as 93-97\% of the seeds generated by mating among the seed orchard clones were correctly assigned to a parent-pair. When mating occurred with foreign pollen, the success rate of identifying mother clones was 60-78\%. Based on these results, we propose three novel low input breeding strategies for forest trees. The principles of the different options and their potential benefits and costs are described and discussed using Scots pine as a case study.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11295-009-0243-8}}, ISSN = {{1614-2942}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wang, Xiao-Ru/H-6811-2012 torimaru, takeshi/F-8514-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000274112600007}}, } @article{ ISI:000283977200004, Author = {Delye, Chnstophe and Clement, Julie A. J. and Pernin, Fanny and Chauvel, Bruno and Le Corre, Valerie}, Title = {{High gene flow promotes the genetic homogeneity of arable weed populations at the landscape level}}, Journal = {{BASIC AND APPLIED ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{504-512}}, Abstract = {{To determine whether weed populations growing in neighbouring fields were genetically Isolated, we investigated the genetic contamination of Alopecurus myosuroides populations in organic fields by populations in conventional fields Herbicide resistance was used as a marker for gene flow to organic populations, which are not under herbicide selective pressure Organic fields contained on average 74 5\% herbicide-resistant plants (80 1\% in conventional fields) Identical resistance alleles were found in neighbouring organic and conventional fields AFLP analysts revealed that populations from organic and conventional fields had similar neutral genetic diversity Massive pollen flow from conventional fields is likely chiefly responsible for the genetic makeup of A myosuroides populations from organic fields Using a demo-genetic model, we propose that demographic collapses of populations due to effective weed control enhance gene flow towards these populations Fields with a low weed density could act as `genetic sinks' that would facilitate the diffusion of genes from neighbouring, dense weed populations Populations of allogamous wind-pollinated weed species like A myosuroides occurring in neighbouring fields are therefore clearly not Independent units Adaptive evolution and management of such weeds should thus be considered on a scale broader than the field}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.baae.2010.06.008}}, ISSN = {{1439-1791}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000283977200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000278016500005, Author = {Ortigosa, Angel L. and Gomez, Jose M.}, Title = {{Differences in the diversity and composition of the pollinator assemblage of two co-flowering congeneric alpine wallflowers, Erysimum nevadense and E. baeticum}}, Journal = {{FLORA}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{205}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{266-275}}, Abstract = {{Many alpine plants display a generalist pollination system where almost any available flower visitor could act as a legitimate pollinator. Co-flowering related plant species displaying a generalized pollination system can decrease their fitness due to interspecific mating. In this study, we determine the difference in diversity and composition of the pollination systems of two co-occurring species endemic to the alpine region of the Sierra Nevada (SE Spain), Erysimum nevadense Reut. and Erysimum baeticum baeticum (Heywood) Polatschek (Brassicaceae), and check for the potential role of floral and plant traits in explaining the observed differences. For this, we labeled 30 plants in two populations of each plant species located in the same area. We determined flower visitor assemblage by sampling all insects approaching the flowers and contacting the sexual organs during 60-min surveys. We found that the diversity of the pollinator assemblage was similar between the two studied wallflower species, both species showing a much generalized pollination system. However, the composition of the pollinator assemblage was different, since the flowers of E. nevadense were visited mostly by beetles and in a lesser extent by hover-flies, whereas the flowers of E. baeticum baeticum were visited mostly by ants and bees. Interestingly, flower traits varied between species, with E. nevadense displaying yellow, smaller and shallower flowers and E. baeticum baeticum displaying purple, large and deeper flowers. These findings suggest that differences in floral traits can explain the observed differences in the composition of the pollinator assemblage between both wallflower species. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.flora.2009.04.005}}, ISSN = {{0367-2530}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000278016500005}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000323827000098, Author = {Basteri, G. and Benvenuti, S.}, Editor = {{Gianquinto, GP and Orsini, F}}, Title = {{Wildflowers Pollinators-Attractivity in the Urban Ecosystem}}, Booktitle = {{II INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANDSCAPE AND URBAN HORTICULTURE}}, Series = {{Acta Horticulturae}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{881}}, Pages = {{585-590}}, Note = {{2nd International Conference on Landscape and Urban Horticulture, Bologna, ITALY, JUN 09-13, 2009}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci (ISHS)}}, Abstract = {{In order to increase biodiversity in the urban environment, several wildflower species were tested in terms of attractiveness towards pollinators. The species were selected on the basis of their mutualistic relation with pollinators, in terms of pollination biology. Plants with very showy flowers, like those belonging to the botanical families of Amaryllidaceae, Dipsacacee, Malvacee, Campanulacee, Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Campanulaceae, were selected, grown in pots and tested in the urban environment to explore their potentiality to attract pollinators (bees, bumblebees, diptera and butterflies) in spite of the typically adverse life conditions of the urban environment. During the spring and summer months of the period 2006-2007, some observations were made on both wildflowers grown in the city and spontaneous plants of the same species in the natural environments, where the seeds of the studied species used were collected. The urban ecosystem tends to heavily limit the presence of pollinators, especially regard to the categories of butterflies and bumblebees, while solitary bees and diptera (especially Bombyliidae and Syrphydae) were more stable. In conclusion, in order to make the dynamics of wildflowers' survival sustainable over time, it is necessary to make pollinators' life possible in the city through the creation of environments for their breeding and of ecological corridors that can facilitate their entry into urban ecosystem.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{978-90-6605-643-5}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000323827000098}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000314097800040, Author = {Rodriguez-Medina, N. N. and Valdes-Infante, J. and Gonzalez, G. and Fuentes, V. and Canizares, J.}, Editor = {{Rohde, W and Fermin, G}}, Title = {{Genetic Resources of Guava (Psidium guajava) in Cuba: Germplasm Characterization and Breeding}}, Booktitle = {{II INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GUAVA AND OTHER MYRTACEAE}}, Series = {{Acta Horticulturae}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{849}}, Pages = {{341-348}}, Note = {{2nd International Symposium on Guava and Other Myrtaceae, Aguascalientes, MEXICO, NOV 17-18, 2008}}, Abstract = {{In the first half part of the last century, guava (Psidium guajava) was not cultured in Cuban, and breeding programs were not formally developed. In 1965, with the foundation of the Germplasm Bank of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Trees (Havana Province), the principal Cuban guava collection was established. This gene bank was formed from three different sources: (i) foreign cultivars, (ii) plants prospected in different localities throughout the country, and (iii) selected genotypes segregating from open-pollinated seeds. During this period, an incipient breeding program was started, which resulted in the identification of nine cultivars with `E.E.A. 1-23', `E.E.A. 18-40', `Belic L-207', `Belic L-215', `Belic L-97' and `E.E.A. 28-44' showed the highest yields. The two formers are also dwarf genotypes and nowadays constitute the main cultivars for commercial production in Cuba. In 2001, a breeding program by controlled crosses produced a total of 354 hybrid plants from which 25 dwarf genotypes were finally selected on the basis of quantitative and qualitative traits for the establishment of new commercial cultivars. The three populations from these crosses were further employed to develop guava genetic linkage maps and to map QTLs using morph-agronomic characters and molecular markers. The combination of molecular marker methods and phenotypic description was greatly facilitated cultivar identification, diversity estimation, and elite genotypes recommendation in guava germplasm. Other modern biotechnology techniques such as in vitro culture and the detection of candidate genes for resistance and plant development can be potential tools to assist guava breeding program.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{978-90-66050-18-1}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000314097800040}}, } @article{ ISI:000272657400019, Author = {Van Geert, Anja and Van Rossum, Fabienne and Triest, Ludwig}, Title = {{Do linear landscape elements in farmland act as biological corridors for pollen dispersal?}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{178-187}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{P>1. Habitat fragmentation in agricultural landscapes has reduced the population sizes of many plant species while increasing their spatial isolation. Restoration or maintenance of the connectivity by gene flow between the fragmented patches may be determinant to sustaining viable populations, especially for insect-pollinated species. Functional biological corridors facilitating pollen flow between remnants in a human-dominated matrix might achieve this. 2. Dye dispersal was investigated for the extremely fragmented insect-pollinated herb Primula vulgaris, using fluorescent dye particles as pollen analogues, in a study site comprising 20 populations, of which 13 pairs were physically connected by a linear landscape elements (LLEs, ditches), and 11 pairs were not connected by an LLE. The dye deposition events were used to fit a model of pollen dispersal at the landscape level. We examined whether existing LLEs in the intensively used agricultural landscape act as functional corridors for pollen dispersal. The effects of LLE length and size and plant density of the recipient population on the dispersal patterns were tested. 3. Dye dispersal showed a leptokurtic decay distribution, with 80\% of the dye transfers occurring at less than 85.1 m, and a maximal distance of 1010.8 m. The mean distance travelled by fluorescent dye particles based on the dye dispersal model was delta = 87 m. 4. Dye dispersal between populations was found to be significantly higher when populations were connected by an LLE, than when populations were unconnected. For the group of population pairs connected by an LLE, dye deposition significantly decreased with the distance to dye source, but was not related to recipient population size and plant density. 5. Synthesis. Our study is, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate that existing LLEs in an intensively used farmland may act as functional biological corridors facilitating pollen dispersal through pollinator movements. The maintenance or restoration of a network of populations connected by LLEs, but also by other landscape structures (e.g. population relays in vegetation patches and networks of small elements allowing indirect connections) should be strongly encouraged.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01600.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000272657400019}}, } @article{ ISI:000272912100011, Author = {Gaskett, A. C. and Herberstein, M. E.}, Title = {{Colour mimicry and sexual deception by Tongue orchids (Cryptostylis)}}, Journal = {{NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{97-102}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Typically, floral colour attracts pollinators by advertising rewards such as nectar, but how does colour function when pollinators are deceived, unrewarded, and may even suffer fitness costs? Sexually deceptive orchids are pollinated only by male insects fooled into mating with orchid flowers and inadvertently transferring orchid pollinia. Over long distances, sexually deceptive orchids lure pollinators with counterfeit insect sex pheromones, but close-range deception with colour mimicry is a tantalising possibility. Here, for the first time, we analyse the colours of four sexually deceptive Cryptostylis orchid species and the female wasp they mimic (Lissopimpla excelsa, Ichneumonidae), from the perspective of the orchids' single, shared pollinator, male Lissopimpla excelsa. Despite appearing different to humans, the colours of the orchids and female wasps were effectively identical when mapped into a hymenopteran hexagonal colour space. The orchids and wasps reflected predominantly red-orange wavelengths, but UV was also reflected by raised bumps on two orchid species and by female wasp wings. The orchids' bright yellow pollinia contrasted significantly with their overall red colour. Orchid deception may therefore involve accurate and species-specific mimicry of wavelengths reflected by female wasps, and potentially, exploitation of insects' innate attraction to UV and yellow wavelengths. In general, mimicry may be facilitated by exploiting visual vulnerabilities and evolve more readily at the peripheries of sensory perception. Many sexually deceptive orchids are predominantly red, green or white: colours that are all potentially difficult for hymenoptera to detect or distinguish from the background.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00114-009-0611-0}}, ISSN = {{0028-1042}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Herberstein, Marie/D-2042-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Herberstein, Marie/0000-0001-5071-2952}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000272912100011}}, } @article{ ISI:000282225000010, Author = {Parachnowitsch, Amy L. and Kessler, Andre}, Title = {{Pollinators exert natural selection on flower size and floral display in Penstemon digitalis}}, Journal = {{NEW PHYTOLOGIST}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{188}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{393-402}}, Abstract = {{P>A major gap in our understanding of floral evolution, especially micro-evolutionary processes, is the role of pollinators in generating patterns of natural selection on floral traits. Here we explicitly tested the role of pollinators in selecting floral traits in a herbaceous perennial, Penstemon digitalis. We manipulated the effect of pollinators on fitness through hand pollinations and compared phenotypic selection in open- and hand-pollinated plants. Despite the lack of pollen limitation in our population, pollinators mediated selection on floral size and floral display. Hand pollinations removed directional selection for larger flowers and stabilizing selection on flower number, suggesting that pollinators were the agents of selection on both of these traits. We reviewed studies that measured natural selection on floral traits by biotic agents and generally found stronger signatures of selection imposed by pollinators than by herbivores and co-flowering plant species.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03410.x}}, ISSN = {{1469-8137}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kessler, Andre/C-7810-2014 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Parachnowitsch, Amy/0000-0001-9668-6593}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000282225000010}}, } @article{ ISI:000286359200003, Author = {Sfair, Julia Caram and Casarin Rochelle, Andre Luis and Rezende, Andreia Alves and van Melis, Juliano and Weiser, Veridiana de Lara and Martins, Fernando Roberto}, Title = {{Nested liana-tree network in three distinct neotropical vegetation formations}}, Journal = {{PERSPECTIVES IN PLANT ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS}}, Year = {{2010}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{277-281}}, Abstract = {{Despite the increasing number of studies on lianas, few of them have focused on liana and host-tree (phorophyte) interactions from a network perspective. Most studies found some network structure in other systems, such as plant facilitation and host-epiphyte. However, a recent study found no structure in a small network of liana phorophyte interactions. Our aim was to investigate the hypothesis that rich, highly diverse systems yield large interaction networks with some structure. If so, networks of liana phorophyte interactions in highly diverse systems will have one or more of the following structures: compartmentalized, nested or compound. We sampled three highly diverse vegetation formations: a tropical rainforest, a tropical seasonally dry forest, and a woodland savanna, all in southeastern Brazil. We used simulated annealing to test compartmentalization and found no compartment in any of the three networks analyzed. By means of a modified classical temperature index, we found a nested structure in all three sites sampled. We inferred that these nested structures might result from phorophyte characteristics and sequential colonization by different liana species and might promote increased diversity in tropical tree formations. We propose that, according to the system complexity and the different variables associated with site and liana phorophyte characteristics, a network may have a structure, which arises in more complex systems. Since we have investigated highly diverse systems with large networks, nestedness could be clearly detected in our study. (C) 2010 Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ppees.2010.09.001}}, ISSN = {{1433-8319}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Martins, Fernando/F-5652-2012 REZENDE, ANDREIA/G-5924-2012 Rochelle, Andre/E-9728-2013 van Melis, Juliano/K-6144-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Martins, Fernando/0000-0002-3068-7099 REZENDE, ANDREIA/0000-0001-7030-6783 van Melis, Juliano/0000-0002-2911-3733}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000286359200003}}, } @article{ ISI:000272079600005, Author = {Pinto-Torres, Elena and Koptur, Suzanne}, Title = {{Hanging by a coastal strand: breeding system of a federally endangered morning-glory of the south-eastern Florida coast, Jacquemontia reclinata}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{104}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1301-1311}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Coastal development has led to extensive habitat destruction and the near extinction of the beach clustervine, Jacquemontia reclinata (Convolvulaceae), an endangered, perennial vine endemic to dune and coastal strand communities in south-eastern Florida. We examined the breeding system of this rare species, and observed visitors to its flowers, as part of a larger effort to document its status and facilitate its recovery. Reproductively mature experimental plants were grown from seed collected from wild plants in two of the largest remaining populations. Controlled hand pollinations on potted plants were conducted to determine the level of compatibility of the species and to investigate compatibility within and between populations. Seeds from the hand pollinations were planted in soil, and they were monitored individually, recording time to seed germination (cotyledon emergence). Wild plants were observed in several of the remaining populations to determine which species visited the flowers. Hand pollination and seed planting experiments indicate that J. reclinata has a mixed mating system: flowers are able to set fruit with viable seeds with self-pollen, but outcross pollen produces significantly greater fruit and seed set than self-pollen (>= 50 \% for crosses vs. < 25 \% for self-pollinations). Visitors included a wide array of insect species, primarily of the orders Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera. All visitors captured and examined carried J. reclinata pollen, and usually several other types of pollen. Remnant populations of beach clustervine will have greater reproductive success not only if floral visitor populations are maintained, but also if movement of either pollen or seed takes place between populations. Restoration efforts should include provisions for the establishment and maintenance of pollinator populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp241}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000272079600005}}, } @article{ ISI:000273481300018, Author = {Kaul, Veenu and Koul, Awtar Kishen}, Title = {{Sex expression and breeding strategy in Commelina benghalensis L.}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{34}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{977-990}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{This paper describes the results of a series of experiments conducted to unravel the patterns of sex expression and reproductive output in a fascinating species with high variation in sexuality. Commelina benghalensis L., an andromonoecious rainy season weed, bears male and bisexual flowers in axillary spathes of all the plants investigated. Bisexual flowers are of two types; chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL). The former are borne on subaerial and the latter on subterranean shoots, in addition to those on aerial spathes. Three populations of the species, designated JU1, JU2 and JU3, were scanned for three consecutive years from 1996 to 1998, and the number and distribution of male, CH and CL flowers per plant were found to vary. The mere number of CH/CL flowers per plant is by itself not an accurate measure of mixed mating. It is necessary to confirm that CH flowers actually outcross and, if they do so, to what extent. Comparison of the pollen/ovule (P/O) ratio and percentage pollen germination on the stigmas of the CH and CL flowers have been used as indices of the pollination system. Confirmation of this was sought from the fruit and seed sets obtained after manual pollination of emasculated flowers with self- and cross-pollen. Results so obtained were compared with those of natural pollination. In the majority of CH flowers, the male and female reproductive phases (i.e. anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity) overlap, providing for self-pollination. However, two exceptions to this general behaviour were found in some plants of all the three populations. In some CH flowers, the female phase matures prior to anther dehiscence while in others, the anthers are sterile. Such plants, designated as variants 1 and 2, respectively, facilitate cross-pollination. While the CL flowers contribute to the production of selfed progeny, the variants of CH ones permit formation of outcrossed progeny, indicating a mixed mating strategy in C. benghalensis.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s12038-009-0112-5}}, ISSN = {{0250-5991}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000273481300018}}, } @article{ ISI:000271359400005, Author = {Kuldna, Piret and Peterson, Kaja and Poltimaee, Helen and Luig, Jaan}, Title = {{An application of DPSIR framework to identify issues of pollinator loss}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{69}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{32-42}}, Month = {{NOV 15}}, Abstract = {{This paper is an attempt to apply the Driving forces-Pressures-State-Impact-Responses (DPSIR) framework to identify the issues of pollinator loss. The linkages between the significant pressures on insect pollinators, their underlying socio-economic driving forces and responses, with the focus on Europe, are addressed in the study. A review of literature revealed the shortage of empirical studies that prove direct links between policy responses and specific pressures on the pollinators. Based on written evidence and expert judgement, land use practices and the use of agrochemicals were regarded as the most significant pressures on different functional groups of pollinators. As demonstrated in the study, agricultural and rural development policy has been the key driving force of these pressures. The application of the DPSIR framework proved to be useful in identifying the pathway of human pressures on pollinators. The study also concludes that there is further need for specific empirical research on the effects and effectiveness of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) measures (agri-environment measures in particular) to support farming practices that facilitate the protection of the environment and the prevention of pollinator loss. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.005}}, ISSN = {{0921-8009}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peterson, Kaja/G-1371-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000271359400005}}, } @article{ ISI:000271106700001, Author = {Fleming, Theodore H. and Geiselman, Cullen and Kress, W. John}, Title = {{The evolution of bat pollination: a phylogenetic perspective}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{104}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1017-1043}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Background Most tropical and subtropical plants are biotically pollinated, and insects are the major pollinators. A small but ecologically and economically important group of plants classified in 28 orders, 67 families and about 528 species of angiosperms are pollinated by nectar-feeding bats. From a phylogenetic perspective this is a derived pollination mode involving a relatively large and energetically expensive pollinator. Here its ecological and evolutionary consequences are explored. Scope and Conclusions This review summarizes adaptations in bats and plants that facilitate this interaction and discusses the evolution of bat pollination from a plant phylogenetic perspective. Two families of bats contain specialized flower visitors, one in the Old World and one in the New World. Adaptation to pollination by bats has evolved independently many times from a variety of ancestral conditions, including insect-, bird- and non-volant mammal-pollination. Bat pollination predominates in very few families but is relatively common in certain angiosperm subfamilies and tribes. We propose that flower-visiting bats provide two important benefits to plants: they deposit large amounts of pollen and a variety of pollen genotypes on plant stigmas and, compared with many other pollinators, they are long-distance pollen dispersers. Bat pollination tends to occur in plants that occur in low densities and in lineages producing large flowers. In highly fragmented tropical habitats, nectar bats play an important role in maintaining the genetic continuity of plant populations and thus have considerable conservation value.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp197}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000271106700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000269095200002, Author = {Herrera, I. and Nassar, J. M.}, Title = {{Reproductive and recruitment traits as indicators of the invasive potential of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae) and Stapelia gigantea (Apocynaceae) in a Neotropical arid zone}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{73}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{978-986}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Populations of two ornamental exotic species, Kalanchoe daigremontiana and Stapelia gigantea, have been recently detected inside a protected area containing arid ecosystems in Venezuela. We indirectly tested their invasive potential by characterizing their reproductive biology and recruitment patterns and comparing our estimates against Baker's Law and reproductive profiles reported for invasive plants. K. daigremontiana is autogamous, produces > 16,000 seeds per plant and also reproduces clonally. Despite low seed viability (17.9\%) arid germination rates (11.9\%), seeds were present in the seed bank. Plantlets of asexual origin showed high survival (75-100\%) compared to seedlings of sexual origin (10\%). S. gigantea is self-incompatible, xenogamous and produces close to 1500 seeds per m(2) of plant tissue. Seed viability (77\%) and germination rates (62\%) were high, but this species is not represented in the seed bank. It has a vegetative growth. A combination of reproductive and recruitment attributes, which match those considered in Baker's Law and others reported for invasive plants, confer K. daigremontiana and S. gigantea the potential to invade Neotropical arid zones; the former mainly through selfing and production of numerous asexual plantlets, and the latter through an association with a locally abundant pollinator and production of wind dispersed seeds. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.jaridenv.2009.05.004}}, ISSN = {{0140-1963}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000269095200002}}, } @article{ ISI:000270787100005, Author = {Watson, David M.}, Title = {{Parasitic plants as facilitators: more Dryad than Dracula?}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1151-1159}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{P>Despite being components of most vegetation types, the community-level effects of parasitic plants are often ignored. The few studies adopting a broader view have revealed that these plants mediate a series of direct and indirect competitive and facilitative effects on community structure and ecosystem processes. I summarize findings from the two best-studied systems: a set of experimental and manipulative studies from northern Sweden and an integrated research programme in southern Australia, both focusing on the most abundant hemiparasite in the region -Bartsia alpina (Orobanchaceae; Lamiales) and Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae; Santalales), respectively. Despite broad-based differences between these regions, their vegetation types and biotic constituents, rates of litter-fall, litter decomposition, nutrient return and plant growth all increased near the hemiparasites in both cases. This leads to changes in the abundance of other plants and the increased species richness and total biomass reflects an indirect form of facilitation. In addition to reallocation of nutrients from host tissues, some of the additional nutrients may be excreted by other organisms, such as visiting pollinators, seed dispersers, herbivores and members of below-ground decomposer communities. Small-scale heterogeneity in nutrient availability could provide a mechanistic process underlying the role of parasitic plants as keystone resources. Parasitic plants can be regarded as either malevolent predators (Dracula) or charitable benefactors(Robin Hood), but may be better described as Dryads (Greek deities associated with specific trees, which, in addition to being reliant on their host for their wellbeing, affect nearby trees and visiting animals, rendering the surrounding stand a sacred grove). Synthesis. The Dryad role may be applicable to a wide range of facilitators, whereby indirect interactions with other organisms affect both hosts and adjacent plants, augmenting direct plant-plant interactions. However, while consistent with both case studies and information from studies of other parasitic plants, this role may be most apparent in low productivity systems. Addition, removal and animal exclosure experiments are highlighted as useful approaches to quantify the community-level influence of parasitic plants, in addition to dedicated work on the below-ground influences of parasitic plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01576.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, EISSN = {{1365-2745}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{David, Watson/0000-0003-1821-4632}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000270787100005}}, } @article{ ISI:000270787100006, Author = {Bronstein, Judith L.}, Title = {{The evolution of facilitation and mutualism}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1160-1170}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{P>1. While the relationship between facilitation and competition has been explored extensively in recent years, there is also a natural link between facilitation and mutualism, as both are interspecific interactions that confer benefits. Yet, the relationship between these two interactions has been minimally explored. 2. Here, I explore parallels and differences between mutualism and facilitation. Five focal areas organize current research on mutualism evolution: trait evolution; the continuum from specialization to generalization; the evolutionary origins and maintenance of the interaction; co-evolution of partners; and the prevalence and implications of cheating. These foci are also helpful for investigating how facilitation evolves, a much less explored issue. 3. Testable hypotheses regarding the evolution of facilitation include the following: selection should be stronger on traits of facilitated species than on traits of facilitators; facilitative interactions with mutualistic (++) and commensal (+0) outcomes should exhibit greater evolutionary stability than those with antagonistic (+-) outcomes; co-evolution should be possible in mutualistic and antagonistic facilitation only; when co-evolution occurs, it should produce a geographic mosaic of interaction outcomes; and antagonistic facilitation could lead to selection on facilitators to either escape or to tolerate the neighbours that benefit from them. 4.Synthesis. Three gaps in our knowledge currently impede progress on evolutionary questions surrounding facilitation. First, reciprocal effects are rarely investigated; facilitation might evolve like mutualism, commensalism or antagonism, depending on effects on the facilitator species. Secondly, the genetics of relevant traits are not yet well explored; the traits themselves are better known for facilitator species than for the facilitated, which are more likely to evolve in the context of the interaction. Finally, the fitness costs and benefits associated with facilitation have rarely been measured. Filling these gaps should permit rapid progress in understanding how facilitation arises, persists and evolves.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01566.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, EISSN = {{1365-2745}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000270787100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000270289200006, Author = {Tscheulin, Thomas and Petanidou, Theodora and Potts, Simon G. and Settele, Josef}, Title = {{The impact of Solanum elaeagnifolium, an invasive plant in the Mediterranean, on the flower visitation and seed set of the native co-flowering species Glaucium flavum}}, Journal = {{PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{205}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{77-85}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{We examined the effect of the invasive Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae) on flower visitation patterns and seed set of the co-flowering native Glaucium flavum (Papaveraceae). We observed flowering G. flavum plants in invaded and uninvaded sites and found that G. flavum flowers in uninvaded sites received significantly more total visits. In addition, we hand-pollinated flowers on plants of G. flavum with (i) pure conspecific pollen, (ii) pure S. elaeagnifolium pollen and (iii) three different mixtures of the two types of pollen (containing 25, 50 and 75\% invasive pollen). As a control, flowers were left unmanipulated or were permanently bagged. Seed set did not differ significantly between flowers receiving pollen mixtures and pure conspecific pollen. However, in the open pollination treatment, seed set was significantly lower than in the 100\% conspecific pollen treatment, which suggests pollen limitation. Bagged flowers had very low seed set. G. flavum was generally resilient against the deposition of S. elaeagnifolium pollen.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11258-009-9599-y}}, ISSN = {{1385-0237}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Potts, Simon/C-7250-2008 Tscheulin, Thomas/B-9722-2011 Petanidou, Theodora/C-9399-2011 Settele, Josef/A-6371-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Tscheulin, Thomas/0000-0002-9901-1521 Settele, Josef/0000-0002-8624-4983}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000270289200006}}, } @article{ ISI:000273666800005, Author = {Johnson, S. D.}, Title = {{Darwin's legacy in South African evolutionary biology}}, Journal = {{SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{105}}, Number = {{11-12}}, Pages = {{403-409}}, Month = {{NOV-DEC}}, Abstract = {{In the two decades after publication of the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin facilitated the publication of numerous scientific papers by settler naturalists in South Africa. This helped to establish the strong tradition of natural history which has characterised evolutionary research in South African museums, herbaria and universities. Significant developments in the early 20th century included the hominid fossil discoveries of Raymond Dart, Robert Broom, and others, but there was otherwise very little South African involvement in the evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s. Evolutionary biology developed into a distinct discipline in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s when it was dominated by mammalian palaeontology and a vigorous debate around species concepts. In the post-apartheid era, the main focus of evolutionary biology has been the construction of phylogenies for African plants and animals using molecular data, and the use of these phylogenies to answer questions about taxonomic classification and trait evolution. South African biologists have also recently contributed important evidence for some of Darwin's ideas about plant-animal coevolution, sexual selection, and the role of natural selection In speciation. A bibliographic analysis shows that South African authors produce 2-3\% of the world's publications in the field of evolutionary biology, which Is much higher than the value of about 0.5\% for publications in all sciences. With its extraordinary biodiversity and well-developed research infrastructure, South Africa is an ideal laboratory from which to advance evolutionary research.}}, ISSN = {{0038-2353}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000273666800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000271888700001, Author = {Renoult, Julien P. and Kjellberg, Finn and Grout, Cinderella and Santoni, Sylvain and Khadari, Bouchaib}, Title = {{Cyto-nuclear discordance in the phylogeny of Ficus section Galoglychia and host shifts in plant-pollinator associations}}, Journal = {{BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{9}}, Month = {{OCT 12}}, Abstract = {{Background: Hybridization events are relatively common in vascular plants. However, the frequency of these events is unevenly distributed across the plant phylogeny. Plant families in which individual species are pollinated by specific pollinator species are predicted to be less prone to hybridization than other families. However, exceptions may occur within these families, when pollinators shift host-plant species. Indeed, host shifts are expected to increase the rate of hybridization events. Pollinators of Ficus section Galoglychia are suspected to have changed host repeatedly, based on several cases of incongruence between plant phylogeny and taxonomy, and insect phylogeny and taxonomy. We tracked cyto-nuclear discordance across section Galoglychia as evidence for hybridization. To achieve a proper global view, we first clarified the monophyly of section Galoglychia as it had been questioned by recent phylogenetic studies. Moreover, we investigated if fig size could be a factor facilitating host shifts. Results: Phylogenetic chloroplast and nuclear results demonstrated the monophyly of section Galoglychia. Within section Galoglychia, we detected several cases of statistically significant cyto-nuclear discordance. Discordances concern both terminal nodes of the phylogenetic trees and one deep node defining relationships between subsections. Because nuclear phylogeny is congruent with morphological taxonomy, discordances were caused by the chloroplast phylogeny. Introgressive hybridization was the most likely explanation for these discordances. We also detected that subsections pollinated by several wasp genera had smaller figs and were pollinated by smaller wasps than subsections pollinated by a single wasp genus. Conclusion: As hypothesized, we discovered evidences of past hybridization in Ficus section Galoglychia. Further, introgression was only detected in subsections presenting incongruence between plant and pollinator phylogenies and taxonomy. This supports the hypothesis that host shift is the cause for plant-pollinator incongruence. Moreover, small fig size could facilitate host shifts. Eventually, this study demonstrates that non-coding chloroplast markers are valuable to resolve deep nodes in Ficus phylogeny.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2148-9-248}}, Article-Number = {{248}}, ISSN = {{1471-2148}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Khadari, Bouchaib/K-7965-2015}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000271888700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000269529100015, Author = {Woods, Teresa M. and Hartnett, David C. and Ferguson, Carolyn J.}, Title = {{High propagule production and reproductive fitness homeostasis contribute to the invasiveness of Lespedeza cuneata (Fabaceae)}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1913-1927}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Comparative studies of congeneric native and exotic species have proved fruitful in understanding plant traits that foster invasion. Using this approach, we investigate the complex reproductive system of the invasive Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don in relation to three native congeners in the variable environment of the North American tallgrass prairie. Lespedeza species produce both chasmogamous (CH) and cleistogamous (CL) flowers, and propagate clonally via vegetative buds. Utilizing multiple natural populations over 2 years, we investigated reproductive modes of individuals from bagged and unbagged treatments of each species. We found that L. cuneata produced a mean of five times as many seeds and a significantly greater number of vegetative buds than any native studied, and over twenty times as many CH flowers. Insect visitation significantly affected seed set in CH flowers, though some autonomous CH selfing occurred in all species. The invasive relied relatively less on selfing than the natives and exhibited less variation in reproductive output from both modes of reproduction. We conclude that the diverse reproductive biology and wide regeneration niche of L. cuneata in relation to its native congeners confer a fitness homeostasis that facilitates the successful spread of this invasive under a wide range of conditions.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-008-9369-0}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, EISSN = {{1573-1464}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000269529100015}}, } @article{ ISI:000269802200014, Author = {Nadkarni, Nalini M. and Haber, Willam A.}, Title = {{Canopy Seed Banks as Time Capsules of Biodiversity in Pasture-Remnant Tree Crowns}}, Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1117-1126}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Tropical pastures present multiple barriers to tree regeneration and restoration. Relict trees serve as ``regeneration foci{''} because they ameliorate the soil microclimate and serve as safe spots for dispersers. Here, we describe another mechanism by which remnant trees may facilitate pasture regeneration: the presence of seed banks in the canopy soil that accumulates from decomposing epiphytes within the crowns of mature remnant trees in tropical cloud forest pastures. We compared seed banks of canopy soils (histosols derived from fallen leaves, fruits, flower, and twigs of host trees and epiphytes, dead bryophytes, bark, detritus, dead animals, and microorganisms, and dust that accumulate on trunks and the upper surfaces of large branches) in pastures, canopy soils in primary forest trees, and soil on the forest floor in Monteverde, Costa Rica. There were 5211 epiphytic and terrestrial plant seeds in the three habitats. All habitats were dominated by seeds in a relatively small number of plant families, most of which were primarily woody, animal pollinated, and animal dispersed. The density of seeds on the forest floor was greater than seed density in either pasture-canopy or forest-canopy soils; the latter two did not differ. Eight species in 44 families and 61 genera from all of the habitats were tallied. There were 37 species in the pasture-canopy soil, 33 in the forest-canopy soil, and 57 on the forest floor. Eleven species were common to all habitats. The mean species richness in the pasture canopy was significantly higher than the forest canopy (F = 83.38; p < 0.02). Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination revealed that the communities were distinct. Greenhouse experiments verified that many of these seeds were viable, with 29 taxa germinating (23 taxa in pruned mats {[}mimic of exposed conditions] and 16 taxa in control mats {[}intact conditions]) within 2 months of observation. Nearly half the species that germinated were characteristic of primary forests (primary forest samples, 19\%; pasture samples, 29\%). This supports the idea that canopy seed banks of pasture trees can function as time capsules by providing propagules that are removed in both space and time from the primary forest. Their presence may enhance the ability of pastures to regenerate more quickly, reinforcing the importance of trees in agricultural settings.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01235.x}}, ISSN = {{0888-8892}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000269802200014}}, } @article{ ISI:000269976800004, Author = {Whitehead, Michael R. and Peakall, Rod}, Title = {{Integrating floral scent, pollination ecology and population genetics}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{863-874}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{P>1. Floral scent is a key factor in the attraction of pollinators. Despite this, the role of floral scent in angiosperm speciation and evolution remains poorly understood. Modern population genetic approaches when combined with pollination ecology can open new opportunities for studying the evolutionary role of floral scent. 2. A framework of six hypotheses for the application of population genetic tools to questions about the evolutionary role of floral scent is presented. When floral volatile chemistry is linked to pollinator attraction we can analyse questions such as: Does floral volatile composition reflect plant species boundaries? Can floral scent facilitate or suppress hybridization between taxa? Can the attraction of different pollinators influence plant mating systems and pollen-mediated gene flow? How is population genetic structure indirectly influenced by floral scent variation? 3. The application of molecular tools in sexually deceptive orchids has confirmed that volatile composition reflects species boundaries, revealed the role of shared floral odour in enabling hybridization, confirmed that the sexual attraction mediated by floral odour has implications for pollen flow and population genetic structure and provided examples of pollinator-mediated selection on floral scent variation. Interdisciplinary studies to explore links between floral volatile variation, ecology and population genetics are rare in other plant groups. 4. Ideal study systems for future floral scent research that incorporate population genetics will include closely related taxa that are morphologically similar, sympatric and co-flowering as well as groups that display wide variation in pollination mechanisms and floral volatiles.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01620.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, EISSN = {{1365-2435}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peakall, Rod/C-9623-2009 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peakall, Rod/0000-0001-9407-8404 Whitehead, Michael/0000-0002-9038-5746}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000269976800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000270776300003, Author = {Wadl, Phillip A. and Skinner, John A. and Dunlap, John R. and Reed, Sandra M. and Rinehart, Timothy A. and Pantalone, Vincent R. and Trigiano, Robert N.}, Title = {{Honeybee-mediated Controlled Pollinations in Cornus florida and C-kousa Intra- and Interspecific Crosses}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{44}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1527-1533}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Flowering (Cornus florida L.) and kousa (C kousa Hance) dogwoods are ornamental trees valued for their four-season appeal, but also for their importance to retail and wholesale nurseries. The popularity of kousa dogwood has increased in recent years as a result of its resistance to dogwood anthracnose and powdery mildew as compared with flowering dogwood, which is typically susceptible to those diseases. This range of resistance allows the development of intra- and interspecific cultivars with multiple disease resistance or a combination of disease resistance and specific ornamental traits. Breeding requires controlled crosses that are usually done manually, which is a labor-intensive process. Cornus florida and C kousa have generally been found to be self-incompatible allowing for the breeding process to be made more efficient by not having to emasculate flowers. We have capitalized on the natural ability of honeybees and the self-incompatible nature of dogwood to perform self- and crosspollinations of flowering and kousa dogwood. Self-pollinations were conducted in 2006 and 2007 with C. florida `Appalachian Spring' and `Cherokee Brave' and with C. kousa `Blue Shadow' and Galilean (R). The flowering dogwood self-pollinations resulted in no seed production, whereas the kousa dogwood self-pollinations resulted in low seed production, indicating self-incompatibility. Intra- and interspecific crosses of flowering and kousa dogwood cultivars and breeding lines were conducted in 2006 to 2008. Honeybees were effective in facilitating seed production for all intraspecific crosses conducted. Seedling phenotypes of putative intra- and interspecific hybrids are similar and practically indistinguishable, so dogwood-specific simple sequence repeats were used to verify a sample of the putative hybrids. The results demonstrated that honeybees were effective in performing controlled pollinations and that honeybee-mediated pollinations provide an alternative to time-consuming hand pollinations for flowering and kousa dogwood.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000270776300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000272505300006, Author = {Symes, C. T. and Human, H. and Nicolson, S. W.}, Title = {{Appearances can be deceiving: Pollination in two sympatric winter-flowering Aloe species}}, Journal = {{SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{668-674}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Aloe marlothii and A. greatheadii var. davyana are two sympatric winter-flowering succulents that occur in the summer rainfall regions of northern and north-eastern South Africa. Both have flower characteristics that are strongly Suggestive of bird pollination, although their nectar differs in volume and concentration. We conducted pollinator exclusion experiments to determine the importance of birds and insects as pollinators of these Aloe species. For both species fruit set and the number of seeds per fruit were higher in control treatments (all pollinators) and lower in treatments that excluded all pollinators. The contribution of insect pollinators to fruit set in A. marlothii was low (3-4\%), like that of no pollinators (0-2\%) whilst that of all pollinators (14-19\%) was significantly higher, suggesting that generalist avian pollinators, which visited flowers in large numbers, are the most important pollinators. In A. greatheadii var. dayvana fruit set in the absence of pollinators was also very low (2-6\%), while the contribution to fruit set by insects (36-51\%) was similar to that of all pollinators (55-55\%), confirming the importance of honeybees to pollination. Clear understanding of both flower and nectar characteristics, and observations of flower visitors, are therefore required before an accurate prediction of pollinator type can be made. (C) 2009 SAAB. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.sajb.2009.08.008}}, ISSN = {{0254-6299}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Nicolson, Sue/B-4734-2012 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Symes, Craig/0000-0002-8027-7055}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000272505300006}}, } @article{ ISI:000269675600010, Author = {Coombs, Gareth and Peter, Craig I. and Johnson, Steven D.}, Title = {{A test for Allee effects in the self-incompatible wasp-pollinated milkweed Gomphocarpus physocarpus}}, Journal = {{AUSTRAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{34}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{688-697}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{It has been suggested that plants that are good colonizers will generally have either an ability to self-fertilize or a generalist pollination system. This prediction is based on the idea that these reproductive traits should confer resistance to Allee effects in founder populations and was tested using Gomphocarpus physocarpus (Asclepiadoideae: Apocynaceae), a species native to South Africa that is invasive in other parts of the world. We found no significant relationships between the size of G. physocarpus populations and various measures of pollination success (pollen deposition, pollen removal and pollen transfer efficiency) and fruit set. A breeding system experiment showed that plants in a South African population are genetically self-incompatible and thus obligate outcrossers. Outcrossing is further enhanced by mechanical reconfiguration of removed pollinaria before the pollinia can be deposited. Self-pollination is reduced when such reconfiguration exceeds the average duration of pollinator visits to a plant. Observations suggest that a wide variety of wasp species in the genera Belonogaster and Polistes (Vespidae) are the primary pollinators. We conclude that efficient pollination of plants in small founding populations, resulting from their generalist wasp-pollination system, contributes in part to the colonizing success of G. physocarpus. The presence of similar wasps in other parts of the world has evidently facilitated the expansion of the range of this milkweed.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1442-9993.2009.01976.x}}, ISSN = {{1442-9985}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010 Peter, Craig/B-6564-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/0000-0002-9741-6533}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000269675600010}}, } @article{ ISI:000271748300001, Author = {Li, D. X. and Lin, M. Z. and Wang, Y. Y. and Tian, H. Q.}, Title = {{Synergid: a key link in fertilization of angiosperms}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{53}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{401-407}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{In over 80 \% of the angiosperms, the female gametophyte is comprised of seven cells, two of which are the synergid cells. These cells are considered pivotal in assuring successful fertilization. The synergid cells direct pollen tube growth toward the female gametophyte, and facilitate the entrance of the tube into the embryo sac. Once the pollen tube enters the synergid cell, its growth is arrested, the tip of the tube breaks, and two sperm cells are released. This sequence of events is also synergid dependent. In addition, separation of the cells of the male germ unit, orientation of the two sperm cells in the degenerating synergid, and fusion of the egg and central cell with sperm cells may also be related to synergid cells. Synergid structure has been widely studied, but development and function of these cells during angiosperm fertilization remains elusive. Recent molecular approaches have provided an enhanced understanding of the role of synergid cells in fertilization. The present review summarizes the results of current studies regarding the role of synergids in angiosperm reproductive function.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10535-009-0078-z}}, ISSN = {{0006-3134}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tian, HQ/G-3444-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000271748300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000268995100017, Author = {Foster, Stephen}, Title = {{Sugar feeding via trehalose haemolymph concentration affects sex pheromone production in mated Heliothis virescens moths}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{212}}, Number = {{17}}, Pages = {{2789-2794}}, Month = {{SEP 1}}, Abstract = {{Long-distance, female-produced sex pheromones are widespread among moths. Larval feeding provides most of the nutrients for development of these insects but is not thought to influence the de novo production of the fatty-acid derived compounds used as pheromones by most species. Feeding on plant nectar ( sugar) by adult moths is important for increasing female fitness and also for the pollination of many plant species. In this paper, I show that feeding on sucrose solution, as opposed to water, increases sex pheromone titre in mated, but not virgin, female Heliothis virescens. Mating caused a rapid decrease in haemolymph trehalose concentration, which was restored to near-virgin levels by sugar ingestion. When isolated mated female abdomens were cultured with different concentrations of trehalose, pheromone titre increased with increasing trehalose concentration. This effect was not observed when abdomens were cultured on saline containing the sugar rhamnose, which insects cannot metabolise to glucose. Virgins injected with the juvenile hormone (JH) analogue, methoprene, showed the same effects as mated females with respect to pheromone titre and haemolymph trehalose concentration. Thus, following mating increases in JH titre increase demand for, and lowering of, blood sugar to develop oocytes, which can be compensated for by sugar ingestion. Haemolymph trehalose concentration probably influences glycolysis in gland cells and, consequently, levels of cytosolic citrate and acetyl-CoA for pheromone biosynthesis. This increase in pheromone titre in sugar-fed, mated females may facilitate further mating and increased fecundity. Thus, exogenous sugar feeding is behaviourally and physiologically integrated with endogenous JH titre to maximise female fitness.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.030676}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268995100017}}, } @article{ ISI:000270713500001, Author = {Aleza, Pablo and Juarez, Jose and Hernandez, Maria and Pina, Jose A. and Ollitrault, Patrick and Navarro, Luis}, Title = {{Recovery and characterization of a Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan. `Clemenules' haploid plant selected to establish the reference whole Citrus genome sequence}}, Journal = {{BMC PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{9}}, Month = {{AUG 22}}, Abstract = {{Background: In recent years, the development of structural genomics has generated a growing interest in obtaining haploid plants. The use of homozygous lines presents a significant advantage for the accomplishment of sequencing projects. Commercial citrus species are characterized by high heterozygosity, making it difficult to assemble large genome sequences. Thus, the International Citrus Genomic Consortium (ICGC) decided to establish a reference whole citrus genome sequence from a homozygous plant. Due to the existence of important molecular resources and previous success in obtaining haploid clementine plants, haploid clementine was selected as the target for the implementation of the reference whole genome citrus sequence. Results: To obtain haploid clementine lines we used the technique of in situ gynogenesis induced by irradiated pollen. Flow cytometry, chromosome counts and SSR marker (Simple Sequence Repeats) analysis facilitated the identification of six different haploid lines (2n = x = 9), one aneuploid line (2n = 2x+4 = 22) and one doubled haploid plant ( 2n = 2x = 18) of `Clemenules' clementine. One of the haploids, obtained directly from an original haploid embryo, grew vigorously and produced flowers after four years. This is the first haploid plant of clementine that has bloomed and we have, for the first time, characterized the histology of haploid and diploid flowers of clementine. Additionally a double haploid plant was obtained spontaneously from this haploid line. Conclusion: The first haploid plant of `Clemenules' clementine produced directly by germination of a haploid embryo, which grew vigorously and produced flowers, has been obtained in this work. This haploid line has been selected and it is being used by the ICGC to establish the reference sequence of the nuclear genome of citrus.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2229-9-110}}, Article-Number = {{110}}, ISSN = {{1471-2229}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Navarro, Luis/D-1001-2012 Aleza, Pablo/M-3710-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Navarro, Luis/0000-0001-5163-5960 Aleza, Pablo/0000-0002-8936-1448}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000270713500001}}, } @article{ ISI:000268807600007, Author = {Bateman, Richard M. and James, Karen E. and Luo, Yi-Bo and Lauri, Robert K. and Fulcher, Timothy and Cribb, Phillip J. and Chase, Mark W.}, Title = {{Molecular phylogenetics and morphological reappraisal of the Platanthera clade (Orchidaceae: Orchidinae) prompts expansion of the generic limits of Galearis and Platanthera}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{104}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{431-445}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The Platanthera clade dominates the North American orchid flora and is well represented in eastern Asia. It has also generated some classic studies of speciation in Platanthera sections Platanthera and Limnorchis. However, it has proved rich in taxonomic controversy and near-monotypic genera. The clade is reviewed via a new molecular phylogenetic analysis and those results are combined with brief reconsideration of morphology in the group, aiming to rationalize the species into a smaller number of larger monophyletic genera and sections. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences were obtained from 86 accessions of 35 named taxa, supplemented from GenBank with five accessions encompassing a further two named taxa. Using Pseudorchis as outgroup, and scoring indels, the data matrix generated 30 most-parsimonious trees that differed in the placement of two major groups plus two closely related species. Several other internal nodes also attracted only indifferent statistical support. Nonetheless, by combining implicit assessment of morphological divergence with explicit assessment of molecular divergence (when available), nine former genera can be rationalized into four revised genera by sinking the monotypic Amerorchis, together with Aceratorchis and Chondradenia (neither yet sequenced), into Galearis, and by amalgamating Piperia, Diphylax and the monotypic Tsaiorchis into the former Platanthera section Platanthera. After further species sampling, this section will require sub-division into at least three sections. The present nomenclatural adjustments prompt five new combinations. Resolution of major groups should facilitate future species-level research on the Platanthera clade. Recent evidence suggests that ITS sequence divergence characterizes most species other than the P. bifolia group. The floral differences that distinguished Piperia, Diphylax and Tsaiorchis from Platanthera, and Aceratorchis and Chondradenia from Galearis, reflect various forms of heterochrony (notably paedomorphosis); this affected both the perianth and the gynostemium, and may have proved adaptive in montane habitats. Floral reduction was combined with lateral expansion of the root tubers in Piperia and Diphylax (including Tsaiorchis), whereas root tubers were minimized in the putative (but currently poorly supported) Neolindleya-Galearis clade. Allopolyploidy and/or autogamy strongly influenced speciation in Platanthera section Limnorchis and perhaps also Neolindleya. Reproductive biology remains an important driver of evolution in the clade, though plant-pollinator specificity and distinctness of the species boundaries have often been exaggerated.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp089}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Chase, Mark /A-6642-2011 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{James, Karen/0000-0002-8458-3420}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268807600007}}, } @article{ ISI:000268807600016, Author = {Swarts, Nigel D. and Dixon, Kingsley W.}, Title = {{Terrestrial orchid conservation in the age of extinction}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{104}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{543-556}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Conservation through reserves alone is now considered unlikely to achieve protection of plant species necessary to mitigate direct losses of habitat and the pervasive impact of global climate change. Assisted translocation/migration represent new challenges in the face of climate change; species, particularly orchids, will need artificial assistance to migrate from hostile environments, across ecological barriers (alienated lands such as farmlands and built infrastructure) to new climatically buffered sites. The technology and science to underpin assisted migration concepts are in their infancy for plants in general, and orchids, with their high degree of rarity, represent a particularly challenging group for which these principles need to be developed. It is likely that orchids, more than any other plant family, will be in the front-line of species to suffer large-scale extinction events as a result of climate change. The South West Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) is the only global biodiversity hotspot in Australia and represents an ideal test-bed for development of orchid conservation principles. Orchids comprise 6 \% of all threatened vascular plants in the SWAFR, with 76 out of the 407 species known for the region having a high level of conservation risk. The situation in the SWAFR is a portent of the global crisis in terrestrial orchid conservation, and it is a region where innovative conservation solutions will be required if the impending wave of extinction is to be averted. Major threatening processes are varied, and include land clearance, salinity, burning, weed encroachment, disease and pests. This is compounded by highly specialized pollinators (locally endemic native invertebrates) and, in the most threatened groups such as hammer orchids (Drakaea) and spider orchids (Caladenia), high levels of mycorrhizal specialization. Management and development of effective conservation strategies for SWAFR orchids require a wide range of integrated scientific approaches to mitigate impacts that directly influence ecological traits critical for survival. In response to threats to orchid species, integrated conservation approaches have been adopted (including ex situ and translocation principles) in the SWAFR with the result that a significant, multidisciplinary approach is under development to facilitate conservation of some of the most threatened taxa and build expertise to carry out assisted migration to new sites. Here the past two decades of orchid conservation research in the SWAFR and the role of research-based approaches for managing effective orchid conservation in a global biodiversity hotspot are reviewed.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp025}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Swarts, Nigel/D-9380-2012 Dixon, Kingsley/B-1042-2011 Dixon, Kingsley/A-8133-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Swarts, Nigel/0000-0002-4527-7658 Dixon, Kingsley/0000-0001-5989-2929}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268807600016}}, } @article{ ISI:000269751200004, Author = {Ford, Bruce A. and Worley, Anne C. and Naczi, Robert F. C. and Ghazvini, Habibollah}, Title = {{Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis reveals high genetic variation in the Ouachita Mountain endemic Carex latebracteata (Cyperaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANY-BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{770-779}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Species with limited geographic ranges are often of conservation concern because they may possess low levels of genetic variability and thus have a reduced ability to respond to stochastic events. As a consequence, an important conservation strategy is to maximize a species' adaptive potential by preserving natural levels of genetic variation. With this goal in mind, we assessed genetic variation within and among six populations of the Ouachita Mountain endemic Carex latebracteata Waterfall using 653 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) loci. Indices of genetic variation {[}\% polymorphic loci, expected heterozygosity (HE), population differentiation (FPT)] were most consistent with an out-crossing or mixed mating system despite an inflorescence morphology that seems conducive to self-pollination. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that >80\% of the variation occurred within populations, suggesting high levels of gene flow. The close geographic proximity of most populations, which are often adjacent to streams, may facilitate long-distance seed dispersal and help to maintain high intra-population genetic variation. Conservation strategies focused on maintaining the ecological integrity of rivers and streams, and the provision of naturally vegetated buffers would likely assist in the conservation of this and other Ouachita Mountain endemics.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/B09-034}}, ISSN = {{1916-2790}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000269751200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000267395900009, Author = {Carmona-Diaz, Gustavo and Garcia-Franco, Jose G.}, Title = {{Reproductive success in the Mexican rewardless Oncidium cosymbephorum (Orchidaceae) facilitated by the oil-rewarding Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{203}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{253-261}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The pollination of one plant species can be facilitated by the presence of one or more neighboring plant species and evidence has been found in some rewardless species of orchid that benefit from the presence of rewarding plant species in the neighborhood. There are two pollination mechanisms by which a non-rewarding orchid attracts pollinators and increases its reproductive success: (1) A magnetic species effect that occurs even though the flowers do not resemble those of the other species, and (2) floral mimicry where the mimic's flower resembles that of the model plant species. Oncidium cosymbephorum is a Mexican rewardless epiphytic orchid whose flowers look like those of the rewarding shrub Malpighia glabra (Malpighiaceae). The resemblance of O. cosymbephorum to the oil-offering flowers of M. glabra attracts the same pollinators, and the fitness of the orchid is higher when M. glabra is present than when it is absent. We evaluated the facilitation by M. glabra of the orchid's pollination for natural and artificial clumps of O. cosymbephorum close to and far from M. glabra over 4 years. Two experiments were performed at five different study sites to evaluate the effect of the presence and absence of M. glabra on the reproductive success of O. cosymbephorum. In experiment 1, we recorded fruit set production in natural and artificial monospecific clumps of the orchid, and in natural and artificial heterospecific clumps of O. cosymbephorum and M. glabra. In experiment 2, we recorded the fruit set of O. cosymbephorum at different sites where individuals grow in monospecific clumps, both before and after cultivated individuals of oil-producing M. glabra had been planted in their vicinity. Both experiments showed that the reproductive success of O. cosymbephorum was greater in the presence of M. glabra than it was in its absence. This study provides experimental evidence for the magnetic species effect. Floral similarity between O. cosymbephorum and M. glabra, should be experimentally tested to determine whether it is adaptive.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11258-008-9543-6}}, ISSN = {{1385-0237}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267395900009}}, } @article{ ISI:000268960000001, Author = {Gargano, Domenico and Gullo, Teresa and Bernardo, Liliana}, Title = {{Do inefficient selfing and inbreeding depression challenge the persistence of the rare Dianthus guliae Janka (Caryophyllaceae)? Influence of reproductive traits on a plant's proneness to extinction}}, Journal = {{PLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{24}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{69-76}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The yellow carnation Dianthus guliae Janka is a rare endemic of the Italian peninsula. As numerous extinctions have occurred in the past, very few populations are still present. Two years of field surveys revealed high mortality and an absence of recruitment in the southernmost populations of this species. Work in a botanical garden, under semi-natural conditions, revealed the occurrence of proterandrous hermaphroditism and self-compatibility. The durable flower lifespan, the competitive effects among flowers and the different outcomes from spontaneous and hand-performed pollinations (with both self- and cross-pollen) suggested low pollination rates in the experimental stand. Pollinator exclusion experiments revealed a low frequency of delayed autonomous selfing, suggesting that self-fertilization in D. guliae relies mainly on facilitated selfing and geitonogamy. Studies of inbreeding depression during the early life-history stages revealed significant differences between selfed and crossed progenies in terms of seed mass, germination rates, developmental vigour and mortality rates. Therefore, when pollen delivery is scarce, the plant may fail reproductive assurance via autonomous selfing. The influence of inbreeding depression contributes to a further reduction in recruitment chances in very small D. guliae populations. Experimental reintroductions are urgent to avoid local extinction at the southern periphery of its range.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00239.x}}, ISSN = {{0913-557X}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Gargano, Domenico/0000-0003-4677-3730}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268960000001}}, } @article{ ISI:000267280900003, Author = {Milla, Ruben and Forero, Diana M. and Escudero, Adrian and Iriondo, Jose M.}, Title = {{Growing with siblings: a common ground for cooperation or for fiercer competition among plants?}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{276}}, Number = {{1667}}, Pages = {{2531-2540}}, Month = {{JUL 22}}, Abstract = {{Recent work has shown that certain plants can identify their kin in competitive settings through root recognition, and react by decreasing root growth when competing with relatives. Although this may be a necessary step in kin selection, no clear associated improvement in individual or group fitness has been reported to qualify as such. We designed an experiment to address whether genetic relatedness between neighbouring plants affects individual or group fitness in artificial populations. Seeds of Lupinus angustifolius were sown in groups of siblings, groups of different genotypes from the same population and groups of genotypes from different populations. Both plants surrounded by siblings and by genotypes from the same population had lower individual fitness and produced fewer flowers and less vegetative biomass as a group. We conclude that genetic relatedness entails decreased individual and group fitness in L. angustifolius. This, together with earlier work, precludes the generalization that kin recognition may act as a widespread, major microevolutionary mechanism in plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2009.0369}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Iriondo, Jose/B-3112-2008 milla, ruben/A-3739-2009 Escudero, Adrian/H-5046-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Iriondo, Jose/0000-0003-2710-3889 milla, ruben/0000-0001-8912-4373 Escudero, Adrian/0000-0002-1427-5465}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267280900003}}, } @article{ ISI:000267280900011, Author = {Wright, Geraldine A. and Choudhary, Amir F. and Bentley, Michael A.}, Title = {{Reward quality influences the development of learned olfactory biases in honeybees}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{276}}, Number = {{1667}}, Pages = {{2597-2604}}, Month = {{JUL 22}}, Abstract = {{Plants produce flowers with complex visual and olfactory signals, but we know relatively little about the way that signals such as floral scents have evolved. One important factor that may direct the evolution of floral signals is a pollinator's ability to learn. When animals learn to associate two similar signals with different outcomes, biases in their responses to new signals can be formed. Here, we investigated whether or not pollinators develop learned biases towards floral scents that depend on nectar reward quality by training restrained honeybees to learn to associate two similar odour signals with different outcomes using a classical conditioning assay. Honeybees developed learned biases towards odours as a result of differential conditioning, and the extent to which an olfactory bias could be produced depended upon the difference in the quality of the nectar rewards experienced during conditioning. Our results suggest that differences in reward quality offered by flowers influence odour recognition by pollinators, which in turn could influence the evolution of floral scents in natural populations of co-flowering plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2009.0040}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267280900011}}, } @article{ ISI:000268717500001, Author = {Vogel, John P. and Tuna, Metin and Budak, Hikmet and Huo, Naxin and Gu, Yong Q. and Steinwand, Michael A.}, Title = {{Development of SSR markers and analysis of diversity in Turkish populations of Brachypodium distachyon}}, Journal = {{BMC PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{9}}, Month = {{JUL 13}}, Abstract = {{Background: Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) is rapidly emerging as a powerful model system to facilitate research aimed at improving grass crops for grain, forage and energy production. To characterize the natural diversity of Brachypodium and provide a valuable new tool to the growing list of resources available to Brachypodium researchers, we created and characterized a large, diverse collection of inbred lines. Results: We developed 84 inbred lines from eight locations in Turkey. To enable genotypic characterization of this collection, we created 398 SSR markers from BAC end and EST sequences. An analysis of 187 diploid lines from 56 locations with 43 SSR markers showed considerable genotypic diversity. There was some correlation between SSR genotypes and broad geographic regions, but there was also a high level of genotypic diversity at individual locations. Phenotypic analysis of this new germplasm resource revealed considerable variation in flowering time, seed size, and plant architecture. The inbreeding nature of Brachypodium was confirmed by an extremely high level of homozygosity in wild plants and a lack of cross-pollination under laboratory conditions. Conclusion: Taken together, the inbreeding nature and genotypic diversity observed at individual locations suggest a significant amount of long-distance seed dispersal. The resources developed in this study are freely available to the research community and will facilitate experimental applications based on natural diversity.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2229-9-88}}, Article-Number = {{88}}, ISSN = {{1471-2229}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Budak, Hikmet/F-4708-2010 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Budak, Hikmet/0000-0002-2556-2478 Vogel, John/0000-0003-1786-2689}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268717500001}}, } @article{ ISI:000270489400029, Author = {Speroni, Gabriela and Izaguirre, Primavera and Bernardello, Gabriel and Franco, Jorge}, Title = {{Intrafloral phenology of Trifolium polymorphum Poir. (Leguminosae) aerial flowers and reproductive implications}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA BRASILICA}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{881-888}}, Month = {{JUL-SEP}}, Abstract = {{(Intrafloral phenology of Trifolium polymorphum Poir. (Leguminosae) aerial flowers and reproductive implications). Trifolium polymorphum is an amphicarpic species that grows in Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Chile. Underground flowers are cleistogamous, obligately autogamous and morphologically highly modified in structure and function. Aerial flowers are chasmogamous, and as mentioned in earlier literature, either allogamous or autogamous. The aim of this study is to identify flower characteristics that facilitate or prevent autogamous or allogamous processes. Floral phenology stages are thus studied in correlation with estimated models of aerial flower development. pollen viability and stigmatic receptivity in three Uruguayan T. polymorphum populations. Flower longevity and development (length. width, and anther-stigma distance). anthesis and anther dehiscence initiation, pollen viability and stigmatic receptivity are the variables correlated with floral phenology. Morphological characteristics of aerial flowers favor autogamy processes - even in pre-anthesis - but phenological characteristics tend to prevent it. The most important reproductive events occurring during flower development, that facilitate autogamous or allogamous processes, are discussed here.}}, ISSN = {{0102-3306}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000270489400029}}, } @article{ ISI:000266752500022, Author = {Fatemi, Mo and Gross, C. L.}, Title = {{Life on the edge - High levels of genetic diversity in a cliff population of Bertya ingramii are attributed to B-rosmarinifolia (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{142}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1461-1468}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Wind-facilitated migration of new genotypes into small, geographically disjunct populations should buffer them against local extinction. Bertya ingramii, a monoecious, wind-pollinated shrub, is restricted to three populations in a 4 km(2) area in eastern Australia. Populations are separated by deeply dissected gorges where it is unlikely that seeds are exchanged but where wind movement may facilitate pollen dispersal. Using 156 highly polymorphic ISSR markers, we found moderate genetic variation within and among populations of B. ingramii and less genetic diversity in a nearby and small population of the widespread Bertya rosmarinifolia. The smallest population of B. ingramii (<30 plants) had the highest genetic variation (65\% polymorphic markers, Shannon Information Index = 0.30). AMOVA and a Bayesian analysis showed that molecular variance was equally distributed within and among populations suggesting that gene flow is as limited within as in among populations. Genetic distances between populations were only weakly explained by their relative geographic distances (mantel test, R(2) = 0.21, P = 0.001) but the distribution of private bands, the departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and a UPGMA tree showed that the smallest Population of B. ingramii was generally more similar to an upstream population of B. rosmarinifolia. Thirty-eight percent of bands in this small population of B. ingramii were exclusively shared with B. rosmarinifolia. This covert hybridisation may have been an ancient event but may be responsible for contemporary declines in germination and establishment in B. ingramii. The conservation implications are amplified by the endangered status of B. ingraniii. Crown Copyright (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.014}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Management, Ecosystem/C-2259-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266752500022}}, } @article{ ISI:000268572300003, Author = {Zhang DaBing and Wilson, Zoe A.}, Title = {{Stamen specification and anther development in rice}}, Journal = {{CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{14}}, Pages = {{2342-2353}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Male reproductive development is a complex biological process which includes the formation of the stamen with differentiated anther tissues, in which microspores/pollens are generated, then anther dehiscence and subsequently pollination. Stamen specification and anther development involve a number of extraordinary events such as meristem transition, cell division and differentiation, cell to cell communication, etc., which need the cooperative interaction of sporophytic and gametophytic genes. The advent of various tools for rice functional gene identification, such as complete genome sequence, genome-wide microarrays, collections of mutants, has greatly facilitated our understanding of mechanisms of rice stamen specification and anther development. Male sterile lines are critical for hybrid rice breeding, therefore understanding these processes will not only contribute greatly to the basic knowledge of crop developmental biology, but also to the development of new varieties for hybrid rice breeding in the future.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11434-009-0348-3}}, ISSN = {{1001-6538}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268572300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000267680600024, Author = {Hegland, Stein Joar and Grytnes, John-Arvid and Totland, Orjan}, Title = {{The relative importance of positive and negative interactions for pollinator attraction in a plant community}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{24}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{929-936}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Plant-pollinator interactions provide ideal frameworks for studying interactions in plant communities. Despite the large potential influence of such interactions on plant community structure, biodiversity and evolutionary processes, we know surprisingly little about the relative importance of positive and negative interactions among plant species for pollinator attraction. Therefore, we explored the relationships between conspecific and heterospecific floral densities and the flower visitation rates of nine plant species mainly visited by bumble bees, and six plant species mainly visited by flies, in a temperate grassland, through stepwise multiple regressions. Significant relationships were interpreted as interactions for pollinator attraction. Our results revealed that positive intra- and interspecific interactions for pollinator attraction were far more frequent than negative ones. Seventeen interspecific interactions were revealed of which 14 were significantly positive, whereas three of four significant intraspecific interactions were positive. Seven species experienced only positive interactions and two species experienced only negative interactions. The results presented here indicate that negative interactions are not necessarily the dominant ecological interaction for pollination among plants within a community, and the study represents a straightforward approach to study intra- and interspecific interactions among multiple species within a community. We discuss which mechanisms may drive the positive interactions for pollinator attraction and whether this may result in facilitative effects on reproductive success.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11284-008-0572-3}}, ISSN = {{0912-3814}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Grytnes, John-Arvid/L-6357-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267680600024}}, } @article{ ISI:000266699000013, Author = {Cavender-Bares, Jeannine and Kozak, Kenneth H. and Fine, Paul V. A. and Kembel, Steven W.}, Title = {{The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{693-715}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The increasing availability of phylogenetic data, computing power and informatics tools has facilitated a rapid expansion of studies that apply phylogenetic data and methods to community ecology. Several key areas are reviewed in which phylogenetic information helps to resolve long-standing controversies in community ecology, challenges previous assumptions, and opens new areas of investigation. In particular, studies in phylogenetic community ecology have helped to reveal the multitude of processes driving community assembly and have demonstrated the importance of evolution in the assembly process. Phylogenetic approaches have also increased understanding of the consequences of community interactions for speciation, adaptation and extinction. Finally, phylogenetic community structure and composition holds promise for predicting ecosystem processes and impacts of global change. Major challenges to advancing these areas remain. In particular, determining the extent to which ecologically relevant traits are phylogenetically conserved or convergent, and over what temporal scale, is critical to understanding the causes of community phylogenetic structure and its evolutionary and ecosystem consequences. Harnessing phylogenetic information to understand and forecast changes in diversity and dynamics of communities is a critical step in managing and restoring the Earth's biota in a time of rapid global change.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01314.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cavender-Bares, Jeannine/K-5716-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kembel, Steven/0000-0001-5224-0952}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266699000013}}, } @article{ ISI:000266699000014, Author = {Laura Morales, Carolina and Traveset, Anna}, Title = {{A meta-analysis of impacts of alien vs. native plants on pollinator visitation and reproductive success of co-flowering native plants}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{716-728}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Alien plant species can alter pollinator visitation and, in turn, the sexual reproduction of natives. Using a conventional and a phylogenetically controlled meta-analytical approach on a data set of 40 studies, we evaluated the effect of alien neighbour plant species (aliens) on visitation to and reproduction of native co-flowering focal species (focals), and compared such effect to that of native neighbours (natives). An overall significantly negative effect of aliens on visitation to and reproduction of focals was confirmed. Interestingly, aliens differed from natives in their effect on visitation, but not on reproductive success. The negative effect of aliens on visitation and reproductive success increased at high relative alien plant abundance, but this increase was proportionally lower than the increase in relative plant abundance. Likewise, effect of aliens on visitation and reproductive success was most detrimental when alien and focal species had similar flower symmetry or colour. The phylogenetic relatedness between alien neighbours and focals influenced the reproductive success effect size. Results of the phylogenetic meta-analysis were only partly consistent with those of the conventional meta-analysis, depending on the response variable and on whether we controlled for the phylogeny of neighbour or focal species, which calls for special attention to control for species relatedness in this type of review. This study demonstrates the predominant detrimental impact of alien plants on pollination and reproduction of natives, and highlights the importance of phenotypic similarity to the outcome of the interaction.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01319.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266699000014}}, } @article{ ISI:000267129500010, Author = {Devaux, C. and Lande, R.}, Title = {{Displacement of flowering phenologies among plant species by competition for generalist pollinators}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{22}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1460-1470}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{We model the evolution of allochronic isolation between sympatric animal-pollinated plant species via displacement of their flowering times. The plant species share generalist pollinators and either produce inviable hybrid seeds or do not hybridize at all. Displacement of flowering times between reproductively isolated species reduces competition for pollinators and the formation of inviable hybrid seeds. Under strong pollen limitation, competition for pollinators causes rapid evolution of allochronic isolation both for hybridizing and nonhybridizing species. Under weak pollen limitation, allochronic isolation evolves rapidly for hybridizing species but more slowly for nonhybridizing species. Positive density-dependent pollinator visitation rate at low flower densities facilitates allochronic isolation under weak pollen limitation. Allochronic isolation among sympatric species sharing generalist pollinators could be common under any intensity of pollen limitation if the flowering season is sufficiently long.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1420-9101.2009.01762.x}}, ISSN = {{1010-061X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267129500010}}, } @article{ ISI:000268245500027, Author = {Hama, I. and Saito, Y. and Umehara, C. and Lian, C. L. and Ide, Y.}, Title = {{Development of microsatellite markers for Euchresta japonica and E. formosana (Leguminosae)}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{9}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{1188-1190}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{We isolated 13 microsatellite loci from Euchresta japonica, an endangered shrub species that grows in warm-temperate forests in East Asia. Of these 13 loci, only one was codominant and polymorphic with five alleles. Cross-species amplification in a related species, E. formosana, detected nine of these loci, all of which were codominant and polymorphic with 2 to 9 alleles. These markers will facilitate further studies on the genetic characteristics of these two Euchresta species.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1755-0998.2009.02602.x}}, ISSN = {{1755-098X}}, EISSN = {{1755-0998}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000268245500027}}, } @article{ ISI:000267165500005, Author = {Ushimaru, Atushi and Dohzono, Ikumi and Takami, Yasuoki and Hyodo, Fujio}, Title = {{Flower orientation enhances pollen transfer in bilaterally symmetrical flowers}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{160}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{667-674}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Zygomorphic flowers are usually more complex than actinomorphic flowers and are more likely to be visited by specialized pollinators. Complex zygomorphic flowers tend to be oriented horizontally. It is hypothesized that a horizontal flower orientation ensures effective pollen transfer by facilitating pollinator recognition (the recognition-facilitation hypothesis) and/or pollinator landing (the landing-control hypothesis). To examine these two hypotheses, we altered the angle of Commelina communis flowers and examined the efficiency of pollen transfer, as well as the behavior of their visitors. We exposed unmanipulated (horizontal-), upward-, and downward-facing flowers to syrphid flies (mostly Episyrphus balteatus), which are natural visitors to C. communis. The frequency of pollinator approaches and landings, as well as the amount of pollen deposited by E. balteatus, decreased for the downward-facing flowers, supporting both hypotheses. The upward-facing flowers received the same numbers of approaches and landings as the unmanipulated flowers, but experienced more illegitimate landings. In addition, the visitors failed to touch the stigmas or anthers on the upward-facing flowers, leading to reduced pollen export and receipt, and supporting the landing-control hypothesis. Collectively, our data suggested that the horizontal orientation of zygomorphic flowers enhances pollen transfer by both facilitating pollinator recognition and controlling pollinator landing position. These findings suggest that zygomorphic flowers which deviate from a horizontal orientation may have lower fitness because of decreased pollen transfer.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-009-1334-9}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/D-7036-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/0000-0002-2051-1233}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267165500005}}, } @article{ ISI:000267165500009, Author = {Jakobsson, Anna and Lazaro, Amparo and Totland, Orjan}, Title = {{Relationships between the floral neighborhood and individual pollen limitation in two self-incompatible herbs}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{160}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{707-719}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Local flower density can affect pollen limitation and plant reproductive success through changes in pollinator visitation and availability of compatible pollen. Many studies have investigated the relationship between conspecific density and pollen limitation among populations, but less is known about within-population relationships and the effect of heterospecific flower density. In addition, few studies have explicitly assessed how the spatial scales at which flowers are monitored affect relationships. We investigated the effect of floral neighborhood on pollen limitation at four spatial scales in the self-incompatible herbs Armeria maritima spp. maritima and Ranunculus acris spp. acris. Moreover, we measured pollen deposition in Armeria and pollinator visits to Ranunculus. There was substantial variation in pollen limitation among Armeria individuals, and 25\% of this variation was explained by the density of compatible and heterospecific flowers within a 3 m circle. Deposition of compatible pollen was affected by the density of compatible and incompatible inflorescences within a 0.5 m circle, and deposition of heterospecific pollen was affected by the density of heterospecific flowers within a 2 m circle. In Ranunculus, the number of pollinator visits was affected by both conspecific and heterospecific flower densities. This did not, however, result in effects of the floral neighborhood on pollen limitation, probably due to an absence of pollen limitation at the population level. Our study shows that considerable variation in pollen limitation may occur among individuals of a population, and that this variation is partly explained by floral neighborhood density. Such individual-based measures provide an important link between pollen limitation theory, which predicts ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences for individual plants, and studies of the effects of landscape fragmentation on plant species persistence. Our study also highlights the importance of considering multiple spatial scales to understand the spatial extent of pollination processes within a population.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-009-1346-5}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267165500009}}, } @article{ ISI:000266817500041, Author = {Brudvig, Lars A. and Damschen, Ellen I. and Tewksbury, Joshua J. and Haddad, Nick M. and Levey, Douglas J.}, Title = {{Landscape connectivity promotes plant biodiversity spillover into non-target habitats}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{106}}, Number = {{23}}, Pages = {{9328-9332}}, Month = {{JUN 9}}, Abstract = {{Conservation efforts typically focus on maximizing biodiversity in protected areas. The space available for reserves is limited, however, and conservation efforts must increasingly consider how management of protected areas can promote biodiversity beyond reserve borders. Habitat corridors are considered an important feature of reserves because they facilitate movement of organisms between patches, thereby increasing species richness in those patches. Here we demonstrate that by increasing species richness inside target patches, corridors additionally benefit biodiversity in surrounding non-target habitat, a biodiversity ``spillover'' effect. Working in the world's largest corridor experiment, we show that increased richness extends for approximately 30\% of the width of the 1-ha connected patches, resulting in 10-18\% more vascular plant species around patches of target habitat connected by corridors than around unconnected but otherwise equivalent patches of habitat. Furthermore, corridor-enhanced spillover into non-target habitat can be predicted by a simple plant life-history trait: seed dispersal mode. Species richness of animal-dispersed plants in non-target habitat increased in response to connectivity provided by corridors, whereas species richness of wind-dispersed plants was unaffected by connectivity and increased in response to changes in patch shape-higher edge-to-interior ratio-created by corridors. Corridors promoted biodiversity spillover for native species of the threatened longleaf pine ecosystem being restored in our experiment, but not for exotic species. By extending economically driven spillover concepts from marine fisheries and crop pollination systems, we show how reconnecting landscapes amplifies biodiversity conservation both within and beyond reserve borders.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.0809658106}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Damschen, Ellen/E-4919-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266817500041}}, } @article{ ISI:000266497800003, Author = {Karron, Jeffrey D. and Holmquist, Karsten G. and Flanagan, Rebecca J. and Mitchell, Randall J.}, Title = {{Pollinator visitation patterns strongly influence among-flower variation in selfing rate}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1379-1383}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Adjacent flowers on Mimulus ringens floral displays often vary markedly in selfing rate. We hypothesized that this fine-scale variation in mating system reflects the tendency of bumble-bee pollinators to probe several flowers consecutively on multiflower displays. When a pollinator approaches a display, the first flower probed is likely to receive substantial outcross pollen. However, since pollen carryover in this species is limited, receipt of self pollen should increase rapidly for later flowers. Here the first direct experimental test of this hypothesis is described. In order to link floral visitation sequences with selfing rates of individual flowers, replicate linear arrays were established, each composed of plants with unique genetic markers. This facilitated unambiguous assignment of paternity to all sampled progeny. A single wild bumble-bee was permitted to forage on each linear array, recording the order of floral visits on each display. Once fruits had matured, 120 fruits were harvested (four flowers from each of five floral displays in each of six arrays). Twenty-five seedlings from each fruit were genotyped and paternity was unambiguously assigned to all 3000 genotyped progeny. The order of pollinator probes on Mimulus floral displays strongly and significantly influenced selfing rates of individual fruits. Mean selfing rates increased from 21 \% for initial probes to 78 \% for the fourth flower probed on each display. Striking among-flower differences in selfing rate result from increased deposition of geitonogamous (among-flower, within-display) self pollen as bumble-bees probe consecutive flowers on each floral display. The resulting heterogeneity in the genetic composition of sibships may influence seedling competition and the expression of inbreeding depression.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp030}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Karron, Jeffrey/A-6855-2009 Mitchell, Randall/G-6380-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/0000-0001-7961-3560}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266497800003}}, } @article{ ISI:000266497800006, Author = {Mitchell, Randall J. and Flanagan, Rebecca J. and Brown, Beverly J. and Waser, Nickolas M. and Karron, Jeffrey D.}, Title = {{New frontiers in competition for pollination}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1403-1413}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Co-flowering plant species frequently share pollinators. Pollinator sharing is often detrimental to one or more of these species, leading to competition for pollination. Perhaps because it offers an intriguing juxtaposition of ecological opposites - mutualism and competition - within one relatively tractable system, competition for pollination has captured the interest of ecologists for over a century. Our intent is to contemplate exciting areas for further work on competition for pollination, rather than to exhaustively review past studies. After a brief historical summary, we present a conceptual framework that incorporates many aspects of competition for pollination, involving both the quantity and quality of pollination services, and both female and male sex functions of flowers. Using this framework, we contemplate a relatively subtle mechanism of competition involving pollen loss, and consider how competition might affect plant mating systems, overall reproductive success and multi-species interactions. We next consider how competition for pollination might be altered by several emerging consequences of a changing planet, including the spread of alien species, climate change and pollinator declines. Most of these topics represent new frontiers whose exploration has just begun. Competition for pollination has served as a model for the integration of ecological and evolutionary perspectives in the study of species interactions. Its study has elucidated both obvious and more subtle mechanisms, and has documented a range of outcomes. However, the potential for this interaction to inform our understanding of both pure and applied aspects of pollination biology has only begun to be realized.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp062}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Karron, Jeffrey/A-6855-2009 Mitchell, Randall/G-6380-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/0000-0001-7961-3560}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266497800006}}, } @article{ ISI:000265915600005, Author = {Ahman, Inger and Lehrman, Anna and Ekbom, Barbara}, Title = {{Impact of herbivory and pollination on performance and competitive ability of oilseed rape transformed for pollen beetle resistance}}, Journal = {{ARTHROPOD-PLANT INTERACTIONS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{3}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{105-113}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Competitive ability of transgenic oilseed rape transformed with a pea lectin gene was estimated by comparisons of its performance when grown in a mixture with its non-transgenic counterpart and when grown singly, with and without pollen beetles present. The experiments were carried out in cages, once with bumblebees as pollinators and once without. In the absence of herbivory but with the presence of bumblebees, singly grown plant lines without lectin generally performed better than lines with lectin. Pollen beetles affected plant growth and reproduction, but there were no consistent differences between the lectin and non-lectin plant lines indicating that the transgenic trait did not protect plants from pest attack. Herbivory reduced the number of seeds when bumblebees were present. In the absence of bumblebees, however, plants produced more seeds with pollen beetles than without, indicating that some pollination was carried out by the beetles. Efficient pollination affected the competitive abilities of the lines; lectin lines were more competitive with bumblebees present and the reverse was true when bumblebees were absent. In the presence of bumblebees, lectin lines gained from being grown mixed with its non-transgenic counterpart. Because the transgenic plants expressed pea lectin in developing pollen it is possible that pollen quality in those plants was reduced, which may explain why the lectin lines had an advantage over non-lectin lines when exchange of pollen between the two plant types was facilitated by bumblebees.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11829-009-9061-z}}, ISSN = {{1872-8855}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{A…hman, Inger/D-5672-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{A…hman, Inger/0000-0003-4640-0918}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265915600005}}, } @article{ ISI:000266154000004, Author = {Lopes, Ariadna Valentina and Girao, Luciana Coe and Santos, Braulio Almeida and Peres, Carlos A. and Tabarelli, Marcelo}, Title = {{Long-term erosion of tree reproductive trait diversity in edge-dominated Atlantic forest fragments}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{142}}, Number = {{6, SI}}, Pages = {{1154-1165}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Habitat loss and fragmentation promote relatively predicable shifts in the functional signature of tropical forest tree assemblages, but the full extent of cascading effects to biodiversity persistence remains poorly understood. Here we test the hypotheses that habitat fragmentation (a) alters the relative contribution of tree species exhibiting different reproductive traits; (b) reduces the diversity of pollination systems: and (c) facilitates the functional convergence of reproductive traits between edge-affected and early-secondary forest habitats (5-32 years old). This study was carried out in a severely fragmented 670-km(2) forest landscape of the Atlantic forest of northeastern Brazil. We assigned 35 categories of reproductive traits to 3552 trees (DBH >= 10 cm) belonging to 179 species, which described their pollination system, floral biology, and sexual system. Trait abundance was calculated for 55 plots of 0.1 ha across four habitats: forest edges, small forest fragments (3.4-83.6 ha). second-growth patches, and core tracts of forest interior within the largest available primary forest fragment (3500 ha) in the region. Edge-affected and secondary habitats showed a species-poor assemblage of trees exhibiting particular pollination systems, a reduced diversity of pollination systems, a higher abundance of reproductive traits associated with pollination by generalist diurnal vectors, and an elevated abundance of hermaphroditic trees. As expected, the reproductive signature of tree assemblages in forest edges and small fragments (edge-affected habitats), which was very similar to that of early second-growth patches, was greatly affected by both habitat type and plot distance to the nearest forest edge. In hyper-fragmented Atlantic forest landscapes, we predict that narrow forest corridors and small fragments will become increasingly dominated by edge-affected habitats that can no longer retain the full complement of tree life-history diversity and its attendant mutualists. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2009.01.007}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peres, Carlos/B-1276-2013 Tabarelli, Marcelo/F-1088-2010 Herbario Virtual, Inct/J-8725-2013 Santos, Braulio/M-2582-2013 Lopes, Ariadna/E-8432-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peres, Carlos/0000-0002-1588-8765 Tabarelli, Marcelo/0000-0001-7573-7216 Santos, Braulio/0000-0001-6046-4024 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266154000004}}, } @article{ ISI:000267215400003, Author = {Brzosko, Emilia and Wroblewska, Ada and Talalaj, Izabela and Adamowski, Wojciech}, Title = {{Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Platanthera bifolia (Orchidaceae) with Respect to Life History Traits and Recent Range Expansion}}, Journal = {{FOLIA GEOBOTANICA}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{44}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{131-144}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{For evolutionary and ecological analyses, genetic diversity at different scales needs to be studied in terms of biological properties, habitat, population size and population history. We surveyed Platanthera bifolia populations from six regions in northeastern Poland to determine the impact of the mating system and population history on genetic diversity. Based on variation at allozyme markers, genetic variation was relatively moderate (P = 22.3\%, A = 1.48, H (O) = 0.083, F (IS) = -0.015) and similar to other Platanthera species. These parameters varied between populations (P = 13.3\%-26.6\%, A = 1.26-1.66, H (O) = 0.055-0.111, F (IS) = -0.262-0.147). The genetic diversity patterns were shaped by different proportions of facilitated selfing and/or outcrossing, resulting in positive and negative F (IS) values, respectively. No relationship between inbreeding coefficient and population size, however, and no impact of apomixis on the level of genetic diversity of P. bifolia were found. The relatively low level of genetic differentiation among the investigated regions (F (CT) = 0.002, P > 0.05) and among populations (F (ST) = 0.048, P < 0.001), and the lack of a significant relationship between genetic and geographical distance, are discussed in the context of possible scenaria of postglacial expansion.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s12224-009-9033-1}}, ISSN = {{1211-9520}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267215400003}}, } @article{ ISI:000266220100003, Author = {Taylor, Mackenzie L. and Williams, Joseph H.}, Title = {{CONSEQUENCES OF POLLINATION SYNDROME EVOLUTION FOR POSTPOLLINATION BIOLOGY IN AN ANCIENT ANGIOSPERM FAMILY}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{170}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{584-598}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Evolutionary shifts from insect to wind pollination involve a host of modifications to floral structure and phenology, but little is known about how floral modifications that facilitate pollination might affect the fertilization process. Within the water lily family Cabombaceae, there is evidence that wind pollination arose recently in Brasenia, whereas the sister genus Cabomba became specialized for fly pollination. Both species have an apomorphic stylar extension, which in Brasenia became greatly elongated to produce a much larger stigmatic surface. Consequently, pollen tubes in Brasenia must travel much farther to reach ovules, and because mean pollen tube growth rates are similar (750-950 mu m/h), fertilization occurs similar to 4 h later in Brasenia than in Cabomba. In both genera, pollen tubes grow between cells of the substigmatic ground tissue and then within an open, secretion-filled stylar canal and ovarian cavity. In Brasenia, early pollen tube development is slower than in Cabomba, which may be a result of displacement of flower opening to an earlier, cooler time of day. Our results show that modifications to carpel ontogeny and structure associated with the transition to wind pollination had consequences for pollen tube development and fertilization.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/597269}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Williams, Joseph/E-2227-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266220100003}}, } @article{ ISI:000266865100002, Author = {Xiao, Han and Radovich, Cheryll and Welty, Nicholas and Hsu, Jason and Li, Dongmei and Meulia, Tea and van der Knaap, Esther}, Title = {{Integration of tomato reproductive developmental landmarks and expression profiles, and the effect of SUN on fruit shape}}, Journal = {{BMC PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{9}}, Month = {{MAY 7}}, Abstract = {{Background: Universally accepted landmark stages are necessary to highlight key events in plant reproductive development and to facilitate comparisons among species. Domestication and selection of tomato resulted in many varieties that differ in fruit shape and size. This diversity is useful to unravel underlying molecular and developmental mechanisms that control organ morphology and patterning. The tomato fruit shape gene SUN controls fruit elongation. The most dramatic effect of SUN on fruit shape occurs after pollination and fertilization although a detailed investigation into the timing of the fruit shape change as well as gene expression profiles during critical developmental stages has not been conducted. Results: We provide a description of floral and fruit development in a red-fruited closely related wild relative of tomato, Solanum pimpinellifolium accession LA1589. We use established and propose new floral and fruit landmarks to present a framework for tomato developmental studies. In addition, gene expression profiles of three key stages in floral and fruit development are presented, namely floral buds 10 days before anthesis (floral landmark 7), anthesis-stage flowers (floral landmark 10 and fruit landmark 1), and 5 days post anthesis fruit (fruit landmark 3). To demonstrate the utility of the landmarks, we characterize the tomato shape gene SUN in fruit development. SUN controls fruit shape predominantly after fertilization and its effect reaches a maximum at 8 days post-anthesis coinciding with fruit landmark 4 representing the globular embryo stage of seed development. The expression profiles of the NILs that differ at sun show that only 34 genes were differentially expressed and most of them at a less than 2-fold difference. Conclusion: The landmarks for flower and fruit development in tomato were outlined and integrated with the effect of SUN on fruit shape. Although we did not identify many genes differentially expressed in the NILs that differ at the sun locus, higher or lower transcript levels for many genes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis or signaling as well as organ identity and patterning of tomato fruit were found between developmental time points.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2229-9-49}}, Article-Number = {{49}}, ISSN = {{1471-2229}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{van der Knaap, Esther/D-6307-2012 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{肖, 晗/0000-0001-5937-6510}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000266865100002}}, } @article{ ISI:000265267700014, Author = {Li, Jiao-Kun and Huang, Shuang-Quan}, Title = {{Flower thermoregulation facilitates fertilization in Asian sacred lotus}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{103}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1159-1163}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The thermoregulatory flower of the Asian sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) can maintain a relatively stable temperature despite great variations in ambient temperature during anthesis. The thermoregulation has been hypothesized to offer a direct energy reward for pollinators in lotus flowers. This study aims to examine whether the stable temperature maintained in the floral chamber influences the fertilization process and seed development. An artificial refrigeration instrument was employed to cool flowers during the fertilization process and post-fertilization period in an experimental population. The effect of temperature on post-pollination events was also examined by removing petals in two field populations. Treatments with low floral temperature did not reduce stigma receptivity or pollen viability in undehisced anthers. Low temperature during the fertilization period significantly decreased seed set per flower but low temperature during the phase of seed development had no effect, suggesting that temperature regulation by lotus flowers facilitated fertilization success. Hand-pollination treatments in two field populations indicated that seed set of flowers with petals removed was lower than that of intact flowers in north China, where ambient temperatures are low, but not in south China, confirming that reducing the temperature of carpels did influence post-pollination events. The experiments suggest that floral thermoregulation in lotus could enhance female reproductive success by facilitating fertilization.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcp051}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265267700014}}, } @article{ ISI:000267832600011, Author = {Eardley, Connal D. and Gikungu, Mary and Schwarz, Michael P.}, Title = {{Bee conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar: diversity, status and threats}}, Journal = {{APIDOLOGIE}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{355-366}}, Month = {{MAY-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar contain a wealth of bee diversity, with particularly high levels of endemicity in Madagascar. Although Africa contains seven biodiversity hotspots, the bee fauna appears rather moderate given the size of the continent. This could be due to various factors, an important one being the dearth of bee taxonomists working in Africa and difficulties in carrying out research in many regions. Anecdotal observations suggest a very large number of undescribed bee species. A number of serious threats to this diversity exist, especially habitat destruction and degradation. Bee diversity in these regions is likely to be important for both agriculture and indigenous ecosystems, but is under-appreciated. Reliance on conserved areas such as National Parks will not be sufficient to preserve bee diversity in Africa and Madagascar; changes to land use practices and development of industries that facilitate conservation, such as ecotourism, will be essential. There is also a strong need to build regional expertise and infrastructure that can be used for documenting bee diversity, identifying the most urgent conservation issues, and implementing conservation strategies. Support from developed countries and international funding agencies is needed for this.}}, DOI = {{10.1051/apido/2009016}}, ISSN = {{0044-8435}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000267832600011}}, } @article{ ISI:000265222900005, Author = {Hargreaves, Anna L. and Harder, Lawrence D. and Johnson, Steven D.}, Title = {{Consumptive emasculation: the ecological and evolutionary consequences of pollen theft}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{84}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{259-276}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Many of the diverse animals that consume floral rewards act as efficient pollinators; however, others `steal' rewards without `paying' for them by pollinating. In contrast to the extensive studies of the ecological and evolutionary consequences of nectar theft, pollen theft and its implications remain largely neglected, even though it affects plant reproduction more directly. Here we review existing studies of pollen theft and find that: (1) most pollen thieves pollinate other plant species, suggesting that theft generally arises from a mismatch between the flower and thief that precludes pollen deposition, (2) bees are the most commonly documented pollen thieves, and (3) the floral traits that typically facilitate pollen theft involve either spatial or temporal separation of sex function within flowers (herkogamy and dichogamy, respectively). Given that herkogamy and dichogamy occur commonly and that bees are globally the most important floral visitors, pollen theft is likely a greatly under-appreciated component of floral ecology and influence on floral evolution. We identify the mechanisms by which pollen theft can affect plant fitness, and review the evidence for theft-induced ecological effects, including pollen limitation. We then explore the consequences of pollen theft for the evolution of floral traits and sexual systems, and conclude by identifying key directions for future research.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1469-185X.2008.00074.x}}, ISSN = {{1464-7931}}, EISSN = {{1469-185X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010 Harder, Lawrence/H-9715-2012 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Harder, Lawrence/0000-0002-2303-5076 Hargreaves, Anna/0000-0001-9680-9696}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265222900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000265222800001, Author = {Case, Martha A. and Bradford, Zachary R.}, Title = {{Enhancing the trap of lady's slippers: a new technique for discovering pollinators yields new data from Cypripedium parviflorum (Orchidaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{160}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-10}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Approximately one-third of orchid species offer no reward to their floral visitors and instead trick them into pollination. Typically, these deceptive systems have low visitation and fruiting rates because pollinators can learn to avoid non-rewarding species. Consequently, pollination ecology studies in these species often require long hours in the field to witness relatively few floral visitations relative to rewarding plants. Cypripedium parviflorum is a food-deceptive orchid with a pouch-like trap that temporarily imprisons pollinators. To escape, pollinators exert pressure on the stigma which facilitates pollination and widens the escape holes located near each anther. This study reports the use of a ribbon and clip to block the escape passageway of this species in order to retain and observe visiting insects. The device was tested in a large population and was shown to increase significantly the probability of observing floral visitors by nearly three-fold. Ten species of hymenopteran visitors in the families Andrenidae, Apidae, Halictidae and Megachilidae were observed, with two female Adrena tridens and one male Adrena perplexa successfully removing pollen. Insect visitation to the orchids occurred during the first half of the flowering period and was significantly associated with warm, clear days. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 1-10.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00962.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265222800001}}, } @article{ ISI:000265222800002, Author = {Mcmullen, Conley K.}, Title = {{Pollination biology of a night-flowering Galapagos endemic, Ipomoea habeliana (Convolvulaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{160}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{11-20}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Ipomoea habeliana is an endemic, night-flowering member of the Galapagos flora. Pollination experiments, flower-visitor observations, nectar sampling, pollen transfer, and pollen to ovule ratio and pollen size studies were included in this project. The large, white flowers of this species set fruit via open pollination (55\%), autonomous autogamy (51\%), facilitated autogamy (91\%), cross-pollination (80\%), diurnal open pollination (60\%) and nocturnal open pollination (60\%). Fruit set is pollen-limited. Ants, beetles, crickets and hawk moths regularly visit the flowers. Ants are the most frequent visitors, but hawk moths are the only effective pollinators. Nectar is available throughout the night, but is most abundant early in the evening when hawk moth visits are most frequent. Experiments with fluorescent dust demonstrate intra- and inter-plant pollen movement by hawk moths. Although this species is adapted for hawk moth pollination, it readily sets fruit via autonomous autogamy when no visits are made. Thus, it is concluded that it is facultatively xenogamous. Additional support for this conclusion is provided by the pollen to ovule ratio of 1407 and by the fact that the plants grow in a region that has few or no faithful pollinators. Conservation efforts for I. habeliana should include hand pollinations, which could significantly increase seed set. (C) 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 160, 11-20.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00963.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, EISSN = {{1095-8339}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265222800002}}, } @article{ ISI:000265880600015, Author = {Colbach, Nathalie}, Title = {{How to model and simulate the effects of cropping systems on population dynamics and gene flow at the landscape level: example of oilseed rape volunteers and their role for co-existence of GM and non-GM crops}}, Journal = {{ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{16}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{348-360}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Agricultural landscapes comprise cultivated fields and semi-natural areas. Biological components of these compartments such as weeds, insect pests and pathogenic fungi can disperse sometimes over very large distances, colonise new habitats via insect flight, spores, pollen or seeds and are responsible for losses in crop yield (e.g. weeds, pathogens) and biodiversity (e.g. invasive weeds). The spatiotemporal dynamics of these biological components interact with crop locations, successions and management as well as the location and management of semi-natural areas such as roadverges. The objective of this investigation was to establish a modelling and simulation methodology for describing, analysing and predicting spatiotemporal dynamics and genetics of biological components of agricultural landscapes. The ultimate aim of the models was to evaluate and propose innovative cropping systems adapted to particular agricultural concerns. The method was applied to oilseed rape (OSR) volunteers playing a key role for the coexistence of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM oilseed rape crops, where the adventitious presence of GM seeds in non-GM harvests (AGMP) could result in financial losses for farmers and cooperatives. A multi-year, spatially explicit model was built, using field patterns, climate, cropping systems and OSR varieties as input variables, focusing on processes and cultivation techniques crucial for plant densities and pollen flow. The sensitivity of the model to input variables was analysed to identify the major cropping factors. These should be modified first when searching for solutions limiting gene flow. The sensitivity to model processes and species life-traits were analysed to facilitate the future adaptation of the model to other species. The model was evaluated by comparing its simulations to independent field observations to determine its domain of validity and prediction error. The cropping system study determined contrasted farm types, simulated the current situation and tested a large range of modifications compatible with each farm to identify solutions for reducing the AGMP. The landscape study simulated gene flow in a large number of actual and virtual field patterns, four combinations of regional OSR and GM proportions and three contrasted cropping systems. The analysis of the AGMP rate at the landscape level determined a maximum acceptable GM OSR area for the different cropping systems, depending on the regional OSR volunteer infestation. The analysis at the field level determined minimum distances between GM and non-GM crops, again for different cropping systems and volunteer infestations. The main challenge in building spatially explicit models of the effects of cropping systems and landscape patterns on species dynamics and gene flow is to determine the spatial extent, the time scale, the major processes and the degree of mechanistic description to include in the model, depending on the species characteristics and the model objective. These models can be used to study the effects of cropping systems and landscape patterns over a large range of situations. The interactions between the two aspects make it impossible to extrapolate conclusions from individual studies to other cases. The advantage of the present method was to produce conclusions for several contrasted farm types and to establish recommendations valid for a large range of situations by testing numerous landscapes with contrasted cropping systems. Depending on the level of investigation (region or field), these recommendations concern different decision-makers, either farmers and technical advisors or cooperatives and public decision-makers. The present simulation study showed that gene flow between coexisting GM and non-GM varieties is inevitable. The management of OSR volunteers is crucial for containing gene flow, and the cropping system study identified solutions for reducing these volunteers and ferals in and outside fields. Only if these are controlled can additional measures such as isolation distances between GM and non-GM crops or limiting the proportion of the region grown with GM OSR be efficient. In addition, particular OSR varieties contribute to limit gene flow. The technical, organisational and financial feasibility of the proposed measures remains to be evaluated by a multi-disciplinary team.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11356-008-0080-6}}, ISSN = {{0944-1344}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ruezinsky, Diane/E-6208-2011 Colbach, Nathalie/C-6677-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Colbach, Nathalie/0000-0002-3791-037X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265880600015}}, } @article{ ISI:000264833400008, Author = {Chetelat, Roger T. and Pertuze, Ricardo A. and Faundez, Luis and Graham, Elaine B. and Jones, Carl M.}, Title = {{Distribution, ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{167}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{77-93}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits-anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent-suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10681-008-9863-6}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pertuze, Ricardo/H-8264-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Pertuze, Ricardo/0000-0002-3657-3789}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000264833400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000265711500006, Author = {Lazaro, Amparo and Lundgren, Rebekka and Totland, Orjan}, Title = {{Co-flowering neighbors influence the diversity and identity of pollinator groups visiting plant species}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{118}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{691-702}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The generalization-specialization continuum exhibited in pollination interactions currently receives much attention. It is well-known that the pollinator assemblage of particular species varies temporally and spatially, and therefore the ecological generalization on pollinators may be a contextual attribute. However, the factors causing such variation and its ecological and evolutionary consequences are still poorly understood. This variation can be caused by spatial or temporal variation in the pollinator community, but also by variation in the plant community. Here, we examined how the floral neighbourhood influenced the generalization on pollinators and the composition of pollinators of six plant species differing in generalization levels and main pollinators. The diversity, identity and density of floral species affected both the level of generalization on pollinators and the composition of visitors of particular plant species. Although the relationships to floral neighbourhood varied considerably among species, generalization level and visitation by uncommon pollinators generally increased with floral diversity and richness. The generalization level of the neighbourhood was negatively related to the generalization level of the focal species in two species. The number of flowers of the pollinator-sharing species and the number of flowers of the focal species had different effects on the composition of visits in different species; attributable to differences in facilitation/competition for pollinator attraction. We propose that an important ecological implication of our results is that variation in species interactions caused by the pollination context may result in increased community stability. The main evolutionary implication of our results is that selection on flower and pollinator traits may depend, to an unknown extent, on the composition of the co-flowering plant community.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1600-0706.2008.17168.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, EISSN = {{1600-0706}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265711500006}}, } @article{ ISI:000264842200009, Author = {Rooney, Thomas P.}, Title = {{High white-tailed deer densities benefit graminoids and contribute to biotic homogenization of forest ground-layer vegetation}}, Journal = {{PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{202}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{103-111}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Biotic homogenization, with its emphasis on invasions, extinctions, and convergence in taxonomic similarity, provides an important framework for investigating changes in biodiversity across scales. Through their selective foraging, large populations of white-tailed deer are altering population sizes, driving extirpations, and facilitating invasions of plants throughout the eastern United States. I hypothesize that deer can drive biotic homogenization in forest understory communities by shifting species composition to one dominated by grasses, sedges, and ferns (all wind-pollinated plants). I report the effects of 16 years of deer exclusion in a hemlock-northern hardwood stand in N Wisconsin using a block design. Species composition showed greater convergence in control plots than exclosure plots, indicating deer can drive biotic homogenization at the stand level. Total percent cover is nearly 4 times greater in exclosure plots. Percent cover by woody plants, broadleaf herbs, and ferns is 150, 63, and 20 times greater in exclosure plots, respectively, while cover by sedges and grasses is 3.8 and 2.2 times greater in control plots. Cover by species with showy, insect-pollinated flowers is 79 times greater in exclosures. Graminoid-dominated control plots represent a novel state not observed fifty years ago, and could reflect the emergence of a grazing lawn. The increase in graminoids at this study area and throughout the region could under some global change scenarios be an early stage of conversion from forest to savanna or wood pasture.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11258-008-9489-8}}, ISSN = {{1385-0237}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rooney, Thomas/A-5410-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Rooney, Thomas/0000-0001-7412-3204}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000264842200009}}, } @article{ ISI:000264371900019, Author = {Hadley, Adam S. and Betts, Matthew G.}, Title = {{Tropical deforestation alters hummingbird movement patterns}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{5}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{207-210}}, Month = {{APR 23}}, Abstract = {{Reduced pollination success, as a function of habitat loss and fragmentation, appears to be a global phenomenon. Disruption of pollinator movement is one hypothesis put forward to explain this pattern in pollen limitation. However, the small size of pollinators makes them very difficult to track; thus, knowledge of their movements is largely speculative. Using tiny radio transmitters (0.25 g), we translocated a generalist tropical `trap-lining' hummingbird, the green hermit (Phaethornis guy), across agricultural and forested landscapes to test the hypothesis that movement is influenced by patterns of deforestation. Although, we found no difference in homing times between landscape types, return paths were on average 459+/-144 m (+/-s.e.) more direct in forested than agricultural landscapes. In addition, movement paths in agricultural landscapes contained 36+/-4 per cent more forest than the most direct route. Our findings suggest that this species can circumvent agricultural matrix to move among forest patches. Nevertheless, it is clear that movement of even a highly mobile species is strongly influenced by landscape disturbance. Maintaining landscape connectivity with forest corridors may be important for enhancing movement, and thus in facilitating pollen transfer.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rsbl.2008.0691}}, ISSN = {{1744-9561}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Hadley, Adam/G-8391-2012 Hadley, Adam/D-5395-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Hadley, Adam/0000-0002-8344-3354 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000264371900019}}, } @article{ ISI:000264950700020, Author = {Ottewell, Kym M. and Donnellan, Steve C. and Lowe, Andrew J. and Paton, David C.}, Title = {{Predicting reproductive success of insect- versus bird-pollinated scattered trees in agricultural landscapes}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{142}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{888-898}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Scattered trees are set to be lost from agricultural landscapes within the next century without sustained effort to increase recruitment. Thus, understanding the reproductive dynamics of scattered tree populations will be critical in determining how they can contribute to population restoration. The distance between conspecifics should be a key predictor of reproductive success, as more isolated trees are expected to receive fewer pollinator visits and experience increased transfer of self-pollen during longer pollinator foraging bouts. Further, isolation effects should be greater in species with less mobile pollinators. Here we contrast the effects of plant isolation on reproductive success of two species of eucalypt ``paddock trees{''}, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus leucoxylon, with insect- and bird-pollination, respectively. Seed production was not affected by tree isolation in either the insect- or bird-pollinated species and once outliers were removed, neither was there an effect on germination rate. As somatic mutations may bias outcrossing rate estimates, we initially screened our microsatellite markers for mutations but found no variation in microsatellite profiles throughout the canopy of trees. individual outcrossing rates did not decline with increasing tree isolation in either the insect- or bird-pollinated species, though there was considerable variation in these rates at large distances, suggesting that pollination becomes unreliable with increasing tree isolation. We found that pollination distances have likely increased in tree species in agricultural landscapes, and that this may be facilitated by introduced honeybees in the case of E. camaldulensis. We therefore suggest that even isolated trees of these species produce seed of sufficient quantity and quality to contribute to population restoration. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2008.12.019}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Donnellan, Stephen/F-2442-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Donnellan, Stephen/0000-0002-5448-3226}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000264950700020}}, } @article{ ISI:000265095700009, Author = {de Jong, Maaike and Mariani, Celestina and Vriezen, Wim H.}, Title = {{The role of auxin and gibberellin in tomato fruit set}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{60}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1523-1532}}, Month = {{APR}}, Note = {{Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Experimental-Biology, Marseille, FRANCE, JUL 06-10, 2008}}, Organization = {{Soc Expt Biol}}, Abstract = {{The initiation of tomato fruit growth, fruit set, is very sensitive to environmental conditions. Therefore, an understanding of the mechanisms that regulate this process can facilitate the production of this agriculturally valuable fruit crop. Over the years, it has been well established that tomato fruit set depends on successful pollination and fertilization, which trigger the fruit developmental programme through the activation of the auxin and gibberellin signalling pathways. However, the exact role of each of these two hormones is still poorly understood, probably because only few of the signalling components involved have been identified so far. Recent research on fruit set induced by hormone applications has led to new insights into hormone biosynthesis and signalling. The aim of this review is to consolidate the current knowledge on the role of auxin and gibberellin in tomato fruit set.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jxb/erp094}}, ISSN = {{0022-0957}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mariani, Celestina/C-6920-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265095700009}}, } @article{ ISI:000265662900012, Author = {Roets, F. and Wingfield, M. J. and Crous, P. W. and Dreyer, L. L.}, Title = {{Fungal radiation in the Cape Floristic Region: An analysis based on Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{51}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{111-119}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) displays high levels of plant diversity and endemism, and has received focused botanical systematic attention. In contrast, fungal diversity patterns and co-evolutionary processes in this region have barely been investigated. Here we reconstruct molecular phylogenies using the ITS and beta-tubulin gene regions of the ophiostomatoid fungi Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma associated with southern African Protea species. Results indicate that they evolved in close association with Protea. In contrast to Protea, Ophiostoma species migrated to the CFR from tropical and subtropical Africa, where they underwent subsequent radiation. In both Gondwanamyces and Ophiostoma vector arthropods probably facilitated long-distance migration and shorter-distance dispersal. Although ecological parameters shaped most associations between ophiostomatoid fungi and Protea, there is congruence between fungal-host-associations and the systematic classification of Protea. These results confirm that the entire biotic environment must be considered in order to understand diversity and evolution in the CFR as a whole. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.041}}, ISSN = {{1055-7903}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 Wingfield, Michael/A-9473-2008 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 Roets, Francois/0000-0003-3849-9057}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265662900012}}, } @article{ ISI:000264785400012, Author = {Geerts, Sjirk and Pauw, Anton}, Title = {{African sunbirds hover to pollinate an invasive hummingbird-pollinated plant}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{118}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{573-579}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Why do hummingbirds hover while Old World nectar-feeding birds perch? A unique opportunity to explore this question is presented by the invasion into Africa of a plant adapted for pollination by hovering hummingbirds. Like other hover-pollinated plants of the New World, the flowers of the tree tobacco Nicotiana glauca lack perches and are oriented towards open space. We find that Old World nectarivores, especially the malachite sunbird, Nectarinia famosa, hover 80\% of the time when taking nectar from these flowers. They hover for up to 30 s, and are able to sustain this hovering lifestyle in an area where native nectar plants are absent. Nicotiana glauca greatly increases the local abundance of sunbirds compared with uninvaded areas. In turn, flowers visited by sunbirds formed significantly more capsules and set significantly more seed than sunbird-excluded flowers, possibly facilitating the invasion. The results suggest a prominent role for plant, rather than bird traits in determining the occurrence of hover-pollination, begging the question of why plants adapted for hover pollination do not occur outside the New World.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.17167.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pauw, Anton/A-6126-2008 Geerts, Sjirk/B-9659-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000264785400012}}, } @article{ ISI:000265544300012, Author = {Spigler, Rachel B. and Chang, Shu-Mei}, Title = {{Pollen limitation and reproduction varies with population size in experimental populations of Sabatia angularis (Gentianaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANY-BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{330-338}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Individuals in large plant populations are expected to benefit from increased reproductive success relative to those in small populations because of the facilitative effects of large aggregations on pollination. As populations become small, the inability to attract sufficient numbers of pollinators can reduce reproduction via pollen limitation. This study experimentally tested whether such trends occur for the herbaceous biennial Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh (Gentianaceae). We created artificial populations of varying size consisting of potted S. angularis plants in two field sites to determine whether population size affected mean fruit and seed set. We also examined whether population size affected the degree of pollen limitation using a supplemental pollination design in one of the sites. Our results showed that, on average, seed set was lower in large populations, not small populations, of S. angularis and that this result may be due to increased pollen limitation in large populations. We suggest that in certain contexts, small populations may enjoy reproductive advantages over large populations by escaping intraspecific competition for pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/B08-146}}, ISSN = {{1916-2790}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265544300012}}, } @article{ ISI:000263457200010, Author = {Krauss, S. L. and He, T. and Barrett, L. G. and Lamont, B. B. and Enright, N. J. and Miller, B. P. and Hanley, M. E.}, Title = {{Contrasting impacts of pollen and seed dispersal on spatial genetic structure in the bird-pollinated Banksia hookeriana}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{102}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{274-285}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{In plants, pollen-and seed-dispersal distributions are characteristically leptokurtic, with significant consequences for spatial genetic structure and nearest-neighbour mating. However, most studies to date have been on wind-or insect-pollinated species. Here, we assigned paternity to quantify effective pollen dispersal over 9 years of mating, contrasted this to seed dispersal and examined their effects on fine-scale spatial genetic structure, within the bird-pollinated shrub Banksia hookeriana (Proteaceae). We used 163 polymorphic amplified fragment length polymorphism markers to assess genetic structure and pollen dispersal in a spatially discrete population of 112 plants covering 0.56 ha. Spatial autocorrelation analysis detected spatial genetic structure in the smallest distance class of 0-5m (r = 0.025), with no significant structure beyond 8 m. Experimentally quantified seed-dispersal distances for 337 seedlings showed a leptokurtic distribution around a median of 5 m, reaching a distance of 36 m. In marked contrast, patterns of pollen dispersal for 274 seeds departed strikingly from typical near-neighbour pollination, with a distribution largely corresponding to the spatial distribution of plants. We found very high multiple paternity, very low correlated paternity and an equal probability of siring for the 50 closest potential mates. Extensive pollen carryover was demonstrated by multiple siring in 83 of 86 (96.5\%) two-seeded fruits. Highly mobile nectar-feeding birds facilitate this promiscuity through observed movements that were effectively random. As the incidence of bird-pollination is markedly greater in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region than elsewhere, our results have broad and novel significance for the evolution and conservation for many species in Gondwanan lineages.}}, DOI = {{10.1038/hdy.2008.118}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{He, Tianhua/A-1534-2009 Miller, Ben/H-7190-2013 Krauss, Siegy/C-2211-2011 Barrett, Luke/I-5711-2015 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Miller, Ben/0000-0002-8569-6697 Barrett, Luke/0000-0001-6530-0731 He, Tianhua/0000-0002-0924-3637}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000263457200010}}, } @article{ ISI:000262002400004, Author = {Kawakita, Atsushi and Kato, Makoto}, Title = {{Repeated independent evolution of obligate pollination mutualism in the Phyllantheae-Epicephala association}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{276}}, Number = {{1656}}, Pages = {{417-426}}, Month = {{FEB 7}}, Abstract = {{The well-known fig-fig wasp and yucca-yucca moth mutualisms are classic examples of obligate mutualisms that have been shaped by millions of years of coevolution. Pollination systems involving obligate seed parasites are only expected to evolve under rare circumstances where their positive effects are not swamped by abundant co-pollinators and heavy costs resulting from seed destruction. Here, we show that, in Phyllantheae, specialization to pollination by Epicephala moths evolved at least five times, involving more than 500 Phyllantheae species in this obligate association. Active pollination behaviour evolved once in Epicephala, 10-20 Myr after the initial divergence of their host plants. The pollinating Epicephala moths thus radiated on an already-diverged host lineage and successively colonized new Phyllantheae hosts, thereby giving rise to repeated independent evolution of the specialized pollination system in Phyllantheae. The present evolutionary success of this association rests entirely upon active pollination by Epicephala, making this a distinct example of an evolutionary key innovation. Overall, our findings provide a clear empirical demonstration of how a combination of evolutionary innovation and partner shifts facilitates the spread of mutualism in a coevolving species interaction.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2008.1226}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000262002400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000262707200011, Author = {Palmer, Irene E. and Ranney, Thomas G. and Lynch, Nathan P. and Bir, Richard E.}, Title = {{Crossability, Cytogenetics, and Reproductive Pathways in Rudbeckia Subgenus Rudbeckia}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{44}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{44-48}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Rudbeckia L. are nursery crops that offer broad adaptability and exceptional ornamental merit. However, there is little information on interspecific and interploid crossability and ploidy levels of specific cultivars. The objectives of this study were to determine the ploidy levels and relative DNA contents (genome sizes) of selected species and cultivars, to evaluate self-compatibility, and crossability among species and ploidy levels, and to explore reproductive pathways in triploid R. hirta L. with the goal of facilitating future breeding endeavors and development of new hybrids. Reciprocal interspecific crosses were performed between R. hirta cultivars and R. fulgida Ait., R. missouriensis Engelm. ex C.L. Boynton \& Beadle, and R. subtomentosa Pursh. as well as reciprocal interploid crosses among four R. hirta cultivars. A combination of relative DNA content analysis and chromosome counts was used to test for hybridity and to determine ploidy levels for selected species, cultivars, and interploid R. hirta F, hybrids. Of the specific clones tested, R. subtomentosa and R. missouriensis were diploid, R. fuligida varieties were tetraploid, and R. hirta include both diploid and tetraploid cultivars. Mean 1Cx DNA content varied over 320\% among species. The interploid R. hirta crosses produced triploids as well as pentaploids and hexaploids. Seedlings from open-pollinated triploid R. hirta appeared, based on diverse phenotypes and DNA contents, to he aneuploids resulting from sexual fertilization, not apomixis. Of the 844 seedlings from interspecific F, crosses, only one individual, R. subtomentosa X R. hirta, had a DNA content intermediate between its parents and was confirmed as the only interspecific hybrid. Although most taxa had low self-fertility, seedlings (with genomic sizes similar to their maternal parent) resulted after interspecific crosspollination, indicating that pseudogamy is one reproductive pathway in Rudbeckia species.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000262707200011}}, } @article{ ISI:000263300700008, Author = {Wilfert, L. and Torres, M. Munoz and Reber-Funk, C. and Schmid-Hempel, R. and Tomkins, J. and Gadau, J. and Schmid-Hempel, P.}, Title = {{Construction and characterization of a BAC-library for a key pollinator, the bumblebee Bombus terrestris L.}}, Journal = {{INSECTES SOCIAUX}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{56}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{44-48}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{The primitively social bumblebee Bombus terrestris is an ecological model species as well as an important agricultural pollinator. As part of the ongoing development of genomic resources for this model organism, we have constructed a publicly available bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library from males of a field-derived colony. We have shown that this library has a high coverage, which allows any particular sequence to be retrieved from at least one clone with a probability of 99.7\%. We have further demonstrated the library's usefulness by successfully screening it with probes derived both from previously described B. terrestris genes and candidate genes from another bumblebee species and the honeybee. This library will facilitate genomic studies in B. terrestris and will allow for novel comparative studies in the social Hymenoptera.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00040-008-1034-1}}, ISSN = {{0020-1812}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wilfert, Lena/0000-0002-6075-458X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000263300700008}}, } @article{ ISI:000262537900010, Author = {Williams, Joseph H.}, Title = {{AMBORELLA TRICHOPODA (AMBORELLACEAE) AND THE EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENTAL ORIGINS OF THE ANGIOSPERM PROGAMIC PHASE}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{96}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{144-165}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{A remarkable number of the defining features of flowering plants are expressed during the life history stage between pollination and fertilization. Hand pollinations of Amborella trichopoda (Amborellaceae) in New Caledonia show that when the stigma is first receptive, the female gametophyte is near maturity. Pollen germinates within 2 h, and pollen tubes with callose walls and plugs grow entirely within secretions from stigma to stylar canal and ovarian cavity. Pollen tubes enter the micropyle within 14 h, and double fertilization occurs within 24 h. Hundreds of pollen tubes grow to the base of the stigma, but few enter the open stylar canal. New data from Amborella, combined with a review of fertilization biology of other early-divergent angiosperms, show that an evolutionary transition from slow reproduction to rapid reproduction occurred early in argiosperm history. I identify increased pollen tube growth rates within novel secretory carpel tissues as the primary mechanism for such a shift. The opportunity for pre-zygotic selection through interactions with the stigma is also an important innovation. Pollen tube wall construction and substantial modifications of the ovule and its associated structures greatly facilitated a new kind of reproductive biology.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.0800070}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Williams, Joseph/E-2227-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000262537900010}}, } @article{ ISI:000262537900012, Author = {Sage, Tammy L. and Hristova-Sarkovski, Katerina and Koehl, Veronica and Lyew, Joelle and Pontieri, Vincenza and Bernhardt, Peter and Weston, Peter and Bagha, Shaheen and Chiu, Greta}, Title = {{TRANSMITTING TISSUE ARCHITECTURE IN BASAL-RELICTUAL ANGIOSPERMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSMITTING TISSUE ORIGINS}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{96}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{183-206}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Carpel transmitting tissue is a major floral innovation that is essential for angiosperm Success. It facilitates the rapid adhesion, hydration, and growth of the male gametophyte to the female gametophyte. As Well. it functions as a molecular screen to promote male gametophytic competition and species-specific recognition and compatibility. Here, we characterize the transmitting, tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) and pollen tube growth in basal-relictual angiosperms and test the hypothesis that a freely flowing ECM (wet stigma) was ancestral to a cuticle-bound ECM (dry stigma). We demonstrate that the most recent common ancestor of extant angiosperms produced an ECM that was structurally and functionally equivalent to a dry stigma. Dry stigmas are composed of a cuticle and primary wall that contains compounds that facilitate the adhesion and growth of the male gametophyte. These compounds include methyl-esterified homogalacturonans, arabinogalactan-proteins, and lipids. We propose that transmitting tissue evolved in concert with an increase in cuticle permeability that resulted from modifications in the biosynthesis and secretion of fatty acids needed for cuticle construction. Increased cuticle permeability exposed the male gametophyte to pre-existing molecules that enabled rapid male gametophyte adhesion, hydration, and growth as well as species-specific recognition and compatibility.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.0800254}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000262537900012}}, } @article{ ISI:000262537900023, Author = {Crepet, William L. and Niklas, Karl J.}, Title = {{DARWIN'S SECOND ``ABOMINABLE MYSTERY{''}: WHY ARE THERE SO MANY ANGIOSPERM SPECIES?}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{96}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{366-381}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The rapid diversification and ecological dominance of the flowering plants beg the question ``Why are there so many angiosperm species and why are they so successful?{''} A number of equally plausible hypotheses have been advanced in response to this question, among which the most widely accepted highlights the mutually beneficial animal-plant relationships that are nowhere better developed nor more widespread than among angiosperm species and their biotic vectors for pollination and dispersal. Nevertheless, consensus acknowledges that there are many other attributes unique to or characteristic of the flowering plants. In addition, the remarkable coevolution of the angiosperms and pollination/dispersal animal agents Could be an effect of the intrinsic adaptability of the flowering plants rather than a primary cause of their success, suggesting that the search for underlying causes should focus on an exploration of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that might facilitate adaptive evolution and speciation. Here, we explore angiosperm diversity promoting attributes in their general form and draw particular attention to those that, either individually or collectively, have been shown empirically to favor high speciation rates, low extinction rates, or broad ecological tolerances. Among these are the annual growth form, homeotic gene effects, asexual/sexual reproduction, a propensity for hybrid polyploidy, and apparent ``resistance{''} to extinction. Our survey of the literature suggests that no single vegetative, reproductive, or ecological feature taken in isolation can account for the evolutionary success of the angiosperms. Rather, we believe that the answer to Darwin's second ``abominable mystery{''} lies in a confluence of features that collectively make the angiosperms unique among the land plants.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.0800126}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000262537900023}}, } @article{ ISI:000265390200004, Author = {Bagavathiannan, Muthukumar V. and Van Acker, Rene C.}, Title = {{The Biology and Ecology of Feral Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Its Implications for Novel Trait Confinement in North America}}, Journal = {{CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{28}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{69-87}}, Abstract = {{Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is an important forage crop worldwide. Apart from cultivated fields, alfalfa is also found along roadsides and in natural and semi-natural habitats. However, little information is available on the establishment capabilities of alfalfa in non-cultivated areas and the potential of these founding populations to become feral. Some crop species have not lost all their wild characteristics during the domestication process and with several inherent traits favoring weediness, alfalfa could be one among those that can become feral. There is great interest in the feral potential of alfalfa, particularly due to the concerns that feral plants could act as genetic bridges and facilitate novel trait movement at the landscape level. Alfalfa is the first perennial, insect-pollinated crop to be genetically engineered and approved for unconfined release into the environment. This review investigates and compiles information in the literature that reveals the life history components that can influence ferality in alfalfa. Characteristics that can contribute to ferality in alfalfa include high genetic diversity, perenniality, quick regrowth potential, persistence, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, deep tap root system, drought and cold tolerance, and seed dormancy. With these traits, alfalfa is equipped to invade and dominate unmanaged habitats. Feral alfalfa populations can and will act as bridges for long-distance gene flow and facilitate the adventitious presence of novel traits in the environment. As such, feral populations will become a potential barrier for achieving coexistence of transgenic and nontransgenic alfalfa fields. Implications of ferality, including gene flow and hybridization with compatible wild relatives are also discussed in detail. This review serves as a resource for environmental risk assessment for the release of alfalfa containing novel traits.}}, DOI = {{10.1080/07352680902753613}}, ISSN = {{0735-2689}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000265390200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000262545800009, Author = {Bumrungsri, Sara and Sripaoraya, Ekapong and Chongsiri, Thanongsak and Sridith, Kitichate and Racey, Paul A.}, Title = {{The pollination ecology of durian (Durio zibethinus, Bombacaceae) in southern Thailand}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{25}}, Pages = {{85-92}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The floral biology and pollination ecology of durian. Durio zibethinus, were determined in eight semi-wild trees in mixed-fruit orchards in Southern Thailand during April-May 2003 and 2005. Flowers open fully at 16h00-16h30 and most androccia drop around 01h00. Anthers dehisce at 19h30-20h00 when the stigmata are already receptive. In a series of pollination experiments. fruit was set in all treatments within 10d. The greatest pollination success occurred after hand-crossed (76.69\%), open (54.4\%) and emasculation pollination (53.3\%). Consistently. hand-crossed (12.29\%), emasculation (8.7\%) and open pollination (5.1\%) yielded a substantial fruit set 2 mo after the pollination experiments. Very low pollination success in facilitated autogamy suggests that most durian trees are highly self incompatible. No mature fruit was found after insect pollination and automatic autogamy. Fruit bats, especially Eonycteris spelaea, are the major pollinators of this durian although the giant honey bee (Apis dorsata) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers. Bats visited durian flowers at the rate of 26.1 (SD = 20.7) visits per inflorescence per night. Since this semi-wild durian depends on fruit bats as its pollinator, protecting fruit bat populations and their roosts is vital for the production of the durian fruit crop.}}, DOI = {{10.1017/S0266467408005531}}, ISSN = {{0266-4674}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000262545800009}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000261301000004, Author = {Williams, W. M. and Griffiths, A. G. and Hay, M. J. M. and Richardson, K. A. and Ellison, N. W. and Rasmussen, S. and Verry, T. M. and Collette, V. and Hussain, S. W. and Thomas, R. G. and Jones, C. S. and Anderson, C. and Maher, D. and Scott, A. G. and Hancock, K. and Williamson, M. L. and Tilbrook, J. C. and Greig, M. and Allan, A.}, Editor = {{Yamada, T and Spangenberg, G}}, Title = {{Development of Trifolium occidentale as a Plant Model System for Perennial Clonal Species}}, Booktitle = {{MOLECULAR BREEDING OF FORAGE AND TURF}}, Year = {{2009}}, Pages = {{45-53}}, Note = {{5th International Molecular Breeding of Forage and Turf, Sapporo, JAPAN, 2007}}, Organization = {{Natl Agr Res Ctr Hokkaido Reg; Natl Inst Livestock \& Grassland Sci}}, Abstract = {{Trifolium occidentale D.E. Coombe is a diploid, clonal perennial clover that is very closely related to white clover (T. repens L.). It has been previously reported to be self-pollinating and lacking in genetic diversity. However, new collections, especially in Spain and Portugal, have revealed that cross-pollinating populations with substantial genetic diversity do exist. This has led to T. occidentale being investigated as a potential genetic model species to facilitate the application of genomic methods for the improvement of white clover. Investigations have shown that T. occidentale has many attributes that make it suitable as a genetic model for white clover. It forms hybrids with white clover and the chromosomes of the two species pair and recombine at meiosis. Phylogenetic research shows that it is a very close relative, and probably an ancestor, of white clover. A framework linkage map based on SSR markers has shown it to be highly syntenic with white clover. A protocol for efficient transformation has been developed. An effective EMS mutagenesis method has been demonstrated by the induction of a high frequency of condensed tannin negative mutants. The clonal nature of T. occidentale is not shared by other dicotyledonous model species. It may, therefore, be useful for the genomic characterisation of traits associated with clonal growth and perenniality in this wider class of plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/978-0-387-79144-9\_4}}, ISBN = {{978-0-387-79143-2}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261301000004}}, } @article{ ISI:000261615800005, Author = {Penet, L. and Collin, C. L. and Ashman, T. -L.}, Title = {{Florivory increases selfing: an experimental study in the wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana}}, Journal = {{PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2009}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{38-45}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Florivores are antagonists that damage flowers, and have direct negative effects on flowering and pollination of the attacked plants. While florivory has mainly been studied for its consequences on seed production or siring success, little is known about its impact on mating systems. Damage to flowers can alter pollinator attraction to the plant and may therefore modify patterns of pollen transfer. However, the consequences of damage for mating systems can take two forms: a decrease in flower number reduces opportunities for intra-inflorescence pollen deposition (geitonogamy), which, in turn, may lead to a decrease in selfing; whereas a decrease in floral display may also reduce overall visitation and thus increase the chances of self-pollination via facilitated or autonomous autogamy. We investigated the effects of damage by a bud-clipping weevil (Anthonomus signatus) in Fragaria virginiana in an experimental setting mimicking natural conditions. We found that increased damage led to an increase in selfing, a result consistent with the increased autogamy pathway. We discuss the implications of this finding and evaluate the generality of florivore-mediated mating system expression.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00141.x}}, ISSN = {{1435-8603}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Collin, Carine/A-4338-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Collin, Carine/0000-0002-7623-6672}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261615800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000261650100002, Author = {Burdon, R. D. and Carson, M. J. and Shelbourne, C. J. A.}, Title = {{Achievements in forest tree genetic improvement in Australia and New Zealand 10: Pinus radiata in New Zealand}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{71}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{263-279}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Pinus radiata is the subject of much the largest and longest-running tree breeding program in New Zealand. Very intensive plus-tree selection began in the early 1950s, the first seed orchard planting was in 1958, and the first orchard seed was collected in 1968. By 1985 seed Orchards Could meet the national planting needs, which helped prompt an innovative seed certification scheme. Selection began in local, `land-race' stands. That proved appropriate, but better knowledge led to research oil material from the species' entire natural range and then to further seed importations from natural stands, mainly for future genetic resources. Initial plus-tree selection largely addressed poor tree form in the central North Island. This led to selecting a `short-internode' ('multinodal') branching ideotype, with great improvements in general tree form and Substantial gains in growth rate. A distinctive portfolio of several breeds, representing different breeding goals, has since been developed for the diverse planting sites and the various end products. By contrast, the original regionalisation of seed orchards proved largely unjustified. Despite early research indicating good heritabilities, wood properties have figured significantly in breeding goals only since growers Substantially reduced harvest ages, but they are now intensively researched. The breeding program was greatly expanded from 1968 to meet the needs of multi-generation breeding. This was one or the program's contributions to developing breeding strategy as a discipline, various of which were reflected in the 1986 Development Plan. Industry uptake of tree breeding has since posed challenges in maintaining genetic variability for a secure, long-term underpinning of the program. Special genetic-gain trials were first planted in 1978, to demonstrate and quantify genetic improvement, and to help update forest out-turn predictions. The gains achieved in tree form helped induce New South Wales State to affiliate with the New Zealand program, following significant earlier contributions of breeding material to Australian breeding programs. Improved technologies for seed Orchards and vegetative propagation have facilitated development of the breed portfolio and more specific customisation of seedlots. Becoming able to deliver genetic gain through controlled pollination has allowed changes in the Structure of the breeding Population. Further changes are resulting from an increasing capability to reconstruct pedigrees after open pollination. Developments towards full clonal forestry have faced obstacles, but offer greater genetic gains and a more precise customisation, and clonal forestry is now being vigorously commercialised. Having a single, large Forest Service until 1987 undoubtedly favoured the development of a very strong tree improvement program. Since then, continuing institutional changes, which are reviewed, have posed numerous challenges.}}, ISSN = {{0004-9158}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261650100002}}, } @article{ ISI:000261401600051, Author = {Sawidis, Thomas and Weryszko-Chmielewska, Elzbieta and Anastasiou, Vasiliki and Bosabalidis, Artemios M.}, Title = {{The secretory glands of Asphodelus aestivus flower}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{63}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1118-1123}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Note = {{5th International Symposium Biology and Taxonomy of Green Algae, Smolenice, SLOVAKIA, JUN 25-29, 2007}}, Organization = {{Phycol Sect Slovak Botan Soc; Inst Botany; Slovak Acad Sci; Fac Nat Sci; Comenius Univ}}, Abstract = {{Various secretory glands are observed on Asphodelus aestivus flower, a common geophyte of Mediterranean type ecosystem. The. oral nectary has the form of individual slits between the gynecium carpels (septal nectary). The septal slits extend downwards to the ascidiate zone of the carpels. The nectar is secreted by the epidermal cells of the slits, which differentiate into epithelial cells. The latter contain numerous organelles, among which endoplasmic reticulum elements and golgi bodies predominate. Nectar secretion results in an expansion of the space between the septa. The nectar becomes discharged through small holes on the ovary wall. Six closely packed stamens surround the ovary and bear numerous papillae at their basis. These papillae are actually osmophores, i.e. secretory structures responsible for the manufacture, secretion and dispersion of terpenic scent. A mucilage gland (obturator) exists between the lateral ovule and the ovary septa, giving a positive reaction with Schiff's reagent. This gland secretes a mucoproteinaceous product to nourish the pollen tube and to facilitate its penetration into the ovary.}}, DOI = {{10.2478/s11756-008-0151-7}}, ISSN = {{0006-3088}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261401600051}}, } @article{ ISI:000260773600031, Author = {Skalova, D. and Dziechciarkova, M. and Lebeda, A. and Kristkova, E. and Navratilova, B.}, Title = {{Interspecific hybridization of Cucumis anguria and C. zeyheri via embryo-rescue}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{775-778}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Embryo-rescue was used to facilitate interspecific hybridization of Cucumis anguria L. and C. zeyheri Sond. Embryos were excised from developing fruits at one week intervals for six weeks after hand pollination. Medium containing coconut water was the most suitable for initial germination, and a medium with ascorbic acid was the best for embryo development and plant recovery. Viable plants were obtained from embryos and these plants showed morphological characteristics different from both parents. The analysis of the leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) locus revealed three hybrid types, H1.1, H1.2 and H2.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10535-008-0151-z}}, ISSN = {{0006-3134}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260773600031}}, } @article{ ISI:000260306700016, Author = {Nielsen, Charlotte and Heimes, Christine and Kollmann, Johannes}, Title = {{Little evidence for negative effects of an invasive alien plant on pollinator services}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{10}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1353-1363}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Many invasive alien plants occur in large populations with abundant flowers which are highly attractive to pollinators, and thus might affect pollination of co-occurring native species. This study focuses on the invasive Heracleum mantegazzianum and distance-dependent effects on pollination of Mimulus guttatus in abandoned grassland over 2 years. First, we examined pollinator abundance in yellow traps at 0, 10, 30 and 60-200 m from H. mantegazzianum. We then placed M. guttatus plants at the same distances to monitor effects of the invasive species on pollinator visitation and seed set of neighbouring plants. Finally, we conducted a garden experiment to test if deposition of H. mantegazzianum pollen reduces seed set in M. guttatus. No distance effect was found for the number of bumblebees in traps, although the invasive species attracted a diverse assemblage of insects, and visitation of M. guttatus was enhanced close to H. mantegazzianum. This positive effect was not reflected by seed set of M. guttatus, and heterospecific pollen decreased seed set in these plants. Overall there is little evidence for negative effects of the invasive species on pollination of neighbouring plants, and flower visitation even increases close to the invaded patches. The functional role of the invader and suitable control strategies need further clarification, since removal of H. mantegazzianum may actually damage local pollinator populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-007-9210-1}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kollmann, Johannes/B-4255-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kollmann, Johannes/0000-0002-4990-3636}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260306700016}}, } @article{ ISI:000260537000010, Author = {Segraves, K. A. and Althoff, D. M. and Pellmyr, O.}, Title = {{The evolutionary ecology of cheating: does superficial oviposition facilitate the evolution of a cheater yucca moth?}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{33}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{765-770}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{1. A major question in the study of mutualism is to understand how mutualists may revert to antagonists that exploit the mutualism (i.e. switch to cheating). In the classic pollination mutualism between yuccas and yucca moths, the cheater moth Tegeticula intermedia is sister to the pollinator moth T. cassandra. These moth species have similar ovipositor morphology, but T. intermedia emerges later, oviposits into fruit rather than flowers, and does not pollinate. 2. We tested if the pollinator, T. cassandra, was pre-adapted to evolve a cheater lineage by comparing its emergence and oviposition behaviour on yucca fruit to a distantly related pollinator, T. yuccasella, that differs in ovipositor morphology and oviposition behaviour. We predicted that if T. cassandra was pre-adapted to cheat, then these pollinators would emerge later and be able to oviposit into fruit in contrast to T. yuccasella. 3. Contrary to expectations, a common garden-rearing experiment demonstrated that emergence of T. cassandra was not significantly delayed relative to T. yuccasella. Moth emergence patterns overlapped broadly. 4. No choice oviposition experiments with female moths demonstrated that both pollinator species attempted to oviposit into fruit, but only T. cassandra was successful. Four out of 84 T. cassandra successfully oviposited into older fruit, whereas zero out of 79 T. yuccasella oviposited into older fruit. The rarity of the cheating behaviour in pollinators, however, meant that no significant difference in oviposition ability was detected. 5. The results suggest that a shift in emergence phenology is likely not a pre-adaptation to the evolution of cheating, but that the ability to successfully lay eggs into fruit may be. The results also demonstrate that cheating attempts are rare in these pollinator species and, hence, the evolutionary transition rate from pollinator to cheater is likely to be low.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2311.2008.01031.x}}, ISSN = {{0307-6946}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Segraves, Kari/D-2467-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260537000010}}, } @article{ ISI:000261104000007, Author = {Lin, Rong-Chien and Yeung, Carol K-L. and Li, Shou-Hsien}, Title = {{Drastic post-LGM expansion and lack of historical genetic structure of a subtropical fig-pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp 1) of Ficus septica in Taiwan}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{17}}, Number = {{23}}, Pages = {{5008-5022}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The climatic oscillations of the last glacial period have had profound influences on the demography and levels of genetic diversity of extant species. Molecular evidence of glacial effects on temperate species has been well documented, whereas little is known regarding that on subtropical species. Here we present analyses based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene (1052 bp) and genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci to investigate the historical demography, population structure and ongoing gene flow of an undescribed fig-pollinating wasp (Ceratosolen sp. 1) of Ficus septica in subtropical Taiwan. Reconstructed historical demography based on the coalescent tree of COI sequences suggests that C. sp. 1 has undergone a drastic population expansion which was tightly coupled with climatic changes since the last glacial maximum (LGM). The magnitude of the population size change was approximately 500-fold, indicating that the population of this wasp and its host was likely highly compressed during the last glacial period. The lack of significant population differentiation (F(ST) < 0.02, for all pairwise F(ST) values) may be due to rapid postglacial expansion facilitated by long-distance dispersal, although a low frequency of first-generation migrants was detected. Our results clearly demonstrate how recent climatic changes since the LGM and dispersal ability have jointly shaped the genetic composition of a subtropical fig-pollinating wasp.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03983.x}}, ISSN = {{0962-1083}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261104000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000261793300010, Author = {Molina-Montenegro, Marco A. and Badano, Ernesto I. and Cavieres, Lohengrin A.}, Title = {{Positive interactions among plant species for pollinator service: assessing the `magnet species' concept with invasive species}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{117}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{1833-1839}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Plants with poorly attractive flowers or with little floral rewards may have inadequate pollinator service, which in turn reduces seed output. However, pollinator service of less attractive species could be enhanced when they are associated with species with highly attractive flowers (so called `magnet-species'). Although several studies have reported the magnet species effect, few of them have evaluated whether this positive interaction result in an enhancement of the seed output for the beneficiary species. Here, we compared pollinator visitation rates and seed output of the invasive annual species Carduus pycnocephalus when grow associated with shrubs of the invasive Lupinus arboreus and when grow alone, and hypothesized that L. arboreus acts as a magnet species for C. pycnocephalus. Results showed that C. pycnocephalus individuals associated with L. arboreus had higher pollinator visitation rates and higher seed output than individuals growing alone. The higher visitation rates of C. pycnocephalus associated to L. arboreus were maintained after accounting for flower density, which consistently supports our hypothesis on the magnet species effect of L. arboreus. Given that both species are invasives, the facilitated pollination and reproduction of C. pycnocephalus by L. arboreus could promote its naturalization in the community, suggesting a synergistic invasional process contributing to an `invasional meltdown'. The magnet effect of Lupinus on Carduus found in this study seems to be one the first examples of indirect facilitative interactions via increased pollination among invasive species.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16896.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cavieres, Lohengrin/A-9542-2010 Badano, Ernesto/C-3585-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cavieres, Lohengrin/0000-0001-9122-3020 Badano, Ernesto/0000-0002-9591-0984}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261793300010}}, } @article{ ISI:000260724200006, Author = {Okamoto, Tomoko and Kawakita, Atsushi and Kato, Makoto}, Title = {{Floral adaptations to nocturnal moth pollination in Diplomorpha (Thymelaeaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{192-201}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Many members of the family Thymelaeaceae are highly praised and economically important for the production of fragrant scent, but little is known about the ecological significance of their secondary metabolites. To explore the potential role that secondary metabolites play in pollination, we studied the pollination systems of five Diplomorpha species in Japan by investigating their floral morphology and flower-visiting insect fauna. We also analyzed the composition and temporal emission pattern of floral volatiles in one of the species to determine if there were any characteristics associated with the observed flower visitors. In Diplomorpha, anthesis began at dusk and various nocturnal moths were found visiting the flowers, often carrying numerous pollen grains on their proboscises. However, no hawkmoths were observed visiting Diplomorpha flowers. Diurnal insects visited the flowers less often, and most of them had short mouthparts and did not effectively contact the stigma. The floral scent of Diplomorpha sikokiana was released only at night when the moths were active and consisted mainly of monoterpenes and benzenoids, with a small amount of a sesquiterpene. The present study is the first to examine the pollination system of Diplomorpha and suggests that these plants exhibit a range of floral features associated with pollination by nocturnal moths. The single ovule in Diplomorpha flowers probably does not favor pollination by optimally foraging bees, which are more likely to cause intraplant pollen transfer, and might have facilitated adaptation to pollination by nocturnal moths, despite the lower number of pollen grains that are carried by these insects.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1442-1984.2008.00222.x}}, ISSN = {{0913-557X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Okamoto, Tomoko/L-8550-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Okamoto, Tomoko/0000-0001-8135-481X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260724200006}}, } @article{ ISI:000261548600006, Author = {Pellegrino, Giuseppe and Bellusci, Francesca and Musacchio, Aldo}, Title = {{Double floral mimicry and the magnet species effect in dimorphic co-flowering species, the deceptive orchid Dactylorhiza sambucina and rewarding Viola aethnensis}}, Journal = {{PRESLIA}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{80}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{411-422}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Reproductive success of food-deceptive orchids may be affected by interactions with co-flowering rewarding species, either negatively through competition for pollinators, or positively by means of a magnet species effect and floral mimicry. In this study, potential interactions between a dimorphic (yellow or purple flowers) non-rewarding orchid Dactylorhiza sambucina and a dimorphic (yellow and blue flowers) rewarding, co-flowering species, Viola aethnensis, were explored in a natural stand in southern Italy. To evaluate the interactions between these two species, plots of all possible arrays of presence/absence of the four colour morphs were arranged in the field and fruit production of the orchid morphs assessed. Natural aggregations of both colour morphs of the orchid had the highest reproductive fitness for each colour morph. Patterns in fitness variation detected in treated plots provided direct and indirect evidence that A sambucina may benefit from the co-occurrence of V aethnensis through floral mimicry and/or magnet species effect. Since the fitness of each orchid morph was strongly increased by the presence of a viola morph of similar colour, a double mimetic effect occurs between the two species, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported. Moreover, the co-occurrence of an orchid morph with a non-matching viola resulted in competition for pollinators, whereas in the absence of the rewarding plant the fitness was balanced due to positive interactions between the two orchid colour morphs. These findings suggest that D. sambucina, like many other European deceptive orchids, possesses a set of display traits suitable for exploiting potential facilitative interactions with a number of rewarding species. In addition, the unequal morph frequencies occurring in natural populations could result from unbalanced events in floral mimicry.}}, ISSN = {{0032-7786}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Pellegrino, Giuseppe/0000-0002-9358-2075}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000261548600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000260220400003, Author = {Wendt, T. and Coser, T. S. and Matallana, G. and Guilherme, F. A. G.}, Title = {{An apparent lack of prezygotic reproductive isolation among 42 sympatric species of Bromeliaceae in southeastern Brazil}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{275}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{31-41}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{The Atlantic rainforest in southeastern Brazil is one the main centers of diversification of Bromeliaceae. Empirical estimates of the relative importance of different pre- and postzygotic barriers to gene flow between recently diverged species are important for understanding speciation processes. While many bromeliad species easily hybridize in cultivation, few records of natural hybrids between closely related sympatric species suggest the existence of strong prezygotic barriers. A community of 42 sympatric bromeliad species, represented by nine genera (Aechmea, Billbergia, Edmundoa, Neoregelia, Nidularium, Quesnelia, Racinaea, Tillandsia, and Vriesea), were surveyed from 2004-2005 to assess the role of microhabitat isolation, phenological isolation and ethological isolation as potential prezygotic barriers. These bromeliads are abundant in the understory and frequently grow densely aggregated in multispecific patches that may facilitate promiscuous pollination. There was a large overlap of flowering periods even between congeneric species. Most species shared a similar assemblage of flower visitors; the hummingbird Rhamphodon naevius was the major visitor for 35 species. Only one putative hybrid was observed. This uncommonness of hybridization is puzzling, given that the prezygotic isolation mechanisms investigated are potentially weak to effectively avoid interspecific pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-008-0054-7}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/I-6110-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/0000-0001-6411-0354}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260220400003}}, } @article{ ISI:000260220500009, Author = {Ford, Craig M. and Johnson, Steven D.}, Title = {{Floral traits, pollinators and breeding systems in Syncolostemon (Lamiaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{275}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{257-264}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Differentiation in floral traits among clusters of related species may reflect a process of pollinator-driven evolution. Pollination systems in the morphologically diverse southern African genus Syncolostemon (Lamiaceae) were investigated by means of field observations of floral visitors and analysis of their pollen loads. Among the five study species, those with short corolla tubes (S. parviflorus, S. ramulosus) were pollinated solely by bees, while those with long corolla tubes were pollinated by a broader array of visitors, primarily long-proboscid flies in S. rotundifolius and S. macranthus and sunbirds in S. densiflorus. The predominately insect-pollinated taxa have lax inflorescences, but S. densiflorus has a compact terminal inflorescence, which facilitates feeding by sunbirds from a single perching position. Experimental hand-pollinations involving three taxa (S. macranthus, S. densiflorus, and S. rotundifolius) showed that these possess a genetic self-incompatibility system. Production of fruits and seeds per fruit was pollen-limited in S. densiflorus and S. rotundifolius, but not in S. macranthus.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-008-0016-0}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260220500009}}, } @article{ ISI:000260099400001, Author = {Duffy, Karl J. and Stout, Jane C.}, Title = {{The effects of plant density and nectar reward on bee visitation to the endangered orchid Spiranthes romanzoffiana}}, Journal = {{ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{34}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{131-138}}, Month = {{SEP-OCT}}, Abstract = {{Density can affect attraction of pollinators, with rare plants receiving fewer pollinating visits compared with more common co-flowering species. However, if a locally rare species is very attractive in terms of the rewards it offers pollinators, it may be preferentially visited. Spiranthes romanzoffiana is a nectar rewarding, geographically rare, endangered orchid species which forms small populations in Ireland, co-flowering with more common, florally rewarding species. We examined visitation rates to S. romanzoffiana and two nectar rewarding co-flowering species (Mentha aquatica and Prunella vulgaris) in the west of Ireland. These three plant species were visited by three bee species (Bombus pascuorum, B. hortorum and Apis mellifera). B. pascuorum was the most common visitor, while A. mellifera was least common. Our results suggest that individual S. romanzoffiana inflorescences compete intraspecifically for visitation from pollinators at high densities. The relationship between visitation to S. romanzoffiana and total floral density appeared to be positive, suggesting interspecific facilitation of pollinator visitation at high densities. Nectar standing crop varied through the season, among species and between open and bagged flowers. Nectar standing crop was not correlated with visitation in S. romanzoffiana. Despite relatively high visitation, S. romanzoffiana produced no mature fruit during this flowering season. The lack of fruit maturation in this species may be a major factor causing its rarity in Europe. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.actao.2008.04.007}}, ISSN = {{1146-609X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Stout, Jane /B-1631-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Stout, Jane /0000-0002-2027-0863}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000260099400001}}, } @article{ ISI:000258471100013, Author = {Bartomeus, Ignasi and Bosch, Jordi and Vila, Montserrat}, Title = {{High invasive pollen transfer, yet low deposition on native stigmas in a Carpobrotus-invaded community}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{102}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{417-424}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Background and Aims Invasive plants are potential agents of disruption in plant-pollinator interactions. They may affect pollinator visitation rates to native plants and modify the plant-pollinator interaction network. However, there is little information about the extent to which invasive pollen is incorporated into the pollination network and about the rates of invasive pollen deposition on the stigmas of native plants. Methods The degree of pollinator sharing between the invasive plant Carpobrotus affine acinaciformis and the main co-flowering native plants was tested in a Mediterranean coastal shrubland. Pollen loads were identified from the bodies of the ten most common pollinator species and stigmatic pollen deposition in the five most common native plant species. Key Results It was found that pollinators visited Carpobrotus extensively. Seventy-three per cent of pollinator specimens collected on native plants carried Carpobrotus pollen. On average 23 \% of the pollen on the bodies of pollinators visiting native plants was Carpobrotus. However, most of the pollen found on the body of pollinators belonged to the species on which they were collected. Similarly, most pollen on native plant stigmas was conspecific. Invasive pollen was present on native plant stigmas, but in low quantity. Conclusions Carpobrotus is highly integrated in the pollen transport network. However, the plant-pollination network in the invaded community seems to be sufficiently robust to withstand the impacts of the presence of alien pollen on native plant pollination, as shown by the low levels of heterospecific pollen deposition on native stigmas. Several mechanisms are discussed for the low invasive pollen deposition on native stigmas.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcn109}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bartomeus, Ignasi/F-2382-2010 Vila, Montserrat/D-9339-2013 CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011 Bosch, Jordi/K-8752-2016 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Vila, Montserrat/0000-0003-3171-8261 CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602 Bosch, Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 Bartomeus, Ignasi/0000-0001-7893-4389}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258471100013}}, } @article{ ISI:000258379800004, Author = {Kuester, Eva C. and Kuhn, Ingolf and Bruelheide, Helge and Klotz, Stefan}, Title = {{Trait interactions help explain plant invasion success in the German flora}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{96}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{860-868}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{1. The search for characteristics that promote invasion success constitutes one of the most challenging tasks in invasion ecology. So far the main focus in multispecies studies of plant invasion success has been on single traits. Only few generalizations have emerged from this work and single traits yielded very limited explanatory power for invasion success. Here we hypothesize that the consideration of ecological strategies, determined by different combinations of traits, will improve explanatory power. 2. To test this hypothesis we analysed the relative importance of 40 traits for species' invasion success in the German neophytic flora. Success was expressed as map grid cell frequency. After quantifying the relevance of single traits, we quantified the importance of different trait combinations for invasion success by calculating a multiple trait model, with explicit consideration of trait interactions. In all analyses we considered the effects of phylogeny. 3. In general, neither single traits nor phylogenetic relatedness held much explanatory power. In contrast, the amount of variation explained in the multiple trait model was distinctly higher, mainly due to the incorporation of trait interactions. Thus, particular combinations of trait attributes rather than distinctive attributes per se appear to be associated with invasion success. 4. In single trait analysis, traits associated with flowering and reproductive biology, and with ecological tolerance and the residence time of the species were significantly associated with invasion success. Multiple trait analysis revealed that the relationship between the length of flowering season and invasion success was contingent upon pollination modes. Moreover, the success of polyploids and of species with certain vegetative reproductive trait attributes depended on the species' flowering phenology. 5. Synthesis. Our results indicate that different ecological strategies, determined by particular combinations of traits, can facilitate plant invasion success. Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating trait interactions when testing for characteristics that promote plant invasion success. Improved explanatory power of traits suggests that our new approach can provide an important step forward in the risk assessment and management of new arrivals in regional floras.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01406.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, EISSN = {{1365-2745}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kuhn, Ingolf /B-9756-2009 Bruelheide, Helge/G-3907-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kuhn, Ingolf /0000-0003-1691-8249 Bruelheide, Helge/0000-0003-3135-0356}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258379800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000258379600017, Author = {Internicola, A. I. . and Bernasconi, G. and Gigord, L. D. B.}, Title = {{Should food-deceptive species flower before or after rewarding species? An experimental test of pollinator visitation behaviour under contrasting phenologies}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{21}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1358-1365}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Many plant species reward their pollinators, whereas some species, particularly among orchids, do not. Similarity of floral cues between co-flowering species influences how rapidly pollinators learn to avoid deceptive plants. This learning process, which affects the reproductive success of deceptive plants, may additionally depend on relative timing of flowering of sympatric rewarding and deceptive species. We tested the combined effects of corolla colour similarity and flowering order of rewarding and deceptive artificial inflorescences on visitation by naive bumblebees. When deceptive inflorescences were offered after rewarding inflorescences, bumblebees visited them four times more often if both species were similar compared with when they were dissimilar. Pollinator visitation rate to deceptive inflorescences offered before rewarding inflorescences was intermediate and independent of similarity. Thus, early-flowering deceptive species avoid the costs of dissimilarity with rewarding species. This mechanism may favour adaptive evolution of flowering phenology in deceptive species and explain why temperate deceptive orchids usually flower earlier than rewarding ones.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01565.x}}, ISSN = {{1010-061X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258379600017}}, } @article{ ISI:000258411200019, Author = {Chen, Dan and Zhao, Jie}, Title = {{Free IAA in stigmas and styles during pollen germination and pollen tube growth of Nicotiana tabacum}}, Journal = {{PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{134}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{202-215}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Although many studies have emphasized the importance of auxin in plant growth and development, the thorough understanding of its effect on pollen-pistil interactions is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of free IAA in pollen-pistil interactions during pollen germination and tube growth in Nicotiana tabacum L. through using histo and subcellular immunolocalization with auxin monoclonal antibodies, quantification by HPLC and ELISA together with GUS staining in DR5::GUS-transformed plants. The results showed that free IAA in unpollinated styles was higher in the apical part and basal part than in the middle part, and it was more abundant in the transmitting tissue (TT). At the stage of pollen germination, IAA reached its highest content in the stigma and was mainly distributed in TT. After the pollen tubes entered the styles, the signal increased in the part where pollen tubes would enter and then rapidly declined in the part where pollen tubes had penetrated. Subcellular localization confirmed the presence of IAA in TT cells of stigmas and styles. Accordingly, a schematic diagram summarizes the changing pattern of free IAA level during flowering, pollination and pollen tube growth. Furthermore, we presented evidence that low concentration of exogenous IAA could, to a certain extent, facilitate in vitro pollen tube growth. These results suggest that IAA may be directly or indirectly involved in the pollen-pistil interactions. Additionally, some improvements of the IAA immunolocalization technique were made.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01125.x}}, ISSN = {{0031-9317}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258411200019}}, } @article{ ISI:000258765000014, Author = {Tschapka, Marco and Sperr, Ellen B. and Caballero-Martinez, Luis Antonio and Medellin, Rodrigo A.}, Title = {{Diet and cranial morphology of Musonycteris harrisoni, a highly specialized nectar-feeding bat in western Mexico}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{924-932}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{We studies the morphology and diet of Musonycteris harrisoni, an endangered nectar-feeding bat endemic to western Mexico, and explored potential reasons for the cranial specialization of this extraordinary long-snouted bat. We achieved 28 captures in the wet season and 30 in the dry season, which represents the largest data set in existence for this rare species. We took morphological data and collected pollen from the bats' pelage. Diet analysis revealed the genera Cleome, Pseudobombax, Crataeva, Agave, Helicteres, and the columnar cactus Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum as main food plants. We found no indication for a tight relationship between M. harrisoni and long-tubed flowers that would obligatorily require a long rostrum for exploitation, with the possible exception of the columnar cactus. However, because cacti are common food plants for many less-specialized nector-feeding bats, the extraordinarily long rostrum might permit M. harrisoni to use the same abundant plant species as larger species while maintaining a smaller body size, therefore having lower absolute energy requirements. This in turn could facilitate a resident lifestyle in a habitat with annual resource bottlenecks. Males have significantly longer snouts (approximately 9\%) than females, suggesting that rostrum length also might be influenced by intraspecific interations or restrictions. Our favored explanation is that the rostrum length of females may be limited by stability issues, because calcium mobilization during pregnancy and lactation can considerably weaken bone structure.}}, DOI = {{10.1644/07-MAMM-A-038.1}}, ISSN = {{0022-2372}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258765000014}}, } @article{ ISI:000257940400005, Author = {Irish, B. M. and Correll, J. C. and Feng, C. and Bentley, T. and de los Reyes, B. G.}, Title = {{Characterization of a resistance locus (Pfs-1) to the spinach downy mildew pathogen (Peronospora farinosa f. sp spinaciae) and development of a molecular marker linked to Pfs-1}}, Journal = {{PHYTOPATHOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{894-900}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Downy mildew is a destructive disease of spinach worldwide. There have been 10 races described since 1824, six of which have been identified in the past 10 years. Race identification is based on qualitative disease reactions on a set of diverse host differentials which include open-pollinated cultivars, contemporary hybrid cultivars, and older hybrid cultivars that are no longer produced. The development of a set of near-isogenic open-pollinated spinach lines (NILs), having different resistance loci in a susceptible and otherwise common genetic background, would facilitate identification of races of the downy mildew pathogen, provide a tool to better understand the genetics of resistance, and expedite the development of molecular markers linked to these disease resistance loci. To achieve this objective, the spinach cv. Viroflay, susceptible to race 6 of Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae. was used as the recurrent susceptible parent in crosses with the hybrid spinach cv. Lion, resistant to race 6. Resistant F-1 progeny were subsequently backcrossed to Viroflay four times with selection for race 6 resistance each time. Analysis of the segregation data showed that resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene, and the resistance locus was designated Pfs-1. By bulk segregant analysis, an amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) marker (E-ACT/M-CTG) linked to Pfs-1 was identified and used to develop a co-dominant Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. This SCAR marker, designated Dm-1, was closely linked (approximate to 1.7 cM) to the Pfs-1 locus and could discriminate among spinach genotypes that were homozygous resistant (Pfs-1Pfs-1), heterozygous resistant (Pfs-1pfs-1), or homozygous susceptible (pfs-1pfs-1) to race 6 within the original mapping population. Evaluation of a wide range of commercial spinach lines outside of the mapping population indicated that Dm-1 could effectively identify Pfs-1 resistant genotypes; the Dm-1 marker correctly predicted the disease resistance phenotype in 120 out of 123 lines tested. In addition, the NIL containing the Pfs-1 locus (Pfs-1Pfs-1) was resistant to multiple races of the downy mildew pathogen indicating Pfs-1 locus may contain a cluster of resistance genes.}}, DOI = {{10.1094/PHYTO-98-8-0894}}, ISSN = {{0031-949X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000257940400005}}, } @article{ ISI:000257571000001, Author = {Dwivedi, Sangam and Perotti, Enrico and Ortiz, Rodomiro}, Title = {{Towards molecular breeding of reproductive traits in cereal crops}}, Journal = {{PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{6}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{529-559}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase, flowering per se, floral organ development, panicle structure and morphology, meiosis, pollination and fertilization, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and fertility restoration, and grain development are the main reproductive traits. Unlocking their genetic insights will enable plant breeders to manipulate these traits in cereal germplasm enhancement. Multiple genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting flowering (phase transition, photoperiod and vernalization, flowering per se), panicle morphology and grain development have been cloned, and gene expression research has provided new information about the nature of complex genetic networks involved in the expression of these traits. Molecular biology is also facilitating the identification of diverse CMS sources in hybrid breeding. Few Rf (fertility restorer) genes have been cloned in maize, rice and sorghum. DNA markers are now used to assess the genetic purity of hybrids and their parental lines, and to pyramid Rf or tms (thermosensitive male sterility) genes in rice. Transgene(s) can be used to create de novo CMS trait in cereals. The understanding of reproductive biology facilitated by functional genomics will allow a better manipulation of genes by crop breeders and their potential use across species through genetic transformation.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1467-7652.2008.00343.x}}, ISSN = {{1467-7644}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000257571000001}}, } @article{ ISI:000258211600029, Author = {Wiens, Frank and Zitzmann, Annette and Lachance, Marc-Andre and Yegles, Michel and Pragst, Fritz and Wurst, Friedrich M. and von Holst, Dietrich and Guan, Saw Leng and Spanagel, Rainer}, Title = {{Chronic intake of fermented floral nectar by wild treeshrews}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{105}}, Number = {{30}}, Pages = {{10426-10431}}, Month = {{JUL 29}}, Abstract = {{For humans alcohol consumption often has devastating consequences. Wild mammals may also be behaviorally and physiologically challenged by alcohol in their food. Here, we provide a detailed account of chronic alcohol intake by mammals as part of a coevolved relationship with a plant. We discovered that seven mammalian species in a West Malaysian rainforest consume alcoholic nectar daily from flower buds of the bertam palm (Eugeissona tristis), which they pollinate. The 3.8\% maximum alcohol concentration (mean: 0.6\%; median: 0.5\%) that we recorded is among the highest ever reported in a natural food. Nectar high in alcohol is facilitated by specialized flower buds that harbor a fermenting yeast community, including several species new to science. Pentailed treeshrews (Ptilocercus lowii) frequently consume alcohol doses from the inflorescences that would intoxicate humans. Yet, the flower-visiting mammals showed no signs of intoxication. Analysis of an alcohol metabolite (ethyl glucuronide) in their hair yielded concentrations higher than those in humans with similarly high alcohol intake. The pentailed treeshrew is considered a living model for extinct mammals representing the stock from which all extinct and living treeshrews and primates radiated. Therefore, we hypothesize that moderate to high alcohol intake was present early on in the evolution of these closely related lineages. It is yet unclear to what extent treeshrews benefit from ingested alcohol per se and how they mitigate the risk of continuous high blood alcohol concentrations.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.0801628105}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Yegles, Michel/M-2107-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Yegles, Michel/0000-0003-1163-2487}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000258211600029}}, } @article{ ISI:000256387500011, Author = {Leadbeater, Ellouise and Chittka, Lars}, Title = {{Social transmission of nectar-robbing behaviour in bumble-bees}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{275}}, Number = {{1643}}, Pages = {{1669-1674}}, Month = {{JUL 22}}, Abstract = {{Social transmission of acquired foraging techniques is rarely considered outside of a vertebrate context. Here, however, we show that nectar robbing by bumble-bees (Bombus terrestris)-an invertebrate behaviour of considerable ecological significance-has the potential to spread through a population at the accelerated rates typical of social transmission. Nectar robbing occurs when individuals either bite through the base of a flower to `steal' nectar (primary robbing) or use robbing holes that others have made (secondary robbing). We found that experience of foraging from robbed flowers significantly promoted the development of primary robbing in previously legitimate foragers, thus implying that the acquisition of nectar robbing by one individual will facilitate its adoption in others. Our findings suggest that the positive feedback effects of social transmission may potentially play an ecologically important role in the relationship between plants and pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2008.0270}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Chittka, Lars/C-3110-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000256387500011}}, } @article{ ISI:000257723400003, Author = {Ren, Ming-Xun}, Title = {{Stamen fusion in plants: diversity, adaptive significance, and taxonomic implications}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{46}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{452-466}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Stamen fusion in plants is defined and classified in this paper. Stamen fusion includes both coalescence and cohesion of any part of stamens or the fusion of whole stamens into one or more units. The structure formed by stamen fusion can be further fused with style and a gynostemium is always formed, such as in Aristolochiaceae and Stylidiaceae. Three main types of stamen fusion are identified: filament fusion, anther fusion, and fusion with both filament and anther. Stamen fusion can be found in about 70 families of seed plants and the complex distributions of these types in the different families indicate they had evolved for several times independently in angiosperms. The filament fusion is always found in primitive angiosperms with polylpetalous flower, while the anther fusion and fusion with both filament and anther are usually correlated with advanced groups with sympetalous flower (long and narrow floral tube is always presented),, which indicates that the different type of stamen fusion may be of adaptive significance with the floral syndrome to promote the plant's fitness through either female or male avenues (pollen receipt or pollen dispersal). The structures and functions of the various types of stamen fusion received little, if any, attentions in experimental studies at present. Theoretically, filament fusion can fix the stamens at the relatively stable positions and make the stamens steady to support the moving pollinators and protect the ovary. Anther fusion can assemble the anthers to the same position and facilitate all the anthers touching the same part of pollinator's body, which can greatly enhance the precision of outcrossing pollination. Fusion with both filament and anther can greatly change the morphology of stamens and level of herkogamy besides the effects caused by filament fusion and anther fusion. In conclusion, the morphology and position of stamens can be changed when the stamens are fused, and the level of herkogamy, interference between female and male organs can be altered greatly, consequently the mating patterns in plant population can be affected. However, the adaptive significances of different types of stamen fusion are still in need of further experimental studies to illuminate the possible functional differences of varied types of stamen fusion. The types of fusions and degrees of fusions could be used as an important character for taxonomic classifications since the structure and morphology of stamen are relatively stable.}}, DOI = {{10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.06184}}, ISSN = {{1674-4918}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000257723400003}}, } @article{ ISI:000259510300001, Author = {Raimundez-Urrutia, Elena and Avendano, Lyz and Velazquez, Dilia}, Title = {{Reproductive biology of the morning glory Merremia macrocalyx (Ruiz \& Pavon) O'Donnell (Convolvulaceae)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{135}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{299-308}}, Month = {{JUL-SEP}}, Abstract = {{Merremia macrocalyx is a vine that grows over other plants or as a low creeper and is considered a weed of important crops. Study of its reproductive biology showed that its flowers comprise the typical features of the melittophilous pollination syndrome. Anthophoridae, Apidae, and Halictidae were its main floral visitors. Merremia macrocalyx showed a mixed mating system with features that promote outcrossing while allowing some autogamy. Floral biomass was allocated mainly to the corolla (attraction) which, together with the presence of herkogamy and protandry, favors out-crossing. Nevertheless, it is self-compatible and partially autogamous due to the position of anthers above the stigma. Foraging behavior of pollinators could also facilitate deposition of self pollen on the stigma. Ovule abortion was the main predispersal loss of potential seed production, closely followed by flower and fruit abortion. Predispersal seed predation and seed abortion were relatively low. Specimens of Megacerus flabelliger (Bruchidae) were found emerging from the seeds as well as some wasps belonging to families recognized as parasitoids. The mixed mating system showed by Merremia macroclayx, together with its pollination by generalist bees, provides advantages for its development as a weed.}}, DOI = {{10.3159/08-RA-027.1}}, ISSN = {{1095-5674}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000259510300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000257465200008, Author = {Feldman, Tracy S.}, Title = {{The plot thickens: does low density affect visitation and reproductive success in a perennial herb, and are these effects altered in the presence of a co-flowering species?}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{156}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{807-817}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Plants may experience reduced reproductive success at low densities, due to lower numbers of pollinator visits or reduced visit quality. Co-occurring plant species that share pollinators have the potential to facilitate pollination by either increasing numbers of pollinator visits or increasing the quality of visits, but also have the potential to reduce plant reproductive success through competition for pollination. I used a field experiment with a common distylous perennial (Piriqueta caroliniana) in the presence and absence of a co-flowering species (Coreopsis leavenworthii) in plots with one of four different distances between conspecific plants. I found strong negative effects of increasing interplant distance (related to conspecific density) on several components of P. caroliniana reproductive success: pollinator visits to plants per plot visit, visits received by individual plants, conspecific pollen grains on stigmas, outcross pollen grains on stigmas, and probability of fruit production. Although P. caroliniana and C. leavenworthii share pollinators, the co-flowering species did not affect visitation, pollen receipt or reproductive effort in P. caroliniana. Pollinators moved very infrequently between species in this experiment, so floral constancy might explain the lack of effect of the co-flowering species on P. caroliniana reproductive success at low densities. In co-occurring self-incompatible plants with floral rewards, reproductive success at low density may depend more on conspecific densities than on the presence of other species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-008-1033-y}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000257465200008}}, } @article{ ISI:000255987500002, Author = {Friedman, Jannice and Barrett, Spencer C. H.}, Title = {{High outcrossing in the annual colonizing species Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{101}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1303-1309}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Background and Aims Variation in mating patterns may be particularly evident in colonizing species because they commonly experience wide variation in plant density. Here, the role of density for the mating system of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed), a wind-pollinated annual colonizing species previously reported as self-compatible, is explored. Methods The effect of population density on the proportion of self- and cross-fertilized seeds was examined using allozyme markers and experimental arrays conducted over two seasons in the field. Also the reproductive success of isolated plants located in diverse habitats was measured. The potential occurrence of a physiological mechanism preventing self-fertilization, i.e. self-incompatibility, following controlled self- and cross-pollinations in the glasshouse was examined. Key Results Outcrossing rates estimated using allozyme markers were uniformly high, regardless of the spacing between plants. However, when single plants were isolated from congeners they set few seeds. Observations of pollen-tube growth and seed set following controlled pollinations demonstrated that plants of A. artemisiifolia possess a strong self-incompatibility mechanism, contrary to earlier reports and assumptions. Conclusions The maintenance of high outcrossing rates in colonizing populations of A. artemisiifolia is likely to be facilitated by the prodigious production of wind-borne pollen, high seed production and extended seed dormancy.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcn039}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Friedman, Jannice/A-4526-2013 Barrett, Spencer/M-3751-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Friedman, Jannice/0000-0002-1146-0892 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000255987500002}}, } @article{ ISI:000256540300010, Author = {Torang, Per and Ehrlen, Johan and Agren, Jon}, Title = {{Mutualists and antagonists mediate frequency-dependent selection on floral display}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1564-1572}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Theory predicts that, with conflicting selection pressures mediated by mutualists and antagonists, alternative reproductive strategies can be maintained by negative frequency-dependent selection if it results in rare-morph advantage. We combined field experiments and surveys of natural populations to determine whether selection on. oral display is frequency dependent in the self-incompatible herb Primula farinosa, which is polymorphic for inflorescence height and occurs in a short-scaped and a long-scaped morph. Among short-scaped plants, both pollination success, quantified as initiation of fruits and seeds, and seed predation were positively correlated with the relative frequency of the long-scaped morph. The relative strength of these effects and the direction of the resulting frequency-dependent selection on scape morph varied among years and populations. The results suggest that both mutualists and antagonists may mediate frequency-dependent selection and that frequency dependence may vary from positive to negative with rare-morph advantage, depending on the relative strength of these interactions.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/07-1283.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Agren, Jon/E-6093-2011 Ehrlen, Johan/H-6286-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Agren, Jon/0000-0001-9573-2463 Ehrlen, Johan/0000-0001-8539-8967}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000256540300010}}, } @article{ ISI:000256540300012, Author = {Peter, Craig I. and Johnson, Steven D.}, Title = {{Mimics and magnets: The importance of color and ecological facilitation in floral deception}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1583-1595}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Plants that lack floral rewards can attract pollinators if they share attractive floral signals with rewarding plants. These deceptive plants should benefit from flowering in close proximity to such rewarding plants, because pollinators are locally conditioned on floral signals of the rewarding plants (mimic effect) and because pollinators are more abundant close to rewarding plants (magnet effect). We tested these ideas using the non-rewarding South African plant Eulophia zeyheriana (Orchidaceae) as a study system. Field observations revealed that E. zeyheriana is pollinated solely by solitary bees belonging to a single species of Lipotriches (Halictidae) that appears to be closely associated with the flowers of Wahlenbergia cuspidata (Campanulaceae), a rewarding plant with which the orchid is often sympatric. The pale blue color of the flowers of E. zeyheriana differs strongly from flowers of its congeners, but is very similar to that of flowers of W. cuspidata. Analysis of spectral reflectance patterns using a bee vision model showed that bees are unlikely to be able to distinguish the two species in terms of flower color. A UV-absorbing sunscreen was applied to the flowers of the orchid in order to alter their color, and this resulted in a significant decline in pollinator visits, thus indicating the importance of flower color for attraction of Lipotriches bees. Pollination success in the orchid was strongly affected by proximity to patches of W. cuspidata. This was evident from one of two surveys of natural populations of the orchid, as well as experiments in which we translocated inflorescences of the orchid either into patches of W. cuspidata or 40 m outside such patches. Flower color and location of E. zeyheriana plants relative to rewarding magnet patches are therefore key components of the exploitation by this orchid of the relationship between W. cuspidata and Lipotriches bee pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/07-1098.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/B-6564-2008 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/0000-0002-9741-6533 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000256540300012}}, } @article{ ISI:000255464600006, Author = {Osborne, Juliet L. and Martin, Andrew P. and Shortall, Chris R. and Todd, Alan D. and Goulson, Dave and Knight, Mairi E. and Hale, Roddy J. and Sanderson, Roy A.}, Title = {{Quantifying and comparing bumblebee nest densities in gardens and countryside habitats}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{45}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{784-792}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{1. Bumblebees provide an important pollination service to both crops and wild plants. Many species have declined in the UK, particularly in arable regions. While bumblebee forage requirements have been widely studied, there has been less consideration of whether availability of nesting sites is limiting. It is important to know which habitats contain the most bumblebee nests per unit area in order to guide conservation and management options; particularly in the light of current emphasis on environmental stewardship schemes for farmed landscapes. However, it is extremely difficult to map the distribution of bumblebee nests. 2. We describe the findings of the National Bumblebee Nest Survey, a structured survey carried out by 719 volunteers in the UK during early summer 2004. The surveyors used a defined protocol to record the presence or absence of bumblebee nests in prescribed areas of gardens, short grassland, long grassland and woodland, and along woodland edge, hedgerows and fence lines. The records allowed us to estimate the density of bumblebee nests in each of these habitats for the first time. 3. Nest densities were high in gardens (36 nests ha(-1)), and linear countryside habitats (fence lines, hedgerows, woodland edge: 20-37 nests ha(-1)), and lower in non-linear countryside habitats (woodland and grassland: 11-15 nests ha(-1)). 4. Findings on nest location characteristics corroborate those of an earlier survey carried out in the UK (Fussell \& Corbet 1992). 5. Synthesis and applications. Gardens provide an important nesting habitat for bumblebees in the UK. In the countryside, the area occupied by linear features is small compared with that of non-linear features. However, as linear features contain high densities of nests, management options affecting such features may have a disproportionately large effect on bumblebee nesting opportunities. Current farm stewardship schemes in the UK are therefore likely to facilitate bumblebee nesting, because they provide clear guidance and support for `sympathetic' hedgerow and field margin management.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01359.x}}, ISSN = {{0021-8901}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Goulson, Dave/A-2462-2010 Osborne, Juliet/I-6776-2012 Shortall, Chris/B-1191-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Goulson, Dave/0000-0003-4421-2876 Shortall, Chris/0000-0002-7175-5393}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000255464600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000256839300008, Author = {Botes, Christo and Johnson, Steven D. and Cowling, Richard A.}, Title = {{Coexistence of succulent tree aloes: partitioning of bird pollinators by floral traits and flowering phenology}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{117}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{875-882}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Coexistence among species that lack genetic barriers to hybridization usually depends on pre-mating isolating barriers. It has been difficult to explain coexistence among African Aloe species because they readily hybridize, often flower simultaneously and are mostly bird-pollinated. Here we show that co-flowering aloes in a succulent thicket community in South Africa partition the fauna of flower-visiting birds. Aloe species with small amounts of concentrated nectar in long corolla tubes were pollinated primarily by long-billed sunbirds. These species co-flowered with species with large amounts of dilute nectar in short corolla tubes which were pollinated primarily by short-billed, generalist nectarivores. Aloe species which share pollinators tend to have divergent flowering times and differences in pollen placement on birds. Without these isolating barriers, genetic dissolution of sympatric Aloe species would be likely.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.2008.0030-1299.16391.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000256839300008}}, } @article{ ISI:000255455900014, Author = {Sharma, Manju V. and Kuriakose, Giby and Shivanna, Kundaranahalli R.}, Title = {{Reproductive strategies of Strobilanthes kunthianus, an endemic, semelparous species in southern Western Ghats, India}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{157}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{155-163}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Strobilanthes kunthianus (Acanthaceae) is a semelparous species with synchronized flowering and mast seeding once in 12 years. As semelparous plants have only one chance to reproduce, they are expected to develop effective strategies to prevent reproductive failure. The reproductive strategies of S. kunthianus were investigated by studying the floral traits, pollination biology, and breeding system that are critical for reproductive success. The species exhibits a series of floral traits: (1) gregarious flowering attracts a large number of Apis cerana indica, the major pollinator; (2) the stigma is sensitive to touch by the pollinator; in fresh flowers, the receptive surface faces the entry path of the incoming bee, facilitating pollen deposition; as an immediate response, the stigma curves backwards moving the receptive surface away from the path of the exiting bee, thus preventing autogamy and interference in pollen transfer; (3) flowers remain fresh for 2 days with receptive stigma and nectar and pollen reward. These traits render the species 100\% pollination efficient to ensure a high seed set. As the species is self-compatible, the prevailing high degree of geitonogamous pollinations does not interfere with fruit set. The evolution of the adaptive floral traits has facilitated mast seeding in the species. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00786.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000255455900014}}, } @article{ ISI:000254951400006, Author = {Munoz, Alejandro A. and Cavieres, Lohengrin A.}, Title = {{The presence of a showy invasive plant disrupts pollinator service and reproductive output in native alpine species only at high densities}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{96}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{459-467}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{1. Alien invasive plants possessing attractive flowers can affect the interactions between native plants and their pollinators. The few studies conducted so far have reported positive, negative and neutral effects of the presence of an invasive species on the pollinator visitation rates and seed output of native species. However, the role played by the density of the alien species has been seldom explored. 2. While high densities of the invasive species can negatively effect the pollinator visitation rates and seed output of the native species, due to sequestration of pollinators by the invasive species, at lower densities the invasive can attract pollinators that otherwise would not visit patches of native species, positively affecting their reproduction. 3. Using observations and pollinator exclusions at a site at 2800 m altitude in the central Chilean Andes, we show that the alien herb Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), possessing showy floral capitula, shares pollinators to a high degree (> 90\%) with two co-occurring native Asteraceae: Hypochaeris thrincioides and Perezia carthamoides. Pollinator exclusion indicated that both natives are highly dependent on insect visitation to produce seeds. 4. Using manipulative supplemental hand-pollination and experiments, where we varied the density of T. officinale, we determined that seed output in H. thrincioides and P. carthamoides is pollen-limited and that its magnitude is not affected by the presence of the exotic. Further, while the presence of one individual of T. officinale around focal native individuals showed neutral or facilitative effects on pollinator service or seed output in the two native species, the presence of five individuals of T. officinale negatively affected these reproductive variables. 5. Synthesis. Our results suggest that the effects of the presence of alien invasive plant species with attractive flowers vary with their density. This demonstrates the need to experimentally test for the potential impacts of introduced species at different densities before prematurely coming to conclusions regarding their assumed negative or positive effects in native ecosystems.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01361.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cavieres, Lohengrin/A-9542-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cavieres, Lohengrin/0000-0001-9122-3020}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254951400006}}, } @article{ ISI:000255140200008, Author = {Stefenon, V. M. and Gailing, O. and Finkeldey, R.}, Title = {{The role of gene flow in shaping genetic structures of the subtropical conifer species Araucaria angustifolia}}, Journal = {{PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{10}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{356-364}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The morphological features of pollen and seed of Araucaria angustifolia have led to the proposal of limited gene dispersal for this species. We used nuclear microsatellite and AFLP markers to assess patterns of genetic variation in six natural populations at the intra- and inter-population level, and related our findings to gene dispersal in this species. Estimates of both fine-scale spatial genetic structure (SGS) and migration rate suggest relatively short-distance gene dispersal. However, gene dispersal differed among populations, and effects of more efficient dispersal within population were observed in at least one stand. In addition, even though some seed dispersal may be aggregated in this principally barochorous species, reasonable secondary seed dispersal, presumably facilitated by animals, and overlap of seed shadows within populations is suggested. Overall, no correlation was observed between levels of SGS and inbreeding, density or age structure, except that a higher level of SGS was revealed for the population with a higher number of juvenile individuals. A low estimate for the number of migrants per generation between two neighbouring populations implies limited gene flow. We expect that stepping-stone pollen flow may have contributed to low genetic differentiation among populations observed in a previous survey. Thus, strategies for maintenance of gene flow among remnant populations should be considered in order to avoid degrading effects of population fragmentation on the evolution of A. angustifolia.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00048.x}}, ISSN = {{1435-8603}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Stefenon, Valdir/C-3497-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000255140200008}}, } @article{ ISI:000254953900018, Author = {Born, Celine and Hardy, Olivier J. and Chevallier, Marie-Helene and Ossari, Simon and Atteke, Christiane and Wickings, Jean and Hossaert-Mckey, Martine}, Title = {{Small-scale spatial genetic structure in the Central African rainforest tree species Aucoumea klaineana: a stepwise approach to infer the impact of limited gene dispersal, population history and habitat fragmentation}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{17}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{2041-2050}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Under the isolation-by-distance model, the strength of spatial genetic structure (SGS) depends on seed and pollen dispersal and genetic drift, which in turn depends on local demographic structure. SGS can also be influenced by historical events such as admixture of differentiated gene pools. We analysed the fine-scale SGS in six populations of a pioneer tree species endemic to Central Africa, Aucoumea klaineana. To infer the impacts of limited gene dispersal, population history and habitat fragmentation on isolation by distance, we followed a stepwise approach consisting of a Bayesian clustering method to detect differentiated gene pools followed by the analysis of kinship-distance curves. Interestingly, despite considerable variation in density, the five populations situated under continuous forest cover displayed very similar extent of SGS. This is likely due to an increase in dispersal distance with decreased tree density. Admixture between two gene pools was detected in one of these five populations creating a distinctive pattern of SGS. In the last population sampled in open habitat, the genetic diversity was in the same range as in the other populations despite a recent habitat fragmentation. This result may due to the increase of gene dispersal compensating the effect of the disturbance as suggested by the reduced extent of SGS estimated in this population. Thus, in A. klaineana, the balance between drift and dispersal may facilitate the maintenance of genetic diversity. Finally, from the strength of the SGS and population density, an indirect estimate of gene dispersal distances was obtained for one site: the quadratic mean parent-offspring distance, sigma(g), ranged between 210 m and 570 m.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03685.x}}, ISSN = {{0962-1083}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Born, Celine/F-8385-2011 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Hardy, Olivier/0000-0003-2052-1527}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254953900018}}, } @article{ ISI:000254238700010, Author = {Bartomeus, Ignasi and Vila, Montserrat and Santamaria, Luis}, Title = {{Contrasting effects of invasive plants in plant-pollinator networks}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{155}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{761-770}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The structural organization of mutualism networks, typified by interspecific positive interactions, is important to maintain community diversity. However, there is little information available about the effect of introduced species on the structure of such networks. We compared uninvaded and invaded ecological communities, to examine how two species of invasive plants with large and showy flowers (Carpobrotus affine acinaciformis and Opuntia stricta) affect the structure of Mediterranean plant-pollinator networks. To attribute differences in pollination to the direct presence of the invasive species, areas were surveyed that contained similar native plant species cover, diversity and floral composition, with or without the invaders. Both invasive plant species received significantly more pollinator visits than any native species and invaders interacted strongly with pollinators. Overall, the pollinator community richness was similar in invaded and uninvaded plots, and only a few generalist pollinators visited invasive species exclusively. Invasive plants acted as pollination super generalists. The two species studied were visited by 43\% and 31\% of the total insect taxa in the community, respectively, suggesting they play a central role in the plant-pollinator networks. Carpobrotus and Opuntia had contrasting effects on pollinator visitation rates to native plants: Carpobrotus facilitated the visit of pollinators to native species, whereas Opuntia competed for pollinators with native species, increasing the nestedness of the plant-pollinator network. These results indicate that the introduction of a new species to a community can have important consequences for the structure of the plant-pollinator network.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-007-0946-1}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bartomeus, Ignasi/F-2382-2010 Santamaria, Luis/C-1438-2012 Vila, Montserrat/D-9339-2013 CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Santamaria, Luis/0000-0002-5072-2912 Vila, Montserrat/0000-0003-3171-8261 CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602 Bartomeus, Ignasi/0000-0001-7893-4389}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254238700010}}, } @article{ ISI:000254777200003, Author = {Zjhra, Michelle L.}, Title = {{Facilitating sympatric species coexistence via pollinator partitioning in endemic tropical trees of Madagascar}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{271}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{157-176}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The island of Madagascar ranks second to the neotropics in diversity of Bignoniaceae. Tribe Coleeae (Bignoniaceae) is a monophyletic group of tropical trees endemic to Madagascar and surrounding islands. The Masoala assemblage of Coleeae, in northeastern Madagascar, utilizes four mechanisms for avoiding competition via niche specialization: (1) morphologically via characters that comprise syndromes, explaining part of the pattern in this system - although the syndrome concept is not perfect; (2) spatially via vertical stratification and potentially pollen placement; (3) temporally via phenological stagger; (4) ethologically via flowering duration and display. The 13 sympatric species of understory treelets and canopy trees did receive low flower visitor numbers. Contrary to the prevailing view of pollination systems where generalized systems predict equivalency between floral traits and pollinators, I found that different pollinators pollinated the 13 species of trees, that floral characters of different trees did not overlap in multidimensional phenotype space, and that few species of trees were visited by more than two pollinator groups. The use of multiple niches is potentially important in understanding both the origin and maintenance of tropical tree diversity.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-007-0628-9}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254777200003}}, } @article{ ISI:000255712800001, Author = {Refregier, Guislaine and Le Gac, Mickaeel and Jabbour, Florian and Widmer, Alex and Shykoff, Jacqui A. and Yockteng, Roxana and Hood, Michael E. and Giraud, Tatiana}, Title = {{Cophylogeny of the anther smut fungi and their caryophyllaceous hosts: Prevalence of host shifts and importance of delimiting parasite species for inferring cospeciation}}, Journal = {{BMC EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{8}}, Month = {{MAR 27}}, Abstract = {{Background: Using phylogenetic approaches, the expectation that parallel cladogenesis should occur between parasites and hosts has been validated in some studies, but most others provided evidence for frequent host shifts. Here we examine the evolutionary history of the association between Microbotryum fungi that cause anther smut disease and their Caryophyllaceous hosts. We investigated the congruence between host and parasite phylogenies, inferred cospeciation events and host shifts, and assessed whether geography or plant ecology could have facilitated the putative host shifts identified. For cophylogeny analyses on microorganisms, parasite strains isolated from different host species are generally considered to represent independent evolutionary lineages, often without checking whether some strains actually belong to the same generalist species. Such an approach may mistake intraspecific nodes for speciation events and thus bias the results of cophylogeny analyses if generalist species are found on closely related hosts. A second aim of this study was therefore to evaluate the impact of species delimitation on the inferences of cospeciation. Results: We inferred a multiple gene phylogeny of anther smut strains from 21 host plants from several geographic origins, complementing a previous study on the delimitation of fungal species and their host specificities. We also inferred a multi-gene phylogeny of their host plants, and the two phylogenies were compared. A significant level of cospeciation was found when each host species was considered to harbour a specific parasite strain, i.e. when generalist parasite species were not recognized as such. This approach overestimated the frequency of cocladogenesis because individual parasite species capable of infecting multiple host species (i.e. generalists) were found on closely related hosts. When generalist parasite species were appropriately delimited and only a single representative of each species was retained, cospeciation events were not more frequent than expected under a random distribution, and many host shifts were inferred. Current geographic distributions of host species seemed to be of little relevance for understanding the putative historical host shifts, because most fungal species had overlapping geographic ranges. We did detect some ecological similarities, including shared pollinators and habitat types, between host species that were diseased by closely related anther smut species. Overall, genetic similarity underlying the host-parasite interactions appeared to have the most important influence on specialization and host-shifts: generalist multi-host parasite species were found on closely related plant species, and related species in the Microbotryum phylogeny were associated with members of the same host clade. Conclusion: We showed here that Microbotryum species have evolved through frequent host shifts to moderately distant hosts, and we show further that accurate delimitation of parasite species is essential for interpreting cophylogeny studies.}}, DOI = {{10.1186/1471-2148-8-100}}, Article-Number = {{100}}, ISSN = {{1471-2148}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Widmer, Alex/B-6841-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Widmer, Alex/0000-0001-8253-5137}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000255712800001}}, } @article{ ISI:000254794700013, Author = {Francisco, Mercival R. and Lunardi, Vitor O. and Guimaraes, Jr., Paulo R. and Galetti, Mauro}, Title = {{Factors affecting seed predation of Eriotheca gracipiles (Bombacaceae) by parakeets in a cerrado fragment}}, Journal = {{ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{33}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{240-245}}, Month = {{MAR-APR}}, Abstract = {{Psittacids are important pre-dispersal seed predators. However, little is known about the parameters that may determine seed predation rates by these birds, such as plants' characteristics and microhabitat. Eriotheca gracilipes (Bombacaceae) is a semi-deciduous tree widely distributed in the Brazilian cerrado. The fruits are dehiscent pods and the seeds are wind-dispersed. Some individuals lose their leaves during the fruiting season, getting very conspicuous. Here we tested the hypothesis that the absence of leaves in E. gracilipes during the fruiting season may increase pre-dispersal seed predation by psittacids. We also tested the hypotheses that (1) seed predation intensity increases with increasing plant size and (2) number of fruits, (3) seed predation decreases with the increasing number of conspecific plants in a range of 15 m, and (4) seed predation intensity is lower in plants with higher vegetation cover over their crowns. The small parakeet Brotogeris versicolurus was the only species observed preying upon the seeds of E. gracilipes. The percentage of fruits damaged by the parakeets ranged from 0 to 100\% (66.98 +/- 43.11\%, n = 72) among the different plants. Our data give weak support to the hypothesis that the absence of leaves may facilitate plants and/or fruits detection by the parakeets. However, seed predation intensity was significantly affected by crop size. The hypothesis that conspecific fruiting plants surrounding the studied individuals may reduce predation rate was not supported. Nevertheless, trees without higher vegetation cover over their crowns were significantly affected by increased seed predation. This suggests that seed predation by parakeets can be a potential selective factor influencing fruit crop sizes in E. gracilipes. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.actao.2007.11.002}}, ISSN = {{1146-609X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Guimaraes, Paulo/B-1099-2008 Francisco, Mercival/G-2497-2013 Galetti, Mauro/M-8751-2013 Lunardi, Vitor/A-6310-2014 Galetti, Mauro/C-5275-2008 Guimaraes, Paulo/E-1915-2016 Guimaraes-Junior, Paulo/M-1298-2016}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254794700013}}, } @article{ ISI:000254195100008, Author = {Schatz, Bertrand and Kiellberg, Finn and Nyawa, Samhan and Hossaert-McKey, Martine}, Title = {{Fig wasps: A staple food for ants on Ficus}}, Journal = {{BIOTROPICA}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{190-195}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Mutualisms involve the exchange of resources and these resources attract exploiters and predators. Because predators may have a stronger effect either on mutualists or on exploiters, their net effect on the mutualism may be positive or negative. Ants and Ficus-associated wasps are a potential example. These wasps could represent sufficient food to ensure a permanent presence of predators. If this is the case then we may expect divergent selection (dependent on fig species) on traits facilitating or impeding ant predatory activity. Dioecious Ficus species in Brunei present the opportunity to determine whether presence of fig wasps on a tree ensures increased presence of ants because: (1) wasps are mainly present on male trees, thus allowing study of the effect of wasp abundance on ant presence; and (2) preliminary observations showed that ants present on trees were mainly predatory species that do not tend hemipterans. We show here, for several dioecious Ficus species, that many more ants were present on male trees than on female trees. Furthermore, these ants were mainly dominant predatory taxa that often nested in the male trees. Hence, wasps on male trees provide a sufficient resource in terms of quantity and reliability to ensure the continuous presence of dominant ants on the trees.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00352.x}}, ISSN = {{0006-3606}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254195100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000253128400008, Author = {Ruane, Lauren G. and Donohue, Kathleen}, Title = {{Pollen competition and environmental effects on hybridization dynamics between Phlox drummondii and Phlox cuspidata}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{22}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{229-241}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Pollen competition between species strongly influences hybridization dynamics in plants. By performing single- and mixed-donor pollinations, we show that soil Ca alters the outcome of interspecific pollen competition in the annual Phlox hybrid system of Phlox cuspidata and P. drummondii. In the absence of interspecific pollen competition, heterospecific pollen siring success of both species was influenced most strongly by the maternal growth environment, such that hybridization was facilitated when heterospecific pollen was deposited on stigmas of maternal plants growing in high Ca soils. When heterospecific pollen was forced to compete against conspecific pollen, however, the maternal growth environment did not influence hybridization, but the environmental origin of heterospecific pollen did, and this effect depended on the maternal species. Pollen of P. drummondii was more effective at outcompeting P. cuspidata pollen and preventing hybridization in P. drummondii dams when P. cuspidata pollen was derived from low Ca. Pollen competition within pistils of P. cuspidata was unaffected by pollen Ca environment. In situations in which P. cuspidata grows in lower soil Ca than P. drummondii, as has been documented in one population, these results suggest that the competitive ability of heterospecific pollen will be diminished by environmental effects of soil Ca. Thus, the environment in which pollen develops can influence interspecific pollen competition and hybridization frequency.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10682-007-9174-8}}, ISSN = {{0269-7653}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000253128400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000252899300009, Author = {Spigler, Rachel B. and Chang, Shu-Mei}, Title = {{Effects of plant abundance on reproductive success in the biennial Sabatia angularis (Gentianaceae): spatial scale matters}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{96}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{323-333}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{1. Small and low-density populations often suffer significant reductions in reproduction, as exemplified by studies on rare and threatened species. While this phenomenon is less studied in common species, if general, it should not be restricted to those in peril. We addressed this assertion by examining the effects of plant abundance, measured at population-level (population size, density) and local-level (local neighbourhood size, LNS) spatial scales, on fruit set, seed set and subsequent reproductive success (RS) across 19 natural populations of the widespread biennial Sabatia angularis (Gentianaceae). We also examined stigmatic pollen loads across a subset of populations to address whether changes in reproduction were related to reduced pollination. 2. Effects of plant abundance on reproduction were evident at both spatial scales. At the population level, population size - but not density - affected fruit set significantly. This effect was non-linear. Fruit set in populations larger than 15 individuals was relatively constant, but dropped abruptly in populations below that size. This relationship did not prevail between population size and RS. Instead, RS declined significantly with population density. 3. At the local level, increases in LNS between 1-m and 4-m radii from study plants increased fruit set significantly. In contrast, increases within 1 m significantly reduced seed set. Both of these effects prevailed at different spatial scales for RS; increases in 1-m LNS reduced RS, but increases beyond that distance and within 4 m increased RS. 4. Although non-significant, trends in the data are consistent with facilitative interactions for pollination influencing local-level effects on fruit set. However, negative interactions, presumably because of competition for resources, are more important for determining seed set at local scales. Both interactions influence RS, but the effect of competition appears to dominate at the population level. 5. Synthesis. This study demonstrates that although significant reductions in fruit set in small S. angularis populations imply that common species are not impervious to reproductive disadvantages, small populations need not experience reduced RS. Furthermore, low-density populations actually enjoy increased RS. As such, this study highlights the complexity of ecological interactions affecting reproduction and the importance of incorporating multiple spatial scales when examining population dynamics.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01335.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000252899300009}}, } @article{ ISI:000253634100009, Author = {Vaughton, Glenda and Ramsey, Mike and Simpson, Ian}, Title = {{Does selfing provide reproductive assurance in the perennial herb Bulbine vagans (Asphodelaceae)?}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{117}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{390-398}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Selection for selfing to provide reproductive assurance depends on the balance between increased reproductive output when pollinators or potential mates are scarce and the extent that inbreeding depression erodes such fertility gains. We use glasshouse and field experiments to examine the benefits of autonomous and facilitated selfing in Bulbine vagans. Autonomous selfing was delayed until after opportunities for outcrossing and reproductive output was 0.67 relative to manual selfing and open pollination. Values less than one probably reflected insufficient autonomous deposition of self pollen. In the field, reproductive output of emasculated flowers was 0.50 relative to intact flowers that could both outcross and self, indicating that outcross pollen was limited and that selfing boosted reproductive output. Because all pollen was removed from anthers before intact flowers closed, facilitated selfing rather than autonomous selfing occurred. In the glasshouse, inbreeding depression was 0.45, but under natural conditions would probably exceed 0.5. Values greater than 0.5 negate the automatic gene transmission advantage afforded by selfing and increasingly erode the benefits of reproductive assurance. We conclude that in B. vagans delayed and facilitated selfing can confer reproductive assurance, providing the latter does not usurp ovules that could be outcrossed.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16365.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000253634100009}}, } @article{ ISI:000254721800003, Author = {Sargent, Risa D. and Ackerly, David D.}, Title = {{Plant-pollinator interactions and the assembly of plant communities}}, Journal = {{TRENDS IN ECOLOGY \& EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{23}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{123-130}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Most studies of plant community assembly have focused on how the abiotic aspects of a habitat (e.g. soil moisture or mineral composition) or direct interactions among plants in a community (e.g. competition for space or nutrients) influence which species establish and persist, but they have tended to neglect indirect interactions such as those mediated by pollinators. We address three types of plant-pollinator interactions - filtering, facilitation and competitive exclusion - and their predicted impacts on communities. The few available studies that address how pollinator-mediated interactions limit or promote plant species establishment and persistence provide support for many of these predictions. An integrated framework for understanding plant community assembly needs to incorporate abiotic and biotic interactions, including plant-pollinator and other plant-animal interactions.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.003}}, ISSN = {{0169-5347}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ackerly, David/A-1247-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ackerly, David/0000-0002-1847-7398}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000254721800003}}, } @article{ ISI:000253582900006, Author = {Stpiczynska, Malgorzata and Davies, Kevin L.}, Title = {{Elaiophore structure and oil secretion in flowers of Oncidium trulliferum Lindl. and Ornithophora radicans (Rchb.f.) Garay \& Pabst (Oncidiinae : Orchidaceae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{101}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{375-384}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Background and Aims Many orchid flowers have glands called elaiophores and these reward pollinating insects with oil. In contrast to other reward-producing structures such as nectaries, the anatomy of the elaiophore and the process of oil secretion have not been extensively studied. In this paper, elaiophore structure is described for two members of Oncidiinae, Oncidium trulliferum Lindl. and Ornithophora radicans (Rchb.f.) Garay \& Pabst. Methods Elaiophores of both species were examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Key Results and Conclusions In flowers of Oncidium trulliferum and Ornithophora radicans, oil is secreted by morphologically distinct elaiophores associated with the labellar callus. However, in O. trulliferum, elaiophores also occur on the lateral lobes of the labellum. In both these species, the epithelial elaiophores are composed of a single layer of palisade-like epidermal cells and a distinct subepithelial layer. Secretory elaiophore cells may contain numerous, starchless plastids, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum profiles. In O. trulliferum, the cytoplasm contains myelin-like figures but these are absent from O. radicans. In the former species, cavities occur in the cell wall and these presumably facilitate the passage of oil onto the elaiophore surface. In O. radicans, the accumulation of oil between the outer tangential wall and the cuticle causes the latter to become distended. Since it is probable that the full discharge of oil from the elaiophores of O. radicans occurs only when the cuticle is ruptured by a visiting insect, this may contribute towards pollinator specificity. The structure of the elaiophore in these species resembles both that found in previously investigated species of Oncidiinae and that of certain members of the Malpighiaceae.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcm297}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000253582900006}}, } @article{ ISI:000253408400009, Author = {Davis, Charles C. and Endress, Peter K. and Baum, David A.}, Title = {{The evolution of floral gigantism}}, Journal = {{CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{49-57}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Flowers exhibit tremendous variation in size (> 1 000-fold), ranging from less than a millimeter to nearly a meter in diameter. Numerous studies have established the importance of increased floral size in species that exhibit relatively normalsized flowers, but few studies have examined the evolution of floral size increase in species with extremely large flowers or flower-like inflorescences (collectively termed blossoms). Our review of these record-breakers indicates that blossom gigantism has evolved multiple times, and suggests that the evolutionary forces operating in these species may differ from their ordinary-sized counterparts. Surprisingly, rather than being associated with large-bodied pollinators, gigantism appears to be most common in species with small-bodied beetle or carrion-fly pollinators. Such large blossoms may be adapted to these pollinators because they help to temporarily trap animals, better facilitate thermal regulation, and allow for the mimicry of large animal carcasses. Future phylogenetic tests of these hypotheses should be conducted to determine if the transition to such pollination systems correlates with significant changes in the mode and tempo of blossom size evolution.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.pbi.2007.11.003}}, ISSN = {{1369-5266}}, EISSN = {{1879-0356}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Baum, David/D-6804-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Baum, David/0000-0001-8334-6311}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000253408400009}}, } @article{ ISI:000252441800005, Author = {Baenziger, Hans and Sun, Haiqin and Luo, Yi-Bo}, Title = {{Pollination of wild lady slipper orchids Cypripedium yunnanense and C-flavum (Orchidaceae) in south-west China: why are there no hybrids?}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{156}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{51-64}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Rewardless kettle-trap flowers Cypripedium yunnanense and C. flavum were watched for pollinators during 73 and 101 man-hours, respectively, in north-west Yunnan at 3490-3590 m a.s.l. They differ from typical Cypripedium, such as C. calceolus, in having a broad infolded flap of the lip extending all around the entrance of the pouch (instead of being restricted to the vicinity of the staminode) and in the flap not being slippery. Cypripedium yunnanense is pollinated by Lasioglossum zonulum euronotum (Halictidae), and C. flavum is pollinated by Andrena orchidea and Andrena sp. (Andrenidae, two of nine new hymenopterans discovered at the sites). The bees do not inadvertently fall into the trap by slipping (as often occurs in other slipper orchids), but enter it by crawling down the flap in full control of their movements. No natural hybrids between the two orchids are known, although they occur in close-by or mixed stands, are co-flowering and size compatible with regard to their pollinators, and produce fruits following manual cross-pollination in situ. Analyses of the (non-Cypripedium) pollen carried indicate that: (1) the two andrenids are probably oligolectic; (2) the andrenids and the halictid do not share the same flower species; and (3) the halictid is polylectic. Points (1) and (2) are probable reasons for the lack of hybrids. The other reason why Lasioglossum zonulum euronotum does not visit C. flavum despite being polylectic may be the flower's odour; cases of discrimination of closely related flowers by polylectic Lasioglossum have been reported elsewhere. Blow flies Calliphora vomitoria and Calliphora pattoni (Calliphoridae) also enter the orchids, some smearing themselves with pollen, yet they are not pollinators. They are too large to leave by the exit and die imprisoned. However, they may be accidental pollinators of the rather larger C. tibeticum present at the sites. Such accidental pollinators probably play an important role in the evolution of new pollination syndromes. (c) 2008 The Linnean Society of London.}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000252441800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000255787400003, Author = {Boulton, Andrew J. and Fenwick, Graham D. and Hancock, Peter J. and Harvey, Mark S.}, Title = {{Biodiversity, functional roles and ecosystem services of groundwater invertebrates}}, Journal = {{INVERTEBRATE SYSTEMATICS}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{22}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{103-116}}, Note = {{5th International Southern Connections Conference, Adelaide, AUSTRALIA, JAN, 2007}}, Abstract = {{Recent surveys of groundwater invertebrates (stygofauna) worldwide are yielding rich troves of biodiversity, with significant implications for invertebrate systematists and phylogeneticists as well as ecologists and groundwater managers. What is the ecological significance of this high biodiversity of invertebrates in some aquifers? How might it influence groundwater ecosystem services such as water purification or bioremediation? In terrestrial ecosystems, biodiversity is typically positively correlated with rates of ecosystem functions beneficial to humans (e. g. crop pollination). However, the links between biodiversity, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services in groundwater are unknown. In some aquifers, feeding, movement and excretion by diverse assemblages of stygofauna potentially enhance groundwater ecosystem services such as water purification, bioremediation and water infiltration. Further, as specific taxa apparently play `keystone' roles in facilitating ecosystem services, declines in abundance or even their extinction have serious repercussions. One way to assess the functional significance of biodiversity is to identify `ecosystem service providers', characterise their functional relationships, determine how service provision is affected by community structure and environmental variables, and measure the spatio-temporal scales over which these operate. Examples from Australian and New Zealand alluvial aquifers reveal knowledge gaps in understanding the functional importance of most stygofauna, hampering effective protection of currently undervalued groundwater ecosystem services.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/IS07024}}, ISSN = {{1445-5226}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Harvey, Mark/L-1177-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000255787400003}}, } @article{ ISI:000253485800010, Author = {Jain, Mukesh and Chourey, Prem S. and Li, Qin-Bao and Pring, Daryl R.}, Title = {{Expression of cell wall invertase and several other genes of sugar metabolism in relation to seed development in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{165}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{331-344}}, Abstract = {{We report expression profiles of several genes of carbohydrate metabolism, cell wall invertase (CWI) in particular, to better understand sugar transport and its utilization in developing caryopses of grain sorghum {[}Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. Gene expression analyses for CWI using RNA get blot and real-time quantitative PCR approaches on developing caryopses, including the glumes (maternal tissue appended to the seeds), showed expression of Sblncw (Zmlncw2 ortholog) primarily in the basal. sugar unloading zone of endosperm. The expression of Zmlncw1 ortholog was significantly less abundant and restricted to the glumes. The protein and enzyme activity data corroborated the temporal transcript expression profile that showed maximal. CWI protein (INCW) expression preceding the starch-filling phase of endosperm development, i.e. 6-12 d-after-pollination (DAP). Protein get blot analysis using polyclonal maize INCW1 antibodies showed a single polypeptide of 72 kDa. The highest Level. of enzyme activity was unique to the basal part of the endosperm, in particular the basal endosperm transfer cell (BETC) Layer and the maternal pedicel region that were highly enriched for the INCW protein, as seen by immunolocalization. High hexose-to-sucrose ratio in 6-12 DAP seeds, and negligible starch deposition in glumes corroborated the CWI activity data. Additionally, we report transcription profiles of several other genes related to sugar-to-starch metabolism in developing sorghum endosperm. As in maize, the INCW-mediated apoplastic cleavage of sucrose in the BETC and pedicel during the early developmental stages of caryopses is essential for the normal development of filial tissues. The unique cell-specificity of the INCW protein to both proximal and distal ends of placental sac shown here for the first time is likely to greatly increase uptakes of both hexose sugars and water through turgor sensing into developing seed. This trait is unique to sorghum among cereals and may facilitate its survival in drought environment. Published by Elsevier GmbH.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.jplph.2006.12.003}}, ISSN = {{0176-1617}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000253485800010}}, } @article{ ISI:000252460500006, Author = {Tepedino, Vince and Bradley, Brosi and Griswold, Terry}, Title = {{Might flowers of invasive plants increase native bee carrying capacity? Intimations from Capitol Reef National Park, Utah}}, Journal = {{NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{28}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{44-50}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{We compared the native bees visiting the flowers of three species of invasive plants, saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) and white and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus albus, M. officinalis), with those visiting seven concurrently blooming native plant species in mid-summer at three sites in Capitol Reef National Park, Utah. Overall, as many total species of bees visited the flowers of the three invasive plant species as visited the seven natives. On average, invasive species were visited by twice as many bee species as were natives. With a single exception, visitors of invasives were generalist bees, rather than specialists. Colletes petalostemonis, the only native legume specialist recorded, was an abundant forager on the flowers of both species of Melilotus, demonstrating that at least some specialist bees will move to invasive plants that are closely related to their usual hosts. Species abundant on the flowers of invasives tended to collect both pollen and nectar, suggesting that bees are using pollen of Tamarix and Melilotus to provision their offspring. We argue that invasives with entomophilous flowers are unlikely to either facilitate the reproduction of uncommon native plants or consistently compete with them for pollinators. Rather, they are likely, over time, to selectively increase the carrying capacity and population size of native bees, specifically generalists, and specialists of closely related plant species.}}, DOI = {{10.3375/0885-8608(2008)28{[}44:MFOIPI]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0885-8608}}, EISSN = {{2162-4399}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000252460500006}}, } @incollection{ ISI:000257506400002, Author = {Whelan, Christopher J. and Wenny, Daniel G. and Marquis, Robert J.}, Editor = {{Ostfeld, RS and Schlesinger, WH}}, Title = {{Ecosystem services provided by birds}}, Booktitle = {{YEAR IN ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2008}}, Series = {{Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences}}, Year = {{2008}}, Volume = {{1134}}, Pages = {{25-60}}, Abstract = {{Ecosystem services are natural processes that benefit humans. Birds contribute the four types of services recognized by the UN Millennium Ecosystem Assessment-provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services. In this review, we concentrate primarily on supporting services, and to a lesser extent, provisioning and regulating services. As members of ecosystems, birds play many roles, including as predators, pollinators, scavengers, seed dispersers, seed predators, and ecosystem engineers. These ecosystem services fall into two subcategories: those that arise via behavior (like consumption of agricultural pests) and those that arise via bird products (like nests and guano). Characteristics of most birds make them quite special from the perspective of ecosystem services. Because most birds fly, they can respond to irruptive or pulsed resources in ways generally not possible for other vertebrates. Migratory species link ecosystem processes and fluxes that are separated by great distances and times. Although the economic value to humans contributed by most, if not all, of the supporting services has yet to be quantified, we believe they are important to humans. Our goals for this review are 1) to lay the groundwork on these services to facilitate future efforts to estimate their economic value, 2) to highlight gaps in our knowledge, and 3) to point to future directions for additional research.}}, DOI = {{10.1196/anndis.1439.003}}, ISSN = {{0077-8923}}, ISBN = {{978-1-57331-725-2}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Whelan, Christopher/0000-0001-7511-2603}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000257506400002}}, } @article{ ISI:000250765900001, Author = {Lamoureaux, S. L. and Bourdot, G. W.}, Title = {{A review of the ecology and management of Ranunculus acris subsp acris in pasture}}, Journal = {{WEED RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{47}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{461-471}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Ranunculus acris subsp. acris is widespread in pastures across Europe. In New Zealand, it persists in dairy pastures throughout the country, despite the annual use of herbicides, causing a loss in the national yield of milk solids estimated at NZ\$156 million in the 2001-2002 milking season. Its persistence appears to be due in part to the production of a blistering agent, protoanemonin, which deters grazing animals, combined with evolved resistance to herbicides and a resilience imparted by a stout rhizome supporting dormant axillary buds. The latter enables regeneration after damage inflicted by herbicides, fungi and other control agents, and facilitates lateral spread and asexual reproduction. Its persistence in dairy pastures may also be influenced by plants recruiting from seeds which are formed annually subject to the availability of insect pollinators. Based on a review of observations and experiments conducted mainly in Europe and New Zealand, we propose a detailed life-cycle model for R. acris. This provides the basis for a matrix population model that will identify the life-cycle stages that contribute most to population growth and, hence, the extent to which each of these would need to be targeted for improved management in dairy pastures in New Zealand.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00588.x}}, ISSN = {{0043-1737}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bourdot, Graeme/J-7582-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000250765900001}}, } @article{ ISI:000251099800012, Author = {Whitten, W. Mark and Blanco, Mario A. and Williams, Norris H. and Koehler, Samantha and Carnevali, German and Singer, Rodrigo B. and Endara, Lorena and Neubig, Kurt M.}, Title = {{Molecular phylogenetics of Maxillaria and related genera (Orchidaceae : Cymbidieae) based on combined molecular data sets}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{94}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1860-1889}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{The orchid genus Maxillaria is one of the largest and most common of neotropical orchid genera, but its current generic boundaries and relationships have long been regarded as artificial. Phylogenetic relationships within subtribe Maxillariinae sensu Dressler (1993) with emphasis on Maxillaria s.l. were inferred using parsimony analyses of individual and combined DNA sequence data. We analyzed a combined matrix of nrITS DNA, the plastid matK gene and flanking trnK intron, and the plastid atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer for 619 individuals representing ca. 354 species. The plastid rpoCl gene (ca. 2600 bp) was sequenced for 84 selected species and combined in a more limited analysis with the other data sets to provide greater resolution. In a well-resolved, supported consensus, most clades were present in more than one individual analysis. All the currently recognized minor genera of ``core{''} Maxillariinae (Anthosiphon, Chrysocycnis, Cryptocentrum, Cyrtidiorchis, Mormolyca, Pityphyllum, and Trigonidium) are embedded within a polyphyletic Maxillaria s.l. Our results support the recognition of a more restricted Maxillaria, of some previously published segregate genera (Brasiliorchis, Camaridium, Christensonella, Heterotaxis, Ornithidium, Sauvetrea), and of several novel clades at the generic level. These revised monophyletic generic concepts should minimize further nomenclatural changes, encourage monographic studies, and facilitate more focused analyses of character evolution within Maxillariinae.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.94.11.1860}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Koehler, Samantha/D-3558-2012 Koehler, Samantha/C-5773-2013 Singer, Rodrigo/E-1945-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Koehler, Samantha/0000-0003-0955-5339 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000251099800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000250664200004, Author = {Qu, Rongming and Li, Xiaojie and Luo, Yibo and Dong, Ming and Xu, Huanli and Chen, Xuan and Dafni, Amots}, Title = {{Wind-dragged corolla enhances self-pollination: A new mechanism of delayed self-pollination}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{100}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1155-1164}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Background Delayed self-pollination is a mechanism that allows animal-pollinated plants to outcross while ensuring seed production in the absence of pollinators. This study aims to explore a new mechanism of delayed self-pollination facilitated by wind-driven corolla abscission in Incarvillea sinensis var. sinensis. Methods Floral morphology and development, and the process of delayed self-pollination were surveyed. Experiments dealing with pollinator and wind exclusion, pollination manipulations, and pollinator observations were conducted in the field. Key Results Delayed self-pollination occurs when the abscising corolla driven by wind drags the adherent epipetalous stamens, thus leading to contact of anthers with stigma in late anthesis. There is no dichogamy and self-incompatibility in this species. The significantly higher proportion of abscised corolla under natural conditions as compared with that in wind-excluding tents indicates the importance of wind in corolla abscission. When pollinators were excluded, corolla abscission significantly increased the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigma and, as a result, the fruit and seed set. Only half of the flowers in plots were visited by pollinators, and the fruit set of emasculated flowers was significantly lower than that of untreated flowers in open pollination. This species has a sensitive stigma, and its two open stigmatic lobes closed soon after being touched by a pollinator, but always reopened if no or only little pollen was deposited. Conclusions This delayed self-pollination, which involved the movement of floral parts, the active participation of the wind and sensitive stigma, is quite different from that reported previously. This mechanism provides reproductive assurance for this species. The sensitive stigma contributes to ensuring seed production and reducing the interference of selfing with outcrossing. The pollination pattern, which combines actions by bees with indirect participation by wind, is also a new addition to ambophily.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcm209}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000250664200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000250644600006, Author = {Stout, Jane C.}, Title = {{Reproductive biology of the invasive exotic shrub, Rhododendron ponticum L. (Ericaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{155}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{373-381}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of an exotic species will affect its ability to become naturalized and invasive in non-native habitats. Rhododendron ponticum is an ecologically damaging exotic weed in the British Isles, which spreads predominantly by seed. I investigated how inbreeding and outcrossing affect seed production and germination in a wild population of this species in Ireland. Experimental manipulations revealed low fruit and seed set when insects were excluded from flowers, suggesting that this species has limited capability for spontaneous autogamy. Hand-pollination treatments showed that, although flowers are self-compatible (with self and same plant pollen), higher levels of seed set occur following outcrossing (xenogamy). There was no significant difference in rate of germination of seeds from inbred or outcrossed treatments. The addition of xenogamous pollen to open flowers did not increase fruit or seed set, suggesting that flowers in this population are not pollen limited: native generalist pollinators, mainly bumblebees (Bombus spp.), are providing an adequate pollinator service. This work demonstrates that outcrossing increases seed set and pollinators are required to facilitate this. Hence, generalist native pollinators can promote invasion by exotic plants. Native pollinators can clearly play an important part in alien species invasion. (C) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2007, 155, 373-381.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2007.00719.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Stout, Jane /B-1631-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Stout, Jane /0000-0002-2027-0863}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000250644600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000249882900004, Author = {Bouck, Amy and Wessler, Susan R. and Arnold, Michael L.}, Title = {{Qtl analysis of floral traits in Louisiana Iris hybrids}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{61}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{2308-2319}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{The formation of hybrid zones between nascent species is a widespread phenomenon. The evolutionary consequences of hybridization are influenced by numerous factors, including the action of natural selection on quantitative trait variation. Here we examine how the genetic basis of floral traits of two species of Louisiana Irises affects the extent of quantitative trait variation in their hybrids. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to assess the size (magnitude) of phenotypic effects of individual QTL, the degree to which QTL for different floral traits are colocalized, and the occurrence of mixed QTL effects. These aspects of quantitative genetic variation would be expected to influence (1) the number of genetic steps (in terms of QTL substitutions) separating the parental species phenotypes; (2) trait correlations; and (3) the potential for transgressive segregation in hybrid populations. Results indicate that some Louisiana Iris floral trait QTL have large effects and QTL for different traits tend to colocalize. Transgressive variation was observed for six of nine traits, despite the fact that mixed QTL effects influence few traits. Overall, our QTL results imply that the genetic basis of floral morphology and color traits might facilitate the maintenance of phenotypic divergence between Iris fulva and Iris brevicaulis, although a great deal of phenotypic variation was observed among hybrids.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00214.x}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000249882900004}}, } @article{ ISI:000249165000005, Author = {Internicola, A. I. and Page, P. A. and Bernasconi, G. and Gigord, L. D. B.}, Title = {{Competition for pollinator visitation between deceptive and rewarding artificial inflorescences: an experimental test of the effects of floral colour similarity and spatial mingling}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{21}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{864-872}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{While many plant species offer rewards (e.g. nectar) to pollinators, some species, particularly in orchids, do not provide rewards. Ecological factors, such as interactions with rewarding co-flowering species may affect pollinator visitation rates to such deceptive species by influencing pollinator ability to learn to avoid deceptive plants (avoidance learning). We tested the effect of flower colour similarity (similar vs dissimilar) and fine-scale spatial mingling (monospecific vs heterospecific patches) of rewarding and deceptive artificial plants on pollinator visitation in a fully crossed design. We also examined the effect of these factors on learning of initially naive bumblebees. Over time, bumblebees increasingly avoided the deceptive plants, but at a significantly faster rate when deceptive and rewarding plants had dissimilar flower colours than when they were similar. Deceptive plants received more visits when mingled in heterospecific patches with rewarding plants of similar flower colour than when mingled with dissimilar ones. This difference was not significant when rewarding and deceptive plants were spatially separated in monospecific patches. In conclusion, both spatial mingling and flower colour similarity affected pollinator visitation to and avoidance learning of deceptive plants. This proves the validity of artificial experimental systems to study the isolated and joint effect of plant traits, and ecological factors that are crucial for the maintenance of deceptive species in natural populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01303.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000249165000005}}, } @article{ ISI:000250291700004, Author = {Severns, Paul M. and Lewis, Brian S.}, Title = {{Is it appropriate to rely on seed set to assess candidate plant populations for genetic rescue? A case study with a threatened species}}, Journal = {{NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{27}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{313-319}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Management of rare plants living in small populations requires life history and breeding system knowledge for informed conservation decisions, yet often management and recovery planning proceeds without breeding system information. We performed a series of hand pollination treatments to determine the breeding system of Lupinus sulphureus ssp. kincaidii (Kincaid's lupine), a Threatened plant of western Oregon, and followed its most active pollinator, Bombus californica, to estimate selfing rates. We found that Kincaid's lupine is self-compatible and can also produce seeds through facilitated selfing, a condition without pollen transfer between different flowers on the same plant. Bombus spent at least 75\% of their total foraging flight time performing geitonogamous flights, foraging between male and female phase flowers on the same plant, but selfing rates were likely underestimated because Kincaid's lupine is capable of vegetative spread. Moreover, the majority of Bombus foraged contrary to conventional flight patterns on protandrous vertical inflorescences, likely increasing selfing rates. Our results indicate that while it is easy to rely on population seed to assess whether or not a population is inbred, and therefore a candidate for augmentation, a molecular study and/or hand pollination experiments are required to assess population inbreeding depression severity, because other plausible explanations for low seed set have been demonstrated.}}, DOI = {{10.3375/0885-8608(2007)27{[}313:IIATRO]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0885-8608}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000250291700004}}, } @article{ ISI:000249224300004, Author = {Benitez-Vieyra, Santiago and de Ibarra, Natalie Hempel and Wertlen, Anna M. and Cocucci, Andrea A.}, Title = {{How to look like a mallow: evidence of floral mimicry between Turneraceae and Malvaceae}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{274}}, Number = {{1623}}, Pages = {{2239-2248}}, Month = {{SEP 22}}, Abstract = {{Abundant, many-flowered plants represent reliable and rich food sources for animal pollinators, and may even sustain guilds of specialized pollinators. Contrastingly, rare plants need alternative strategies to ensure pollinators' visitation and faithfulness. Flower mimicry, i.e. the sharing of a similar flower colour and display pattern by different plant species, is a means by which a rare species can exploit a successful model and increase its pollination services. The relationship between two or more rewarding flower mimic species, or Murllerian mimicry, has been proposed as mutualistic, in contrast to the unilaterally beneficial Batesian floral mimicry. In this work, we show that two different geographical colour phenotypes of Turnera sidoides ssp. pinnatifida resemble co-flowering Malvaceae in colour as seen by bees' eyes, and that these pollinators do not distinguish between them when approaching flowers in choice tests. Main pollinators of T. sidoides are bees specialized for collecting pollen in Malvaceae. We demonstrate that the similarity between at least one of the geographical colour phenotypes of T. sidoides and co-flowering Malvaceae is adaptive, since the former obtains more pollination services when growing together with its model than when growing alone. Instead of the convergent evolution pattern attributed to Murllerian mimicry, our data rather suggest an advergent evolution pattern, because only T. sidoides seems to have evolved to be more similar to its malvaceous models.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2007.0588}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Hempel de Ibarra, Natalie/A-1962-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Hempel de Ibarra, Natalie/0000-0002-0859-8217 Cocucci, Andrea/0000-0002-3464-3309}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000249224300004}}, } @article{ ISI:000247864200001, Author = {Bjerknes, Anne-Line and Totland, Orjan and Hegland, Stein Joar and Nielsen, Anders}, Title = {{Do alien plant invasions really affect pollination success in native plant species?}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{138}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{1-12}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{A growing number of studies on naturally occurring plant species have shown that plantplant interactions for pollination vary from competitive to facilitative. In reviewing the seven published studies on how alien species can affect the pollination success in natives, we found that all authors suggest competitive effects to dominate, either through reduced pollinator visitation rates or through increased heterospecific pollination of native flowers. Although certain pollinator interactions were competitive, the reproductive output in the native species was not always reduced. This implies that natives are not pollen limited, and/or that they compensate for the loss of pollinators by other animals. However, the few studies on pollination interactions between alien and native plant species show differing results. We therefore discuss other properties that can cause aliens to be strong interactors for pollination, and can modify how alien species affect the reproductive success in natives. We also emphasize the spatial scales addressed in the reviewed studies, as alien plant species may represent valuable food resources for many pollinators. Such plant species tend to be interpreted as competitive plants for pollination, whereas we stress their facilitative ability that may occur on a landscape scale by increasing pollinator densities. Additionally, while most studies tend to work within a shorter temporal scale, the impacts of the alien plant introductionsmay differ depending on the year or seasonal time leading to the differing results reported. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2007.04.015}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000247864200001}}, } @article{ ISI:000248620500018, Author = {Lach, Lori}, Title = {{A mutualism with a native membracid facilitates pollinator displacement by Argentine ants}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1994-2004}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The loss of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services are major threats posed by the spread of alien invasive species. Invasive ants are frequently associated with declines in the diversity of ground-dwelling arthropods but also may affect plants through their attraction to floral nectar and tending of hemipterans. Protea nitida is a tree native to the South African fynbos that hosts a native membracid, Beaufortiana sp., which is tended by ants. Here I compare Argentine ants (Linepithema humile) to native ants in their attraction to P. nitida inflorescences in the presence and absence of the membracid, and their effects on other floral arthropod visitors, seed set, and ovule predation. Argentine ant discovery of inflorescences increased at least 13-fold when membracids were present on the branch, whereas native ant discovery of inflorescences was only doubled by membracid presence at one site in one study year and was unaffected in the other three site-years. Excluding Argentine ants from inflorescences resulted in an increase in several arthropod taxa and potential pollinators; native ant exclusion had no positive effects. Thus the mutualism between Argentine ants and the membracid is facilitating pollinator deterrence by the ants. Though Argentine ants were not associated with a decline in P. nitida seed set or ovule predation, declines in generalist insect pollinators may have ramifications for the 83\% of fynbos' plants that are insect pollinated. Pitfall traps showed that Argentine ants were not more abundant than native ants in non-invaded sites. Focusing only on abundance on the ground and displacement of ground-dwelling arthropod fauna may lead to an underestimate of the effects of invasive ants on their adopted communities.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/06-1767.1}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Lach, Lori/B-3145-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Lach, Lori/0000-0001-5137-5185}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000248620500018}}, } @article{ ISI:000247123900001, Author = {Lopezaraiza-Mikel, Martha E. and Hayes, Richard B. and Whalley, Martin R. and Memmott, Jane}, Title = {{The impact of an alien plant on a native plant-pollinator network: an experimental approach}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{10}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{539-550}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Studies of pairwise interactions have shown that an alien plant can affect the pollination of a native plant, this effect being mediated by shared pollinators. Here we use a manipulative field experiment, to investigate the impact of the alien plant Impatiens glandulifera on an entire community of coflowering native plants. Visitation and pollen transport networks were constructed to compare replicated I. glandulifera invaded and I. glandulifera removal plots. Invaded plots had significantly higher visitor species richness, visitor abundance and flower visitation. However, the pollen transport networks were dominated by alien pollen grains in the invaded plots and consequently higher visitation may not translate in facilitation for pollination. The more generalized insects were more likely to visit the alien plant, and Hymenoptera and Hemiptera were more likely to visit the alien than Coleoptera. Our data indicate that generalized native pollinators can provide a pathway of integration for alien plants into native visitation systems.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01055.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000247123900001}}, } @article{ ISI:000248303100006, Author = {von Zeipel, Hugo and Eriksson, Ove}, Title = {{Fruit removal in the forest herb Actaea spicata depends on local context of fruits sharing the same dispersers}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{168}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{855-860}}, Month = {{JUL-AUG}}, Abstract = {{Heterospecific effects from neighboring plants on fruit removal are rarely examined. In this study we recorded removal of fruits of four species from experimental plots. The main study species, the forest herb Actaea spicata, has berries attractive to rodents. We tested for effects from a larger-scale context (plant abundance) and a smaller scale (number of fruits aggregated including several species with fleshy as well as dry fruits). Fruit removal varied among sites. Fleshy-fruited species removal was correlated within sites. Fruit removal was higher within than outside Actaea populations but was unrelated to plant abundances among existing populations. The small-scale context treatment yielded clear results. Removal of Actaea fruits was higher from large aggregations of fruits, and it was the number of fruits rather than species identity that affected removal. Presence of both fleshy and dry fruits increased removal. This study provides experimental evidence of heterospecific effects on fruit removal, and we conclude that the species included in the study attract the same dispersers and that the small-scale biotic context is important. We suggest the existence of dispersal hot spots related to the fruit presence overlaid by an unexplained variation among sites.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/518255}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000248303100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000247039300006, Author = {Owen, Kathleen and Vaughton, Glenda and Ramsey, Mike}, Title = {{Facilitated autogamy and costs of selfing in the perennial herb Bulbine bulbosa (Asphodelaceae)}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{168}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{579-585}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{An understanding of how selfing occurs and whether selfing incurs costs relative to outcrossing is necessary for an evolutionary analysis of self-fertilization. We used glasshouse and field experiments to address these questions in the perennial herb Bulbine bulbosa. Flowers did not autonomously self-pollinate, and geitonogamy was unlikely because plants opened only one short-lived flower per day on average. Instead, selfing occurred via facilitated autogamy. We manipulated selfing rate and showed that seed set was negatively related to levels of selfing because many selfed zygotes aborted. Selfed seedlings were smaller and fewer survived compared with crossed seedlings, resulting in high cumulative inbreeding depression (0.85). Naturally pollinated plants had high ovule fertilization similar to that of experimentally cross-pollinated and self-pollinated plants. However, naturally pollinated plants produced fewer fruits and seeds than did cross-pollinated plants but similar numbers as self-pollinated plants, indicating that pollinators deposited mostly self pollen. We conclude that in B. bulbosa, facilitated autogamy was the dominant form of self-fertilization and that selfing incurred severe costs.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/513488}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000247039300006}}, } @article{ ISI:000245808100012, Author = {Anderson, Bruce and Midgley, Jeremy J.}, Title = {{Density-dependent outcomes in a digestive mutualism between carnivorous Roridula plants and their associated hemipterans}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{152}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{115-120}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Recent studies have shown that mutualisms often have variable outcomes in space and time. In particular, the outcomes may be dependent on the density of the partners with unimodal or saturating outcomes providing stability to the mutualism. We examine density-dependent outcomes of an obligate, species-specific mutualism between a South African carnivorous plant (Roridula dentata) and a hemipteran (Pameridea) that facilitates prey digestion, but also sucks plant sap. Plants occur in sandy, leached, nitrogen-poor soils and have no digestive enzymes to digest prey. Instead they rely on obligately dependent hemipterans to supply nitrogen by digesting prey for them and defecating on their leaves. We documented the densities of Pameridea on Roridula in the field. In the greenhouse, we manipulated the hemipteran densities on Roridula and measured the mean relative growth rates of plants with differing hemipteran densities. Plants exhibited a unimodal response to the density of their mutualist partners. Those with no hemipterans had negative growth rates, suggesting that hemipterans are important in facilitating nitrogen absorption. Plants with intermediate hemipteran densities had positive growth rates but growth rates were negative under very high hemipteran densities. Our research provides support for variable and unimodal outcomes in mutualism. Unimodal outcomes may be particularly important in obligate mutualisms and this is one of the few studied outside of pollinating seed parasite mutualisms. In this system, extrinsic factors such as other predators may affect the mutualism by altering the numbers of hemipterans.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-006-0640-8}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{ANDERSON, BRUCE/E-5853-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000245808100012}}, } @article{ ISI:000245979200010, Author = {Juillet, N. and Gonzalez, M. A. and Page, P. A. and Gigord, L. D. B.}, Title = {{Pollination of the European food-deceptive Traunsteinera globosa (Orchidaceae): the importance of nectar-producing neighbouring plants}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{265}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{123-129}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{European food-deceptive orchids generally flower early in spring and rely on naive pollinators for their reproduction. Some species however, flower later in the summer, when many other rewarding plants species are also in bloom. In dense flowering communities, deceptive orchids may suffer from competition for pollinator resources, or might alternatively benefit from higher community attractiveness. We investigated the pollination strategy of the deceptive species Traunsteinera globosa, and more specifically whether it benefited from the presence of coflowering rewarding species. We carried out a population survey to quantify the density and reproductive success of the orchid as well as the density of all coflowering species. Our results suggest that the deceptive orchid not only benefited from the presence of coflowering species, but that interestingly the density of the species Trifolium pratense was significantly positively correlated with the orchid's reproductive success. This species might simply act as a magnet species attracting pollinators near T. globosa, or could influence the orchid reproductive fitness through a more species-specific interaction. We propose that morphological or colour similarities between the two species should be investigated in more detail to decipher this pollination facilitation effect.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-006-0507-9}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000245979200010}}, } @article{ ISI:000246206200012, Author = {McManus, L. J. and Sasse, J. and Blomstedt, C. K. and Bossinger, G.}, Title = {{The effects of ethyl methanesulfonate treatment on Eucalyptus pollen behaviour in vitro}}, Journal = {{TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{21}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{379-383}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Treating pollen with mutagens prior to controlled pollination may facilitate the production of mutant trees for developmental studies and eventual plantation improvement. To establish a suitable dose of the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for the testing of this hypothesis, pollen of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus and E. grandis was studied in vitro. Pollen germination, pollen tube elongation and generative cell division were examined after 48 h of culture, following exposure to between 0 and 1,000 ppm EMS. Doses of 600 to 1,000 ppm EMS reduced pollen germination in vitro in both species. Doses of up to 1,000 ppm EMS were not observed to significantly impact on either pollen tube length, or generative cell division in vitro of either species. A dose of 600 ppm EMS in paraffin oil is predicted to induce mutation in Eucalyptus species whilst impacting minimally on seed production based on the effect on pollen germination.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00468-007-0137-z}}, ISSN = {{0931-1890}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Blomstedt, Cecilia/F-9874-2011 Bossinger, Gerd/I-3848-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Bossinger, Gerd/0000-0002-5772-7433}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000246206200012}}, } @article{ ISI:000245028000012, Author = {Hansen, Dennis M. and Kiesbuey, Heine C. and Jones, Carl G. and Mueller, Christine B.}, Title = {{Positive indirect interactions between neighboring plant species via a lizard pollinator}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{169}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{534-542}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{In natural communities, species are embedded in networks of direct and indirect interactions. Most studies on indirect interactions have focused on how they affect predator-prey or competitive relationships. However, it is equally likely that indirect interactions play an important structuring role in mutualistic relationships in a natural community. We demonstrate experimentally that on a small spatial scale, dense thickets of endemic Pandanus plants have a strong positive trait-mediated indirect effect on the reproduction of the declining endemic Mauritian plant Trochetia blackburniana. This effect is mediated by the endemic gecko Phelsuma cepediana moving between Pandanus thickets, a preferred microhabitat, and nearby T. blackburniana plants, where it feeds on nectar and pollinates the plants. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering plant-animal interactions such as pollination at relatively small spatial scales in both basic ecological studies and applied conservation management. Among plants, the nuptials cannot be celebrated without the intervention of a third party to act as a marriage priest, and that the office of this third person is to unite the representatives of different households.. Now the marriage priests who officiate in the vegetable kingdom are insects in search of honey; the winds, or anything which by accident, or design, may carry the pollen from one flower to another.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/511960}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Hansen, Dennis/A-3307-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Hansen, Dennis/0000-0002-9584-2766}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000245028000012}}, } @article{ ISI:000244943000005, Author = {Whitaker, D. L. and Webster, L. A. and Edwards, J.}, Title = {{The biomechanics of Cornus canadensis stamens are ideal for catapulting pollen vertically}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{21}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{219-225}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{1. Rapid movements in fungi and plants have evolved in different species to facilitate the dispersal of spores and seeds. The mechanisms of action can differ among species, but the effectiveness of these movements has rarely, if ever, been tested. Here we show through a quantitative biomechanical analysis that the stamens of Cornus canadensis L. (bunchberry) are ideal for catapulting pollen vertically at high speeds. 2. We develop a biomechanical model to describe the explosive launch of pollen from the flowers of bunchberry. The model determines the equation of motion for the stamens based only on the morphology and measurements of the parts of the stamens. To measure the motion of the stamens to compare with our model, we analysed individual frames of a video taken at 10 000 fps. 3. The thecae of adjacent stamens dehisce in bud so that the stomia face each other, retaining pollen between neighbouring anthers. As the flowers open, pollen is accelerated vertically as long as the thecae remain in contact. Pollen is released only when the anthers move horizontally and separate. 4. The observed motion of the stamens matches the results from our model through release of the pollen. The model reveals that pollen release (horizontal movement of the anthers) occurs only after the vertical speed is at its maximum. Thus, for this particular catapult mechanism, the morphology of the stamens is optimal for launching light, dry pollen straight upwards at high speed. Pollen launched vertically at high speed both enhances insect pollination by helping to making pollen stick on visiting insects, and also allows for successful wind pollination by propelling pollen into the air column. Seed set by inflorescences in pollinator-exclosure cages further supports the ability of this flower to use wind as a pollination mechanism.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01249.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244943000005}}, } @article{ ISI:000244658100010, Author = {Rashed, Arash and Sherratt, Thomas N.}, Title = {{Mimicry in hoverflies (Diptera : Syrphidae): a field test of the competitive mimicry hypothesis}}, Journal = {{BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{18}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{337-344}}, Month = {{MAR-APR}}, Abstract = {{Although most studies on the evolution of mimicry and warning coloration in insects have considered predators as the major selective force, it is possible that competition for food resources could also facilitate selection for these conspicuous signals. For example, when warningly colored social wasps visit flowers, then they frequently behave aggressively toward heterospecifics, and they also attack and feed on other flying insects. Under these conditions, a resemblance to a wasp might provide a mimetic hoverfly with improved access to floral resources by reducing the frequency with which it is disturbed by other pollinators. We experimentally evaluated whether wasp-like colors and patterns were important in preventing other flower visitors from sharing the same flower resource, using pairwise presentations of both natural and artificial prey in the field. Flower visitors were more likely to visit unoccupied flowers compared with the flowers pinned with either natural or artificial specimens in 2 plant species with different inflorescences. However, flower visitors did not show a significantly reduced rate of visitation to flowers pinned with specimens bearing wasp-like colors and patterns compared with the flowers occupied by similar-sized specimens that were nonmimetic. Overall, we found no compelling evidence in this study to support the contention that wasp-like warning signals of hoverflies prevent other flower visitors from sharing flower resources, although insects showed a greater tendency to avoid visiting flowers pinned with a wasp compared with flowers pinned with a nonmimetic fly.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/beheco/arl089}}, ISSN = {{1045-2249}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244658100010}}, } @article{ ISI:000244483700017, Author = {Sifres, A. and Pico, B. and Blanca, J. M. and De Frutos, R. and Nuez, F.}, Title = {{Genetic structure of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Solanaceae) populations collected after the ENSO event of 1997-1998}}, Journal = {{GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{359-377}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The greatest extent of genetic variation and outcrossing for Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium occurs in northern Peru. This is also the area most affected by EI Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Using morphological and the molecular markers SSRs and AFLPs, we studied the genetic structure of L. pimpinellifolium populations collected after the ENSO event of 1997-1998. This was the most intense in the last century and caused a vast increase in the size of L. pimpinellifolium populations. Populations in the area surveyed were not regionally differentiated. We did not find any cline or eco-geographic association for genetic diversity, and positive correlations between genetic and geographic distances were found only at very short distances. Flooding and water streams caused by ENSO might have facilitated a periodical seed migration from distant areas. Gene flow between populations could then occur, facilitated by the increase in the population sizes of plants and pollinators and by the high levels of stigmatic exsertion. Results revealed a significant lack of heterozygotes in comparison with those expected in a panmictic population without consanguinity. A high degree of endogamy was found in all populations. In this context, endogamy can be explained by the occurrence of crosses between relatives rather than by autogamy. In an area intensely disturbed by ENSO, we found a population that had not been reported by earlier collectors in this region. This yellow-fruited population remained morphologically and molecularly differentiated from all L. pimpinellifolium and L. esculentum populations analyzed.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10722-005-5725-4}}, ISSN = {{0925-9864}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{PICO, BELEN/K-6517-2014 Blanca, Jose/H-6695-2015 Sifres, Alicia/H-9261-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{PICO, BELEN/0000-0001-7761-990X Blanca, Jose/0000-0002-5884-8624 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244483700017}}, } @article{ ISI:000244520600004, Author = {Matsuki, Y. and Isagi, Y. and Suyama, Y.}, Title = {{The determination of multiple microsatellite genotypes and DNA sequences from a single pollen grain}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{7}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{194-198}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Pollen plays important roles in the reproduction and gene flow of flowering plants, and its haploid DNA sequence provides useful information for studies of plant evolution and genealogy. We describe a new method for multiple microsatellite genotyping and DNA sequencing from a single pollen grain. The haploid DNA was extracted from a single pollen grain by using a simple DNA extraction method, and multiple microsatellite genotypes and DNA sequences of multiple chloroplast loci were determined. Using nine pairs of microsatellite primers, more than 90\% of genotypes were successfully determined, and 71\% and 100\% of DNA sequences were determined at two chloroplast DNA loci, the trnL intron region and the trnL/trnF intergenic spacer region, respectively. This simple method of genetic analysis for a single pollen grain will facilitate detailed study of pollination, evolution and genealogy.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01588.x}}, ISSN = {{1471-8278}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{MATSUKI, Yu/D-4526-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244520600004}}, } @article{ ISI:000244692700010, Author = {Ollerton, Jeff and Stott, Adrian and Allnutt, Emma and Shove, Sam and Taylor, Chloe and Lamborn, Ellen}, Title = {{Pollination niche overlap between a parasitic plant and its host}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{151}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{473-485}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Niche theory predicts that species which share resources should evolve strategies to minimise competition for those resources, or the less competitive species would be extirpated. Some plant species are constrained to co-occur, for example parasitic plants and their hosts, and may overlap in their pollination niche if they flower at the same time and attract the same pollinators. Using field observations and experiments between 1996 and 2006, we tested a series of hypotheses regarding pollination niche overlap between a specialist parasitic plant Orobanche elatior (Orobanchaceae) and its host Centaurea scabiosa (Asteraceae). These species flower more or less at the same time, with some year-to-year variation. The host is pollinated by a diverse range of insects, which vary in their effectiveness, whilst the parasite is pollinated by a single species of bumblebee, Bombus pascuorum, which is also an effective pollinator of the host plant. The two species therefore have partially overlapping pollination niches. These niches are not finely subdivided by differential pollen placement, or by diurnal segregation of the niches. We therefore found no evidence of character displacement within the pollination niches of these species, possibly because pollinators are not a limiting resource for these plants. Direct observation of pollinator movements, coupled with experimental manipulations of host plant inflorescence density, showed that Bombus pascuorum only rarely moves between inflorescences of the host and the parasite and therefore the presence of one plant is unlikely to be facilitating pollination in the other. This is the first detailed examination of pollination niche overlap in a plant parasite system and we suggest avenues for future research in relation to pollination and other shared interactions between parasitic plants and their hosts.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-006-0605-y}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ollerton, Jeff/I-3946-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ollerton, Jeff/0000-0002-0887-8235}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244692700010}}, } @article{ ISI:000243706300001, Author = {Munster, Peter and Wieczorek, Ania M.}, Title = {{Potential gene flow from agricultural crops to native plant relatives in the Hawaiian Islands}}, Journal = {{AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS \& ENVIRONMENT}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{119}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{1-10}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Island populations have a much higher risk of extinction than their mainland counterparts for a number of reasons. Particular concern has been voiced that gene flow and hybridization between agricultural crops and native plant species may exacerbate their precarious position, especially if the gene flow occurs from crops developed through recombinant DNA technologies. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and vertical gene transfer (VGT) are the two possible ways for gene flow and introgression to occur. VGT is more likely to facilitate gene transfer between agricultural crops and native plant species, although this too is dependent on a variety of factors. In this critical review phylogenetic tribal boundaries were used as a limit to hybridization potential. Overlap was found between agricultural crops and native species in four tribes: Heliantheae. Gossypieae, Solaneae, and Phaseoleae. In each tribe the factors which increase and decrease the likelihood of hybridization were evaluated and distribution analyses performed. In general, it is concluded that hybridization potentials are low for most species (except Gossypium tomentosum that is known to hybridize with its cultivated relatives), however, small scale pollination studies should be performed for each tribe to quantify the risk and to better manage populations of native species. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.agee.2006.06.06.014}}, ISSN = {{0167-8809}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000243706300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000244241800012, Author = {Ushimaru, Atushi and Watanabe, Takeshi and Nakata, Kensuke}, Title = {{Colored floral organs influence pollinator behavior and pollen transfer in Commelina communis (Commelinaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{94}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{249-258}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Visual floral guides such as colored anthers, lines, dots, and UV-absorption patterns on petals are commonly observed in insect-pollinated angiosperms. Floral guides that are known to enhance foraging efficiency of visitors on flowers thus promote return visits (foraging facilitation hypothesis, which predicts that visitors will discriminate against flowers with inferior floral guides). In this study, we experimentally examined the hypothesis that floral guides also prevent pollen-theft behavior by floral visitors (theft prevention hypothesis), which has rarely been tested. Nectarless flowers of Commelina communis have three types of brightly colored floral organs: large blue petals, rewarding yellow anthers, and nonrewarding yellow anthers. Colored floral organs were removed artificially from plants in two natural populations of C. communis. Removal of the nonrewarding yellow anthers diminished hoverings in front of flowers and tended to reduce the number of total floral visitor landings, supporting the foraging facilitation hypothesis. Additionally, removal of the rewarding yellow anther decreased the frequency of legitimate landings on flowers and the legitimate landing-to-total landing ratio, which is consistent with the theft prevention hypothesis. The nonrewarding anthers and the rewarding yellow anthers were shown to play an important role in increasing visitor landings and orienting floral visitors toward a landing point appropriate for pollination, respectively. We also showed that the absence of yellow anthers decreased both pollen dispatch from brown anthers and receipt by stigmas in C. communis. These findings support both the foraging facilitation hypothesis and the theft prevention hypothesis.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.94.2.249}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/D-7036-2013 Nakata, Kensuke/D-9447-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/0000-0002-2051-1233 Nakata, Kensuke/0000-0002-1207-3448}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244241800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000244148800032, Author = {Mathiasen, Paula and Rovere, Adriana E. and Premoli, Andrfa C.}, Title = {{Genetic structure and early effects of inbreeding in fragmented temperate forests of a self-incompatible tree, Embothrium coccineum}}, Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{21}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{232-240}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Deforestation of temperate forests has created landscapes of forest remnants in matrices of intense human use. We studied the genetic effects of fragmentation in southern Chile on Embothrium coccineum J.R. et G. Forster, an early colonizing, bird-pollinated tree. We tested the hypothesis that, because of its self-incompatibility and life-history strategy, E. coccineum is less strongly affected by fragmentation. We studied the effects of reduced population size and increased isolation on population genetic structure and early performance of progeny Samples were collected from spatially isolated trees and six fragments of differing sizes (small, 1 ha; medium, 20 ha; large, > 150 ha). Based on isozyme polymorphisms we estimated parameters of genetic diversity, divergence, and inbreeding for adults and greenhouse-grown progeny. We also measured germination, seedling growth, and outcrossing rates on progeny arrays. Genetic variation of adults did not correlate significantly with population size, as expected, given that fragmentation occurred relatively recently. Weak effects of fragmentation were measured on progeny. Only adults yielded significant inbreeding. Similar total genetic diversity was found in adults and progeny. Low but significant genetic differentiation existed among adult and progeny populations. Seedling growth correlated positively with the effective number of alleles, showing deleterious effects of inbreeding on progeny. Seeds from small fragments had the highest outcrossing rates and germination success, indicating that higher pollinator activity in such fragments reduced selfing, thereby buffering genetic erosion and maintaining adaptive variation. The effects of forest fragmentation were detectable in E. coccineum, but these effects will probably not be detrimental to the viability of remnant populations because small, fragmented populations demonstrated higher levels of gene flow and lower inbreeding than larger stands. Pioneer species that are insensitive to forest clearing may be crucial in recovery plans to facilitate the establishment of species intolerant to such disturbance.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00565.x}}, ISSN = {{0888-8892}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244148800032}}, } @article{ ISI:000244403700008, Author = {Fenster, Charles B. and Marten-Rodriguez, Silvana}, Title = {{Reproductive assurance and the evolution of pollination specialization}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{168}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{215-228}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Flowers with highly specialized pollination systems sometimes have the ability to self-pollinate, contradicting our notion that pollination specialization reflects selective pressures to ensure high maternal outcrossing rates. We survey the literature (80 species representing 38 families) for the simultaneous study of pollination and breeding systems. We demonstrate that pollination specialization is often associated with a variety of floral traits that facilitate delayed autonomous selfing at the end of the flower's life span. While the potential autonomous selfing rate can be high, the actual autonomous selfing rate is often much lower, indicating that species in our survey are facultative selfers. Autonomous selfing was more commonly associated with protandry than with protogyny and was found in both herkogamous and nonherkogamous species. We conclude that pollination specialization can evolve independently of the ability to autonomously self-pollinate and that the presence of floral traits that promote pollination specialization and autonomous selfing in the same flower is not paradoxical. Pollination specialization can be reconciled with autonomous self-pollination when selective forces other than high maternal outcrossing rates are considered.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/509647}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244403700008}}, } @article{ ISI:000243526400012, Author = {Schaefer, H. Martin and Schaefer, Veronika and Vorobyev, Misha}, Title = {{Are fruit colors adapted to consumer vision and birds equally efficient in detecting colorful signals?}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{169}}, Number = {{1, S}}, Pages = {{S159-S169}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Note = {{2nd European Conference on Avian Colour Vision and Coloration, Paris, FRANCE, OCT, 2003}}, Abstract = {{Reproduction in plants often requires animal vectors. Fruit and flower colors are traditionally viewed as an adaptation to facilitate detection for pollinators and seed dispersers. This long-standing hypothesis predicts that fruits are easier to detect against their own leaves compared with those of different species. We tested this hypothesis by analyzing the chromatic contrasts between 130 bird-dispersed fruits and their respective backgrounds according to avian vision. From a bird's view, fruits are not more contrasting to their own background than to those of other plant species. Fruit colors are therefore not adapted toward maximized conspicuousness for avian seed dispersers. However, secondary structures associated with fruit displays increase their contrasts. We used fruit colors to assess whether the ultraviolet and violet types of avian visual systems are equally efficient in detecting color signals. In bright light, the chromatic contrasts between fruit and background are stronger for ultraviolet vision. This advantage is due to the lesser overlap in spectral sensitivities of the blue and ultraviolet cones, which disappears in dim light conditions. We suggest that passerines with ultraviolet cones might primarily use epigamic signals that are less conspicuous to their avian predators (presumably with violet vision). Possible examples for such signals are carotenoid-based signals.}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000243526400012}}, } @article{ ISI:000248474400014, Author = {Theiss, Kathryn and Kephart, Susan and Ivey, Christopher T.}, Title = {{Pollinator effectiveness on co-occurring milkweeds (Asclepias; Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{94}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{505-516}}, Note = {{Symposium on Recent Progress in the Systematica of Apocynaceae held at the 17th International Botanical Congress, Vienna, AUSTRIA, JUL, 2005}}, Abstract = {{Plant-pollinator interactions constitute one of the most widely recognized mutualisms, yet most investigations focus on single species or specialized pollinators. We used multiple measures to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of a diverse assemblage of pollinators on three co-flowering species: Asclepias syriaca L., A. incarnata L., and A. verticillata L. Hymenopterans exceeded other insects in their prevalence as major pollinators, but most did not vary significantly among plant species in the number of flowers visited or in visit duration per plant, except for native Bombus griseocollis. Significant variation in visit duration was also uncommon among insects foraging on a single {[}axon, except for Apis mellifera, which foraged longer on plants of A. syriaca than native hymenopterans and lepidopterans. Among the hymenoptera, bumblebees, carpenter bees, and wasps visited more plants per foraging bout, respectively, on A. syriaca, A. incarnata, and A. verticillata. Insect fidelity also varied seasonally and among plant species. Thus, honeybees, lepidopterans, and sphecid wasps foraged with greater relative constancy on A. syriaca, A. incarnata, and A. verticillata, respectively. All bees and wasps carried more pollinaria of A. incarnata and A. verticillata than of the larger-flowered A. syriaca, but most insects had higher inferred pollinium transfer rates on A. syriaca than on its congeners, especially sphecid wasps. Overall, the actions of pollinators were individualistic and indices of pollinator effectiveness based on pre-contact foraging versus vector pollinium loads were not strongly congruent. Our results highlight the need for new and creative approaches to studying the role of generalized pollination systems in the origin and maintenance of sympatrically flowering species.}}, DOI = {{10.3417/0026-6493(2007)94{[}505:PEOCMA]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0026-6493}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000248474400014}}, } @article{ ISI:000247703600020, Author = {Jansson, Stefan and Douglas, Carl J.}, Title = {{Populus: A model system for plant biology}}, Journal = {{ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Series = {{Annual Review of Plant Biology}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{58}}, Pages = {{435-458}}, Abstract = {{With the completion of the Populus trichocarpa genome sequence and the development of various genetic, genomic, and biochemical tools, Populus now offers many possibilities to study questions that cannot be as easily addressed in Arabidopsis and rice, the two prime model systems of plant biology and genomics. Tree-specific traits such as wood formation, long-term perennial growth, and seasonality are obvious areas of research, but research in other areas such as control of flowering, biotic interactions, and evolution of adaptive traits is enriched by adding a tree to the suite of model systems. Furthermore, the reproductive biology of Populus (a dioeceous wind-pollinated long-lived tree) offers both new possibilities and challenges in the study and analysis of natural genetic and phenotypic variation. The relatively close phylogenetic relationship of Populus to Arabidopsis in the Eurosid clade of Eudicotyledonous plants aids in comparative functional studies and comparative genomics, and has the potential to greatly facilitate studies on genome and gene family evolution in eudicots.}}, DOI = {{10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103956}}, ISSN = {{1543-5008}}, ISBN = {{978-0-8243-0658-8}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Jansson, Stefan/A-1119-2009 Douglas, Carl/B-1384-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Jansson, Stefan/0000-0002-7906-6891 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000247703600020}}, } @article{ ISI:000244385100002, Author = {Kenta, Tanaka and Inari, Naoki and Nagamitsu, Teruyoshi and Goka, Koichi and Hiura, Tsutom}, Title = {{Commercialized European bumblebee can cause pollination disturbance: An experiment on seven native plant species in Japan}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{134}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{298-309}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Non-native pollinator species are now widely utilized to facilitate pollination of agricultural crops. Evaluation of the ecological risk of alien pollinators is necessary because they could have a large impact on native ecosystems through disturbing native plant-pollinator interactions. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to examine the impact of the non-native commercialized European bumblebees, Bombus terrestris, on the pollination success of seven Japanese bumblebee-pollinated plant species. Plants were exposed to three groups of bumblebees: native bumblebee(s) only (NATIVE treatment); the alien bee only (ALIEN) and a mix of the two (MIX). ALIEN treatment had negative effects on fruitset and/or fruit quality of five plants, including self-incompatible and compatible, herb and woody, and queen- and worker-pollinated species. The negative effects were caused by a decrease in legitimate flower visitation due to (1) physical inaccessibility to nectary in deep-corolla flowers by the alien bee with insufficient tongue length and, (2) biased flower preference between short-corolla flowers. Fruitset tended to decrease drastically for the self-incompatible species while fruit quality decreased moderately for the self-compatible species. Effects of MIX were not intermediate between NATIVE and ALIEN in most plant species, and caused pollination success to vary in an unpredictable manner amongst plant species, probably due to interaction between native and alien bees. This non-linear relationship between plants' pollination success and the relative density of the alien suggests that the alien bee can disturb pollination of a plant species even when only representing a small fraction of the total pollinator community. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2006.07.023}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kenta, Tanaka/B-2652-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244385100002}}, } @article{ ISI:000243402100004, Author = {Yang, Chun-Feng and Gituru, Robert W. and Guo, You-Hao}, Title = {{Reproductive isolation of two sympatric louseworts, Pedicularis rhinanthoides and Pedicularis longiflora (Orobanchaceae): how does the same pollinator type avoid interspecific pollen transfer?}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{90}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{37-48}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{To study the isolation mechanism of two commonly intermingled louseworts, Pedicularis rhinanthoides and Pedicularis longiflora, pollination biology in three mixed populations with the two species was investigated during a 3-year project. The results indicated that higher flowering density could help to enhance pollinator activity, and thus increase reproductive output. Bumblebees are the exclusive pollinator for the two louseworts and are essential for their reproductive success. Reproductive isolation between the two species is achieved by a combination of pre- and postzygotic isolation mechanisms. Although both species are pollinated by bumblebees, the present study indicates they successfully avoid interspecific pollen transfer due to floral isolation. Mechanical isolation is achieved by the stigma in the two species picking up pollen from different parts of the pollinator's body, whereas ethological isolation occurs due to flower constancy. Additionally, strong postzygotic isolation was demonstrated by non seed set after artificial cross-pollination even with successful pollen tube growth. We describe the hitherto unreported role of variation in the tightness and direction of the twist of the corolla beak in maintaining mechanical isolation between Pedicularis species. Although floral isolation in Pedicularis is incomplete, it is considered to be an important mechanism in maintaining species boundaries in the genus. (c) 2007 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8312.2007.00709.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000243402100004}}, } @article{ ISI:000244285000010, Author = {Hersch, Erika I. and Roy, Bitty A.}, Title = {{Context-depen dent pollinator behavior: An explanation for patterns of hybridization among three species of indian paintbrush}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{61}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{111-124}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{In some areas of sympatry, reproductively compatible plant species hybridize, but in other areas of sympatry, they do not and they remain reproductively isolated from one another. Explanations offered to explain patterns of hybridization that vary by population have usually focused on genetic or environmental factors. Instead, we examined whether different community contexts might change pollinator preference and constancy and thus influence the likelihood of hybridization among three Indian paintbrush species (Castilleja miniata, C. rhexifolia, and C. sulphurea). To determine whether visitation was context-dependent, we observed pollinator behavior in experimental arrays (constructed using flowering stems of the three Indian paintbrush species) in different contexts. Contexts were defined by which Castilleja species occurred in the immediate neighborhood of the arrays. Specifically, we asked, does visitation to particular species in the arrays depend on context? In general, each Castilleja species was preferred when it matched the surrounding community context, as is predicted by optimal foraging theory. More interestingly, pollinator constancy was weakened in the hybrid context (an area where the three species co-occurred with morphologically intermediate plants), which is likely to increase pollen flow among the species. Reduced pollinator constancy in hybrid zones could set up a positive feedback loop in which more flower diversity is created through hybridization, decreasing pollinator constancy, and leading to more hybridization. This self-reinforcing mechanism could lead to ``hybridization hot spots{''} and to a patchy distribution of hybrid populations. We expect that this mechanism may be important in other animal-pollinated plant hybrid zones.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00009.x}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244285000010}}, } @article{ ISI:000244520700020, Author = {Ehlers, Bodil K. and Bataillon, Thomas}, Title = {{`Inconstant males' and the maintenance of labile sex expression in subdioecious plants}}, Journal = {{NEW PHYTOLOGIST}}, Year = {{2007}}, Volume = {{174}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{194-211}}, Abstract = {{Here, we evaluate the role of pollen limitation and selfing in the maintenance of labile sex expression in subdioecious plant species. We used a literature survey to explore which factors correlated with a significant occurrence of hermaphrodites in dioecious species. We developed models to explore the selective maintenance of labile sex expression. The models had similar ecological assumptions but differed in the genetic basis of sex lability. We found that a significant frequency of hermaphrodites was associated with animal pollination, and that hermaphrodites were `inconstant' males with perfect flowers, suggesting evolution through the gynodioecious pathway. Models showed that a modifier converting pure males into inconstant males could be maintained under a wide range of reduction in both male and female fitness. Pollen limitation and self-fertilization facilitated invasion of the modifier. Depending on the genetics of sex determination, we found pure dioecy, stable subdioecy (trioecy), and situations where inconstant males coexisted with either pure females or pure males. Under selfing and pollen limitation, certain conditions selected for inconstant males which will drive populations to extinction. We discuss our results in relation to the evolution towards, and the breakdown of, dioecy, and the ecological and evolutionary implications of labile sex expression.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01975.x}}, ISSN = {{0028-646X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ehlers, Bodil/J-5609-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000244520700020}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000253704400017, Author = {Start, Mary Ann and Luby, James and Filler, Debby and Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar and Guthrie, Robert}, Editor = {{Ferguson, AR and Hewett, EW and Gunson, FA and Hale, CN}}, Title = {{Ploidy levels of cold-hardy Actinidia accessions in the United States determined by flow cytometry}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON KIWIFRUIT, VOLS 1 AND 2}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2007}}, Number = {{753}}, Pages = {{161-168}}, Note = {{6th International Symposium on Kiwifruit, Rotorua, NEW ZEALAND, FEB 20-24, 2006}}, Organization = {{Horticulture \& Food Res Inst; ZESPRI Int}}, Abstract = {{Ploidy levels of 61 Actinidia accessions representing seven species and three interspecific crosses currently available in the United States were determined by flow cytometry. Accessions representing relatively cold-hardy germplasm were emphasized. One plant from each ploidy level was examined microscopically to confirm the flow cytometry ploidy estimate. There were 17 diploids, 40 tetraploids, and four hexaploids. All A. kolomikta and A. polygama accessions were diploid. All accessions of A. arguta (vars. arguta and purpurea), A. callosa and A. melanandra were tetraploid. An open-pollinated seedling of the A. deliciosa cultivar `Hayward' was hexaploid. One accession of A. chinensis, Orange BOR 0919, was tetraploid. Two hexaploid accessions, DACT 0021.14 and DACT 0021.3, received as A. chinensis, are suspected to be A. deliciosa based on morphology and ploidy level. The A. arguta x A. polygama cross, `Issai', was hexaploid and the A. arguta x A. melanandra crosses, `Ken's Red' and `Red Princess', were tetraploid. Because crossing success and hybrid fertility in Actinidia can be hindered by inter- or intraspecific ploidy differences between parents, the determination of the ploidy levels of these accessions should facilitate systematic breeding.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{978-90-6605-610-7}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000253704400017}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000248525000012, Author = {Perfecto, Ivette and Armbrecht, Inge and Philpott, Stacy M. and Soto-Pinto, Lorena and Dietsch, Thomas V.}, Editor = {{Tscharntke, T and Leuschner, C and Zeller, M and Guhardja, E and Bidin, A}}, Title = {{Shaded coffee and the stability of rainforest margins in northern Latin America}}, Booktitle = {{Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins: Linking Ecological, Economic and Social Constraints of Land Use and Conservation}}, Series = {{Environmental Science and Engineering-Environmental Engineering}}, Year = {{2007}}, Pages = {{227-263}}, Note = {{International Symposium on Stability of Tropical Rainforest Margins, Georg-August-Univ Goettingen, Goettingen, GERMANY, SEP, 2005}}, Organization = {{German Sci Fdn}}, Abstract = {{Most native forests in Latin America are highly fragmented. In the mid elevation areas of Northern Latin America, the agricultural matrix is frequently composed of coffee. In this region, coffee has been traditionally cultivated under the diverse canopy of shade trees, representing a high quality matrix that can contribute to the social and ecological stability of the region. This agroforestry system has been proven to be important for biodiversity conservation. Studies over the last fifteen years have shown that shaded coffee plantations maintain a high diversity of vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. These organisms play an important role in the functioning of coffee agroecosystems. Shaded coffee plantations promote a high abundance and diversity of natural enemies that help to regulate herbivores, weeds and diseases. Shaded plantations also harbor a higher diversity of native pollinators which have been shown to contribute to higher coffee yields. Likewise, the diverse shade-tree component contributes to soil fertility and soil conservation and has been shown to contribute significantly to carbon sequestration. As a matrix, coffee agroforests also contribute to the conservation of biodiversity within forest fragments by promoting migration among fragments and facilitating a metapopulation structure. Three ``sustainable{''} coffee certification programs have been developed to help farmers cope with the vagaries of the market: organic, fair-trade and biodiversity-friendly (or shade-grown). Although certified coffees still represent a small niche market, they have the potential to promote conservation and benefit the livelihoods of small producers. Especially under conditions of low international coffee prices, as those experienced in the first years of this century, these certification programs have contributed to the ecological and socio-economic stability of the coffee growing regions of northern Latin America.}}, ISSN = {{1863-5520}}, ISBN = {{978-3-540-30289-6}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Philpott, Stacy/F-2330-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000248525000012}}, } @article{ ISI:000241955000007, Author = {Basilio, Alicia M. and Medan, Diego and Torretta, Juan P. and Bartoloni, Norberto J.}, Title = {{A year-long plant-pollinator network}}, Journal = {{AUSTRAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{31}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{975-983}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{In this work we analyse the pollination community in a South American forest known as `talar'. This is a vegetal woody community that inhabits fossil coastal banks characterized by seasonal temperate weather and calcareous soil, at the coast of the Rio de la Plata, in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. We obtained data of the interactions between anthophylous insects and entomophylous flowering plants over an extensive period of time. We showed that pollination system parameters, such as partners' identity, system size, and connectance, fluctuated among months, when sampled year-long. Maximal network size occurred in early spring and early autumn, when both the number of mutualistic species and the number of interactions peaked, and this was also when network asymmetry was higher than average. Monthly connectance of the plant-flower visitor matrix decreased to its lowest values at these peaks. Available data suggest that cumulative traditional connectance (i.e. the connectance calculated as the whole number of interactions registered in the community divided by the full size system) underestimates actual connectance values by a factor of c. 3 x. Monthly values of connectance decreased exponentially as system size increased, and the distribution of interactions per species followed power-law regimes for animals, and truncated power-law regimes for plants, in accordance with patterns previously deduced from among-network cumulative communities studies. We think that either within or and among pollination networks, systems that are organized as power-law regimes may be a basic property of these webs, and provide examples of the fact. Both seasonal changes and interactions between mutualists like competition, and some degree of facilitation, may be very important to understand the performance of the system as a whole, and the role and importance of different species in the community. We suggest that communities of plant - pollinators that exhibit extended activity, such as temperate or tropical seasonal ones, should be studied through consecutive plant-pollinator webs rather than cumulative ones. The partition of the system into smaller serial parts allows us to obtain outstanding information of every short period. This information is flattened by the average effect when we considered the combined analysis of the whole data.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1442-9993.2006.01666.x}}, ISSN = {{1442-9985}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000241955000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000243275900003, Author = {Pfunder, Monika and Roy, Bitty A.}, Title = {{Fungal pseudoflowers can influence the fecundity of insect-pollinated flowers on Euphorbia cyparissias}}, Journal = {{BOTANICA HELVETICA}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{116}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{149-158}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Euphorbia cyparissias is often infected by a rust fungus from the species complex Uromyces pisi. Infected plants do not form flowers but pseudoflowers, rosettes of yellow leaves upon which the fungus presents gametes in a sweet-smelling sugary nectar. Insects feed on the nectar and transfer fungal gametes between mating types. Here we show that pseudoflowers and the flowers of non-infected hosts overlap in ``flowering{''} for more than one month, even though pseudoflowers start ``flowering{''} one month earlier than true flowers. As the fungus and its host also share insect visitors, we hypothesized that they might interact either by facilitating each others' insect visits or by competing for ``pollinators{''}. We addressed this question by weekly grid-mapping an Euphorbia population near Zermatt in the Swiss Alps and relating the average density and frequency around hosts and pseudoflowers during their ``flowering{''} period to their fitness (success in seed set and spore production). The seed set of uninfected Euphorbia plants was significantly higher when they were surrounded by fewer pseudoflowers. The fungus, on the other hand, was not obviously influenced by the presence of host flowers. Instead, the reproductive success of single pseudoflowers decreased with a higher density of pseudoflower-neighbors. Our results suggest that the fungus might be a pollinator-competitor for Euphorbia flowers.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00035-006-0762-y}}, ISSN = {{0253-1453}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000243275900003}}, } @article{ ISI:000242060700009, Author = {Internicola, Antonina I. and Juillet, Nicolas and Smithson, Ann and Gigord, Luc D. B.}, Title = {{Experimental investigation of the effect of spatial aggregation on reproductive success in a rewardless orchid}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{150}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{435-441}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Plant reproductive success within a patch may depend on plant aggregation through pollinator attraction. For rewardless plants that lack rewards for pollinators, reproductive success may rely strongly on the learning abilities of pollinators. These abilities depend on relative co-flowering rewarding and rewardless plant species spatial distributions. We investigated the effect of aggregation on the reproductive success of a rewardless orchid by setting up 16 arrays in a factorial design with two levels of intraspecific aggregation for both a rewardless orchid and a rewarding co-flowering species. Our results show that increasing aggregation of both species negatively influenced the reproductive success of the rewardless plants. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental study demonstrating negative effects of aggregation on reproductive success of a rewardless species due both to its own spatial aggregation and that of a co-flowering rewarding species. We argue that pollinator learning behaviour is the key driver behind this result.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-006-0530-0}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Smithson, Ann/B-5368-2011 Machaka-Houri, Nisrine/G-3804-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000242060700009}}, } @article{ ISI:000242132500010, Author = {Nieh, James C. and Leon, Adolfo and Cameron, Sydney and Vandame, Remy}, Title = {{Hot bumble bees at good food: thoracic temperature of feeding Bombus wilmattae foragers is tuned to sugar concentration}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{209}}, Number = {{21}}, Pages = {{4185-4192}}, Month = {{NOV 1}}, Abstract = {{The ability of bees to generate metabolic heat plays an important role in their ability to forage and pollinate because they must achieve a minimum temperature to activate their flight muscles. In honey bees and stingless bees, the thoracic temperature of feeding foragers is correlated with the caloric value of sucrose solution provided at feeders outside the nest. We provide the first detailed data showing that this phenomenon also occurs in the closely related bumble bee and thus may be homologous in all social bees of the Apidae. Using infrared thermography, we measured T-th for Bombus wilmattae foragers (mass 0.17 +/- 0.11 g, length 15.0 +/- 1.5mm) from six wild colonies, foraging on a range of sucrose concentrations (0.5-2.5 mol l(-1), 16-65\% by mass) in foraging arenas. For all colonies, we measured significant increases in Delta T-th (P < 0.0001) with increasing sucrose concentration, with significant differences (P < 0.0001) between colonies due to different linear regression slopes (0.28-2.4) and y-intercepts (2.7-5.5). We suggest that this modulation of pitching T-th to sucrose concentration is a general phenomenon in all social bees and may be a widespread adaptation facilitating rapid food collection in flying Hymenoptera.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.02528}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000242132500010}}, } @article{ ISI:000242870500002, Author = {Olsen, Richard T. and Ranney, Thomas G. and Viloria, Zenaida}, Title = {{Reproductive behavior of induced allotetraploid xChitalpa and in vitro embryo culture of polyploid progeny}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{131}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{716-724}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{xChitalpa tashkentensis Elias \& Wisura is a sterile intergeneric hybrid {[}Catalpa bignonioides Walt. x Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet]. To restore fertility in xChitalpa the following were evaluated: 1) oryzalin as a polyploidization agent, 2) fertility of induced polyploids, and 3) in vitro culture methods for embryo rescue of interploid crosses. Meristems of xChitalpa `Pink Dawn' were submerged in an aqueous solution of 150 mu M oryzalin for 0, 6, 12, or 24 hours and ploidy analyzed via flow cytometry. As treatment duration increased, recovery of diploids decreased as mixoploids and shoot mortality increased. Two tetraploid shoots occurred in the 24-hour treatment. Four tetraploids and two cytochimeras were stabilized in total. Tetraploids flowered sparsely; however, cytochimeras flowered profusely and these were used to study fertility at the tetraploid level. Diploid xChitalpa `Pink Dawn' pollen was essentially nonviable, but cytochimera pollen stained and germinated equal to or greater than pollen of C. bignonioides and C. linearis `Bubba'. Cytochimera xChitalpa were selfed yielding tetraploid seedlings, crossed with C. bignonioides to yield triploids, but failed in reciprocal crosses with C. linearis `Bubba' and `Burgundy Lace'. To increase recovery of triploids, germination of triploid and tetraploid embryos was investigated, as either intact ovules or excised embryos, on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) basal salts supplemented with sucrose at 20,40, and 80g(.)L(-1), presence or absence of 2\% coconut-water, and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at 0, 1, 2, or 4 mu M, and harvested weekly beginning 2 weeks after pollination (WAP). Germination of triploids (cytochimera xChitalpa x diploid C. bignonioides) and tetraploids (selfed cytochimera xChitalpa) were greatest with excised embryos at 7 WAP on SH supplemented with sucrose at 20 g(.)L(-1) and >= 1 mu M GA(3). Germination of triploids (diploid C. linearis X cytochimera xChitalpa) was < 5 \% at 4, 5, or 6 WAP on the same medium as above. Oryzalin effectively induced,polyoloidy and restored fertility in xChitalpa `Pink Dawn'. Successful crosses between hybrid and parental taxa of-different ploidy levels, coupled with embryo culture will facilitate a xChitalpa breeding program. Chemical names used: 4(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin).}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000242870500002}}, } @article{ ISI:000243167100008, Author = {Hobbhahn, N. and Kuechmeister, H. and Porembski, S.}, Title = {{Pollination biology of mass flowering terrestrial Utricularia species (Lentibulariaceae) in the Indian Western Ghats}}, Journal = {{PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{791-804}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{The pollination biology of three mass flowering Utricularia species of the Indian Western Ghats, U. albocaerulea, U. purpurascens, and U. reticulata, was studied for the first time by extensive observation of flower visitors, pollination experiments, and nectar analyses. The ephemerality of the Utricularia habitats on lateritic plateaus, weather conditions adverse to insects, lack of observations of flower visitors to other Utricularia spp., and the predominance of at least. facultative autogamy in the few Utricularia species studied so far suggested that an autogamous breeding system is the common case in the genus. In contrast, we showed that the studied populations are incapable of autonomous selfing, or that it is an event of negligible rarity, although P/O was similarily low as in autogamous species investigated by other authors. In all three species the spatial arrangement of the reproductive organs makes an insect vector necessary for pollen transfer between and within flowers. However, U. purpurascens and U. reticulata are highly self-compatible, which allows for visitor-mediated auto-selfing and geitonogamy on inflorescence and clone level. Floral nectar is present in extremely small volumes in all three species, but sugar concentrations are high. More than 50 species of bees, butterflies, moths, hawk moths, and clipterans were observed to visit the flowers, and flower morphology facilitated pollination by all observed visitors. The results are discussed in the context of the phenological characteristics of the studied species, especially the phenomenon of mass flowering, and the environmental conditions of their habitats.}}, DOI = {{10.1055/s-2006-924566}}, ISSN = {{1435-8603}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000243167100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000242121300010, Author = {Yu, Hui and Zhao, Nan-Xian and Chen, Yi-Zhu and Deng, Yuan and Yao, Jin-Yan and Ye, Hua-Gu}, Title = {{Phenology and reproductive strategy of a common fig in Guangzhou}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL STUDIES}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{47}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{435-441}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Ficus spp. (Moraceae) and their pollinator wasps (Chalcidoidae: Agaonidae) have co-evolved a highly mutualistic relationship, and depend completely on each other for reproductive success. Here, we present data on syconia, seed and pollinator production of the dioecious fig Ficus hirta Vahly, which were gathered to investigate the phenology and sexual specialization of individual trees. Syconia were produced asynchronously within trees, and there were sufficient degrees of both synchrony and asynchrony among trees to maintain pollinator production throughout the year. Production of receptive syconia and mature male syconia peaked at the same time to facilitate both pollination and pollinator production. The duration of crop development in female trees was longer than that in male trees, and the mean interval between syconia production was also longer in female trees. The mean diameter and total number of female syconia in receptive and ripe phase were lower, but the proportion of female flowers utilized in them was higher than that in male syconia. Syconium production was not correlated with the height of either female or male trees. The number of syconia produced was significantly correlated with the amount of branches on female trees but not on males.}}, ISSN = {{1817-406X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000242121300010}}, } @article{ ISI:000240998300013, Author = {Feldman, Tracy S.}, Title = {{Pollinator aggregative and functional responses to flower density: does pollinator response to patches of plants accelerate at low-densities?}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{115}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{128-140}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Plant reproduction is often reduced at low densities, due to reduced pollinator visitation rates. Recent theory suggests that a disproportionate increase in pollinator visits to patches of plants as heterospecific plant density increases (i.e. if visitation is a sigmoid function of patch density) can rescue sparse populations of a focal plant species from reduced reproductive success or population decline. A field experiment was performed to determine the shape of the pollinator visitation response to patches of differing density of the common weed Brassica rapa. Both the aggregative and functional response for the entire pollinator community were saturating rather than sigmoid, indicating that pollinator response does not accelerate when density increases. The results for the entire pollinator community were consistent among temporal and spatial replicates. Aggregative response curves for specific pollinator taxa were either linear (bombyliid flies) or saturating (syrphid flies, solitary bees, and Lepidoptera). Functional responses for these taxa were saturating (syrphid flies and solitary bees) or flat (bombyliid flies and Lepidoptera). Individual pollinators visited more plants during foraging bouts in high-density patches, but visits per plant decreased. Seeds per fruit and seeds per flower increased with increasing density. There is no evidence that pollinators disproportionately visit denser patches, or that the conditions for this mechanism of pollination facilitation are likely to be met in this generalist pollinator system.}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000240998300013}}, } @article{ ISI:000242702900019, Author = {Murugan, R. and Shivanna, K. R. and Rao, R. R.}, Title = {{Pollination biology of Aristolochia tagala, a rare species of medicinal importance}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{795-798}}, Month = {{SEP 25}}, Abstract = {{Floral phenology, pollination biology and breeding system were studied in Aristolochia tagala Chain. (Aristolochiaceae) grown under ex situ conditions. The flower exhibits structural features typical of fly-trap mechanism described for other Aristolochia species. Flowers show pronounced protogyny. Stigmas are receptive at anthesis and remain so for 24 h. Anthers dehisce 4548 h after anthesis by which time stigma receptivity is lost. Chironomid fly (Diptera) is the pollinator. Attracted by the odour and colour of the flower, the flies enter it and are detained in the chamber of the perianth tube (where the anthers and stigma are located) for nearly 50 h. Their escape is prevented by the presence of dense downward-pointing hairs in the perianth tube. The nectaries provide food to the insects. Following anther dehiscence, the thorax of the flies becomes loaded with sticky pollen grains. Hairs on the inner wall of the perianth tube wither and facilitate the exit of the flies. When a fly carrying the pollen load enters a fresh flower, it brings about pollination. Manual pollinations showed that the species permits geitonogamous pollination. The percentage of fruit set in manually pollinated flowers is higher than that resulting from open pollination, confirming that pollination is a limitation for fruit set in the ex situ-grown population. Nevertheless, fruit and seed set is sufficiently high for ex situ conservation purposes.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000242702900019}}, } @article{ ISI:000241978800013, Author = {Tsukazaki, Hikaru and Fukuoka, Hiroyuki and Song, Yeon-Sang and Yamashita, Ken-ichiro and Wako, Tadayuki and Kojima, Akio}, Title = {{Considerable heterogeneity in commercial F1 varieties of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum) and proposal of breeding scheme for conferring variety traceability using SSR markers}}, Journal = {{BREEDING SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{56}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{321-326}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{DNA markers are powerful tools for verifying the varietal identity and genetic homogeneity of F-1 hybrid seeds. F-1 varieties are becoming increasingly prevalent in bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) production in Japan because of the high uniformity of agronomic traits. However, bunching onion is an allogamous crop and suffers from severe inbreeding depression when selfed. It is considered that not only open-pollinated varieties but also the parental lines of F-1 hybrids should maintain a certain degree of average heterozygosity and hence genetic heterogeneity. In the present study, the genetic homogeneity of eight bunching onion varieties, including six F-1 hybrids, was evaluated using 14 SSR markers. Two or more polymorphic alleles were detected at all of the SSR loci examined in each variety. The number of alleles detected in the eight varieties ranged from 3 to 7 among the 14 SSR loci, and the polymorphism information content from 0.41 to 0.76. All the varieties examined displayed very low degrees of uniformity at all of these polymorphic loci. Based on these results, it may be impossible to determine an appropriate genotypic identity for any of the existing bunching onion varieties. To facilitate and enhance the accuracy of variety identification, we proposed here an ``SSR-tagged breeding{''} scheme in which the plants homozygous at a few SSR loci would be selected out of a foundation seed field. This scheme may enable to achieve efficient variety identification and purity determination of F-1 seeds not only in bunching onion but also in any allogamous crops exhibiting severe inbreeding depression.}}, DOI = {{10.1270/jsbbs.56.321}}, ISSN = {{1344-7610}}, EISSN = {{1347-3735}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000241978800013}}, } @article{ ISI:000239836000029, Author = {Holderied, Marc W. and von Helversen, Otto}, Title = {{`Binaural echo disparity' as a potential indicator of object orientation and cue for object recognition in echolocating nectar-feeding bats}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{209}}, Number = {{17}}, Pages = {{3457-3468}}, Month = {{SEP 1}}, Abstract = {{Echolocating bats emit ultrasonic calls through their mouth or their nostrils and receive echoes from objects with both their ears. Information conveyed in the echoes is the basis for their three-dimensional acoustic perception of the surroundings. The direction of an object is encoded in binaural echo differences, i.e. on the one hand in the different arrival times of its echo at the two ears, and on the other hand in spectral differences through direction-dependent frequency filtering of head and pinnae. Insufficient attention has been paid, however, to the fact that three-dimensional objects produce structured spatial echo fields, and that the position of the ear in this field determines the echo it receives. We were interested to determine whether the two ears, in addition to direction-specific echo differences, receive object-specific echo disparities that might be useful for the bat. Our measurements with an artificial bat head, which consisted of two microphones and a small ultrasound loudspeaker arranged to resemble a bat's ears and mouth, revealed that echoes at the two ears differed largely depending on the shape and orientation of the echo-giving object. Binaural echo disparities of a bat-pollinated flower did indeed carry information about the orientation and, to a lesser extent, the shape of the flower. During flower approach such object-specific binaural echo disparities even exceed the binaural differences encoding direction of echo incidence, because the echo from the flower in front undergoes the same directional filtering by the two symmetrical ears. Nectar-feeding bats could use these object-specific binaural echo disparities not only to determine the object's orientation relative to the approaching bat, facilitating flight planning, but also to improve object recognition through spatial reconstruction of details of the object creating the echo. Our results suggest that the evaluation of binaural echo disparity has a greater importance for these tasks than has previously been assumed.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.02386}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Holderied, Marc/M-9382-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Holderied, Marc/0000-0002-1573-7908}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000239836000029}}, } @article{ ISI:000240069700001, Author = {Muchhala, Nathan}, Title = {{The pollination biology of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae): specialization and syndromes}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{93}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1081-1089}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The floral traits of plants with specialized pollination systems both facilitate the primary pollinator and restrict other potential pollinators. To explore interactions between pollinators and floral traits of the genus Burmeistera, I filmed floral visitors and measured pollen deposition for 10 species in six cloud forest sites throughout northern Ecuador. Nine species were primarily bat-pollinated (84-100\% of pollen transfer); another (B. rubrosepala) was exclusively hummingbird-pollinated. According to a principal components analysis of 11 floral measurements, flowers of B. rubrosepala were morphologically distinct. Floral traits of all species closely matched traditional ornithophilous and chiropterophilous pollination syndromes; flowers of B. rubrosepala were bright red, lacked odor, opened in the afternoon, and had narrow corolla apertures and flexible pedicels, which positioned them below the foliage. Flowers of the bat-pollinated species were dull-colored, emitted odor, opened in the evening, and had wide apertures and rigid pedicels, which positioned them beyond the foliage. Aperture width appeared most critical to restricting pollination; hummingbirds visited wide flowers without contacting the reproductive parts, and bats did not visit the narrow flowers of B. rubrosepala. Aperture width may impose an adaptive trade-off that favors the high degree of specialization in the genus. Other floral measurements were highly variable amongst bat-pollinated species, including stigma exsertion, calyx lobe morphology, and pedicel length. Because multiple species of Burmeistera often coexist, such morphological diversity may reduce pollen competition by encouraging pollinator fidelity and/or spatially partitioning pollinator's bodies.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.93.8.1081}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000240069700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000240733600016, Author = {Griffiths, Megan E. and Lawes, Michael J.}, Title = {{Biogeographic, environmental, and phylogenetic influences on reproductive traits in subtropical forest trees, South Africa}}, Journal = {{ECOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{614-622}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The distribution of subtropical forests in South Africa is largely a consequence of climatic change during the Quaternary period. We gathered data for 195 canopy tree species from Afrotemperate, scarp, and coastal forests in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and assessed patterns in reproductive traits using a comparative phylogenetic approach. The overlap in species composition among the forest types reflected the geographic position and colonisation history of the forests. Despite a high degree of phylogenetic conservatism in reproductive traits, there were differences in their expression among forest types. Afrotemperate forests had a higher incidence of wind pollination, consistent with the steep topography, seasonally dry environment, and limited resource availability in the habitat. Scarp forests had more dry brown fruits with abiotic (explosive and wind) dispersal. Coastal forests had the most species with fleshy fruits, zoochory, and large seeds, all traits that may have facilitated the colonisation or persistence of species in this more recent and dynamic community. Since many suites of traits occur together in diverse phylogenetic lines, they represent adaptive complexes that are influenced by biogeography and environmental conditions. Overall, this study demonstrates that biogeography, environmental factors, and phylogenetic history all influence the distribution of reproductive traits in these forest communities.}}, ISSN = {{0906-7590}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Griffiths, Megan/E-6017-2010 Lawes, Michael/N-2132-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Lawes, Michael/0000-0002-2381-6147}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000240733600016}}, } @article{ ISI:000239833400028, Author = {Torang, Per and Ehrlen, Johan and Agren, Jon}, Title = {{Facilitation in an insect-pollinated herb with a floral display dimorphism}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{2113-2117}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Population context should influence pollination success and selection on. oral display in animal-pollinated plants because attraction of pollinators depends not only on the characteristics of individual plants, but also on the attractiveness of co-occurring conspecifics. The insect-pollinated herb Primula farinosa is polymorphic for inflorescence height. Natural populations may include both long-scaped plants, which present their flowers well above the soil surface, and short-scaped plants, with their flowers positioned close to the ground. We experimentally tested whether seed production in short-scaped P. farinosa varied with local morph frequency and surrounding vegetation height. In tall vegetation, short-scaped plants in polymorphic populations produced more fruit and tended to produce more seeds than short-scaped plants did in monomorphic populations. In low vegetation, population composition did not significantly affect fruit and seed output of short-scaped plants. The results suggest that long-scaped plants facilitate short-scaped plants in terms of pollinator attraction and that the facilitation effect is contingent on the height of the surrounding vegetation. The documented facilitation should contribute to the maintenance of the scape length polymorphism in ungrazed areas where litter accumulates and vegetation grows tall.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87{[}2113:FIAIHW]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Agren, Jon/E-6093-2011 Ehrlen, Johan/H-6286-2013 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Agren, Jon/0000-0001-9573-2463 Ehrlen, Johan/0000-0001-8539-8967}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000239833400028}}, } @article{ ISI:000239510700004, Author = {Simberloff, Daniel}, Title = {{Invasional meltdown 6 years later: important phenomenon, unfortunate metaphor, or both?}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{9}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{912-919}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Cases in which introduced species facilitate one another's establishment, spread, and impacts are increasingly noted, and several experimental studies have provided strong evidence of a population-level impact. However, a full `invasional meltdown', in which interspecific facilitation leads to an accelerating increase in the number of introduced species and their impact, has yet to be conclusively demonstrated. The great majority of suggested instances of `invasional meltdown' remain simply plausible scenarios of long-term consequences based on short-term observations of facilitatory interactions between individuals of two species. There is a particular dearth of proven instances in which two invasive species each enhance the impact and/or probability of establishment and spread of the other. By contrast, in many authenticated cases, at least one partner is aided. The metaphor of meltdown focused attention on facilitation in invasion and has probably helped inspire recent studies. As have other metaphors from invasion biology and other sciences, `meltdown' has struck a responsive chord with writers for the lay public; some have stretched it well beyond its meaning as understood by invasion biologists. There is no evidence that this hyperbole has impeded scientific understanding or caused loss of scientific credibility.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00939.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000239510700004}}, } @article{ ISI:000238994800007, Author = {Vasas, Vera and Jordan, Ferenc}, Title = {{Topological keystone species in ecological interaction networks: Considering link quality and non-trophic effects}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL MODELLING}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{196}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{365-378}}, Month = {{JUL 25}}, Abstract = {{There is increasing evidence that non-trophic interspecific interactions play an at least as important role in community dynamics as trophic relationships. More and more studies on pollination, mutualism and facilitation are published but these effects are interpreted more like alternative explanations than being synthesized with results of trophic analyses. Here, we construct and analyze the interaction web of the well-studied Chesapeake Bay mesohaline ecosystem. By interaction web we mean a food web completed by a carefully selected set of non-trophic links. We quantify the interaction structure of the web and the positional importance of nodes by different network indices. We perform the suitable analyses for different variants of the network: combinations of direction, sign and weights, as well as considering also non-trophic links result in a set of webs of different information content. We also create a semi-quantitative variant of the web, in which only the order of magnitude of the mass flows are considered. The appropriate network indices for each web variant are calculated and compared. Finally, however our paper is primarily of methodological nature, we present some findings about the fish community of the Bay. We suggest that the multiple techniques presented here, adapted even from social network analysis, can help field conservation efforts by suggesting optimal preferences for data collection. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.024}}, ISSN = {{0304-3800}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Jordan, Ferenc/A-9940-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000238994800007}}, } @article{ ISI:000207230200004, Author = {Anderson, Gregory J. and Bernardello, Gabriel and Bohs, Lyrin and Weese, Terri and Santos-Guerra, Arnoldo}, Title = {{Phylogeny and biogeography of the Canarian Solanum vespertilio and S. lidii (Solanaceae)}}, Journal = {{ANALES DEL JARDIN BOTANICO DE MADRID}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{63}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{159-167}}, Month = {{JUL-DEC}}, Abstract = {{The endemic and care Solanum vespertilio and S. lidii from the Canary Islands are notable in being andromonoecious, self compatible, highly heterandrous (with short >reward= anthers and one very long >pollination= anther), and bearing strongly zygomorphic corollas. Solanum vespertilio flowers are also tetramerous, and some display enantiostyly. Given their island distribution, uncommon for solanums, and many distinctive reproductive features, the phylogenetic position is of interest. With new molecular data from the chloroplast trnT-F region and the nuclear granule-bound starch synthase gene (GBSSI or waxy), we confirm the hypothesis that these two species are phylogenetically associated with Solanum lineages from Africa, rather than with previously suggested Mexican species. The phylogeny facilitates understanding the evolution of the unique suite of reproductive characteristics in these island endemics.}}, ISSN = {{0211-1322}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000207230200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000238744700013, Author = {White, Eve M. and Wilson, John C. and Clarke, Anthony R.}, Title = {{Biotic indirect effects: a neglected concept in invasion biology}}, Journal = {{DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{443-455}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Indirect effects involve more than two species and are defined as how one species alters the effect that another species has on a third. These complex interactions are often overlooked in studies of interactions between alien and native species, and their role in influencing biological invasions has been rarely considered. Based on a comprehensive review of the invasion biology literature, we examine the evidence for the occurrence of four of the most commonly documented indirect effects (apparent competition, indirect mutualism/commensalism, exploitative competition, and trophic cascades) in the invasion process. Studies investigating indirect effects in the context of invasion biology are relatively rare, but have been increasing in recent years, and there are sufficient examples to indicate that this kind of interaction is likely to be more common than is currently recognized. Whether indirect interactions are mediated by an alien or a native species, and whether they occur between ecologically similar or dissimilar alien and native species, depends in part on the type of interaction considered and no predictable patterns were detected in the literature. Further empirical studies will help to elucidate such patterns. At this stage, the inherent unpredictability of indirect interactions means that their impacts in relation to invasions are particularly challenging for land managers to deal with, and their role in invasions is a complex, but is a valuable area of investigation for researchers.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1366-9516.2006.00265.x}}, ISSN = {{1366-9516}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Clarke, Anthony/B-5143-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Clarke, Anthony/0000-0002-8165-3032}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000238744700013}}, } @article{ ISI:000239154100031, Author = {Heliyanto, B. and Krauss, S. L. and Lambers, H. and Cawthray, G. R. and Veneklaas, E. J.}, Title = {{Increased ecological amplitude through heterosis following wide outcrossing in Banksia ilicifolia R.Br.. (Proteaceae)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{1327-1338}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{To assess whether wide outcrossing (over 30 km) in the naturally fragmented Banksia ilicifolia R.Br. increases the ecological amplitude of offspring, we performed a comparative greenhouse growth study involving seedlings of three hand-pollinated progeny classes (self, local outcross, wide outcross) and a range of substrates and stress conditions. Outcrossed seedlings outperformed selfed seedlings, with the magnitude of inbreeding depression as high as 62\% for seed germination and 37\% for leaf area. Wide outcrossed seedlings outperformed local outcrossed seedlings, especially in non-native soils, facilitated in part by an improved capacity to overcome soil constraints through greater root carboxylate exudation. Soil type significantly affected seedling growth, and waterlogging and water deficit decreased growth, production of cluster roots, root exudation and total plant P uptake. Our results suggest that the interaction of narrow ecological amplitude and the genetic consequences of small fragmented populations may in part explain the narrow range of local endemics, but that wide outcrossing may provide opportunities for increased genetic variation, increased ecological amplitude and range expansion.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01067.x}}, ISSN = {{1010-061X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Veneklaas, Erik/C-8907-2009 Cawthray, Gregory/E-7404-2013 Lambers, Hans/A-1544-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Veneklaas, Erik/0000-0002-7030-4056 Lambers, Hans/0000-0002-4118-2272}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000239154100031}}, } @article{ ISI:000239469200011, Author = {Hidayat, Imam and Baker, Jeanine and Preston, Christopher}, Title = {{Pollen-mediated gene flow between paraquat-resistant and susceptible hare barley (Hordeum leporinum)}}, Journal = {{WEED SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{685-689}}, Month = {{JUL-AUG}}, Abstract = {{Pollen movement between individuals can increase the rate of herbicide resistance evolution by spreading resistance alleles within or between populations and by facilitating the rapid accumulation of resistance alleles within individuals. This study investigated the level of pollen-mediated gene flow between paraquat-resistant and paraquat-susceptible populations of the self-pollinated weed species hare barley. The experiment was conducted in both directions, from resistant to susceptible and susceptible to resistant, across 2 yr. To maximize the potential for pollen flow, individual plants were grown in a single pot. The level of gene flow was similar across years and between genotypes. The level of pollen-mediated gene flow ranged from 0.06 to 0.15\%. Gene flow from resistant to susceptible plants was confirmed by demonstrating segregation for resistance in the progeny of suspected crosses. This study suggests that pollen-mediated gene flow will occur in this species at frequencies less than 0.16\% and could assist the accumulation of resistance alleles within a population. These low levels of gene flow through pollen movement suggest that cross-pollination over larger distances would be unlikely and pollen movement probably does not contribute to gene flow between populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1614/WS-05-156R.1}}, ISSN = {{0043-1745}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Preston, Christopher/0000-0002-7588-124X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000239469200011}}, } @article{ ISI:000238531200031, Author = {Rodriguez, LF}, Title = {{Can invasive species facilitate native species? Evidence of how, when, and why these impacts occur}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{927-939}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Although the predatory and competitive impacts of biological invasions are well documented, facilitation of native species by non-indigenous species is frequently overlooked. A search through recent ecological literature found that facilitative interactions between invasive and native species occur in a wide range of habitats, can have cascading effects across trophic levels, can re-structure communities, and can lead to evolutionary changes. These are critical findings that, until now, have been mostly absent from analyses of ecological impacts of biological invasions. Here I present evidence for several mechanisms that exemplify how exotic species can facilitate native species. These mechanisms include habitat modification, trophic subsidy, pollination, competitive release, and predatory release. Habitat modification is the most frequently documented mechanism, reflecting the drastic changes generated by the invasion of functionally novel habitat engineers. Further, I predict that facilitative impacts on native species will be most likely when invasive species provide a limiting resource, increase habitat complexity, functionally replace a native species, or ameliorate predation or competition. Finally, three types of facilitation (novel, substitutive, and indirect) define why exotic species can lead to facilitation of native species. It is evident that understanding biological invasions at the community and ecosystem levels will be more accurate if we integrate facilitative interactions into future ecological research. Since facilitative impacts of biological invasions can occur with native endangered species, and can have wide-ranging impacts, these results also have important implications for management, eradication, and restoration.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10530-005-5103-3}}, ISSN = {{1387-3547}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000238531200031}}, } @article{ ISI:000237220300011, Author = {Goyret, J and Raguso, RA}, Title = {{The role of mechanosensory input in flower handling efficiency and learning by Manduca sexta}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{209}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1585-1593}}, Month = {{MAY 1}}, Abstract = {{Nectar-foraging animals are known to utilize nectar guides - patterns of visual contrast in flowers - to find hidden nectar. However, few studies have explored the potential for mechanosensory cues to function as nectar guides, particularly for nocturnal pollinators such as the tobacco hornworm moth, Manduca sexta. We used arrays of artificial flowers to investigate the flower handling behavior (the ability to locate and drink from floral nectaries) of naive moths, looking specifically at: (1) how the shape and size of flat (two-dimensional) artificial corollas affect nectar discovery and (2) whether three-dimensional features of the corolla can be used to facilitate nectar discovery. In these experiments, we decoupled visual from tactile flower features to explore the role of mechanosensory input, putatively attained via the extended proboscides of hovering moths. In addition, we examined changes in nectar discovery times within single foraging bouts to test whether moths can learn to handle different kinds of artificial flowers. We found that corolla surface area negatively affects flower handling efficiency, and that reliable mechanosensory input is crucial for the moths' performance. We also found that three-dimensional features of the corolla, such as grooves, can significantly affect the foraging behavior, both positively (when grooves converge to the nectary) and negatively (when grooves are unnaturally oriented). Lastly, we observed that moths can decrease nectar discovery time during a single foraging bout. This apparent learning ability seems to be possible only when reliable mechanosensory input is available.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.02169}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000237220300011}}, } @article{ ISI:000236941800048, Author = {Bascompte, J and Jordano, P and Olesen, JM}, Title = {{Asymmetric coevolutionary networks facilitate biodiversity maintenance}}, Journal = {{SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{312}}, Number = {{5772}}, Pages = {{431-433}}, Month = {{APR 21}}, Abstract = {{The mutualistic interactions between plants and their pollinators or seed dispersers have played a major role in the maintenance of Earth's biodiversity. To investigate how coevolutionary interactions are shaped within species-rich communities, we characterized the architecture of an array of quantitative, mutualistic networks spanning a broad geographic range. These coevolutionary networks are highly asymmetric, so that if a plant species depends strongly on an animal species, the animal depends weakly on the plant. By using a simple dynamical model, we showed that asymmetries inherent in coevolutionary networks may enhance long-term coexistence and facilitate biodiversity maintenance.}}, DOI = {{10.1126/science.1123412}}, ISSN = {{0036-8075}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bascompte, Jordi/B-7596-2008 Jordano, Pedro/A-5162-2008 Jordano, Pedro/B-6678-2014 CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Jordano, Pedro/0000-0003-2142-9116 Jordano, Pedro/0000-0003-2142-9116 CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000236941800048}}, } @article{ ISI:000236111700012, Author = {Franceschinelli, EV and Jacobi, CM and Drummond, MG and Resende, MFS}, Title = {{The genetic diversity of two Brazilian Vellozia (Velloziaceae) with different patterns of spatial distribution and pollination biology}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{585-592}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{center dot Background and Aims The genetic structure and variability of two species of Vellozia (Velloziaceae) with restricted distribution in high-altitude quartzitic fields in south-eastern Brazil were studied. Vellozia epidendroides is short, grows on pebbly or sandy soil, and is pollinated by bees. Vellozia leptopetala is arborescent, grows on rock outcrops, and is pollinated by bees and hummingbirds. Both are self-incompatible and have a short, massive flowering strategy. The study aimed to associate differences in their genetic diversity and structure with their microhabitat distribution and pollination ecology. center dot Methods Leaves from 106 and 139 plants of V. epidendroides and V. leptopetala, respectively, were collected from five patches of each species and prepared for electrophoretic analyses. center dot Key Results Five enzyme systems could be reliably scored for both species. Vellozia epidendroides showed 100 \% of the loci polymorphic for almost all patches. The average number of alleles per locus ranged between 2.2 and 2.4 among patches. The Wright's fixation index (F) for this species was 0.226. A significant theta(p) value indicates that there is a reasonable genetic divergence among patches. Vellozia leptopetala presented 47.5 \% of polymorphic loci. All levels of P, A, A(p) and of heterozygosities were lower than those of V. epidendroides. Vellozia leptopetala showed high inbreeding within patches. center dot Conclusions The relatively high values of genetic diversity indices found for V. epidendroides may be associated with its large and widespread populations. On the other hand, the low values of genetic diversity found for V. leptopetala may be related to physical isolation on outcrops and intensive foraging by territorial hummingbirds, which may hinder gene flow among patches, aggravated by the very restricted seed dispersal characteristic of the genus, that facilitates sibling mating. It is important to stress the need to preserve the specific habitats of these species of Vellozia, in particular those of V. leptopetala that has lower genetic diversity and is restricted to rock outcrop environments.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mc1007}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Jacobi, Claudia/B-7510-2013 Franceschinelli, Edivani/G-6401-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Franceschinelli, Edivani/0000-0001-9050-8577}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000236111700012}}, } @article{ ISI:000238919800004, Author = {Carlson, Jane E. and Harms, Kyle E.}, Title = {{The evolution of gender-biased nectar production in hermaphroditic plants}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{72}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{179-205}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{The evolution of secondary sexual floral traits may be driven by selection through male or female reproductive success. Even so, the gender-biased function of a floral trait is often unapparent because secondary sexual traits and primary sexual organs of both genders co-occur within most bisexual flowers. Within dichogamous plants, however, secondary sexual traits may be unambiguously expressed in association with the primary sexual organs of one gender, making these species uniquely suited to studies of natural and sexual selection on floral traits. The objectives of this article are to summarize patterns of gender-biased nectar production and to critically explore theories relevant to its evolution. We list 41 species with gender-biased nectar production and provide two sets of adaptive hypotheses for the trait: sexual selection hypotheses and inbreeding avoidance hypotheses. We formulate these hypotheses using sexual selection theory in plants and the literature that relates pollinator foraging to plant inbreeding. We also consider explanations based on resource trade-offs, enemies, and genetic correlations. Support for the sexual selection and inbreeding avoidance hypotheses is provided by only a few well-studied species. We outline a series of experiments that should facilitate sorting among hypotheses. Plants with gender-biased nectar production are likely to provide unique insights into the roles of natural and sexual selection in the evolution of floral traits.}}, DOI = {{10.1663/0006-8101(2006)72{[}179:TEOGNP]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000238919800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000236247200003, Author = {Stuart, G and Gries, C and Hope, D}, Title = {{The relationship between pollen and extant vegetation across an arid urban ecosystem and surrounding desert in Southwest USA}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{33}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{573-591}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Aim In this paper, we explore the relationship between pollen concentration in surface soil and extant perennial vegetation across a rapidly urbanizing arid ecosystem along with its surrounding agricultural and native Sonoran Desert land. We also investigate whether taxa behave as expected from known pollination characteristics (e.g. anemophilous vs. zoophilous) and whether the pollen-plant relationship differs between the undeveloped desert and agro-urban regions. Location We used a probability-based sampling scheme at 200, 900-m(2) sites across the Central Arizona-Phoenix region, a 6400-km(2) area of the south-western USA. Methods Pollen-plant abundances were mapped across the study area using interpolation techniques, summary bar charts and scatterplots, then two statistical approaches were applied to examine the data quantitatively. Firstly, we used regression analysis of paired pollen concentration and plant cover data; secondly, PC-ORD was used on a cross-matrix (contingency table) containing the presence/absence scores of both pollen and plants for each taxon at each site. Results Mapping and quantitative analysis revealed that pollen-plant relationships do vary both between anemophilous and zoophilous groupings and by individual taxon. They also revealed that distribution patterns of both pollen and plant abundance vary consistently across the three main landscape types (desert, urban, agricultural) and that pollen taxa groupings are consistent with pollination method and source plant distribution regardless of landscape type. Main conclusions These findings provide a broad range of comparative data to facilitate palynological reconstruction of past vegetation and aid in assessing types of prehistoric impacts on this vegetation. They also document that significant variation can occur in pollen rain across a city, even for taxa with widely distributed pollen, leading to the conclusion that forecasting pollen distribution patterns for allergy-related pollen types using only one or a few pollen traps is likely to entail substantial error.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01334.x}}, ISSN = {{0305-0270}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Gries, Corinna/0000-0002-9091-6543}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000236247200003}}, } @article{ ISI:000235434700002, Author = {Goldblatt, P and Manning, JC}, Title = {{Radiation of pollination systems in the iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{317-344}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{center dot Background Seventeen distinct pollination systems are known for genera of sub-Saharan African Iridaceae and recurrent shifts in pollination system have evolved in those with ten or more species. Pollination by long-tongued anthophorine bees foraging for nectar and coincidentally acquiring pollen on some part of their bodies is the inferred ancestral pollination strategy for most genera of the large subfamilies Iridoideae and Crocoideae and may be ancestral for the latter. Derived strategies include pollination by long-proboscid flies, large butterflies, night-flying hovering and settling moths, hopliine beetles and sunbirds. Bee pollination is diverse, with active pollen collection by female bees occurring in several genera, vibratile systems in a few and non-volatile oil as a reward in one species. Long-proboscid fly pollination, which is apparently restricted to southern Africa, includes four separate syndromes using different sets of flies and plant species in different parts of the subcontinent. Small numbers of species use bibionid flies, short-proboscid flies or wasps for their pollination; only about 2 \% of species use multiple pollinators and can be described as generalists. center dot Scope Using pollination observations for 375 species and based on repeated patterns of floral attractants and rewards, we infer pollination mechanisms for an additional 610 species. Matching pollination system to phylogeny or what is known about species relationships based on shared derived features, we infer repeated shifts in pollination system in some genera, as frequently as one shift for every five or six species of southern African Babiana or Gladiolus. Specialized systems using pollinators of one pollination group, or even a single pollinator species are the rule in the family. Shifts in pollination system are more frequent in genera of Crocoideae that have bilaterally symmetric flowers and a perianth tube, features that promote adaptive radiation by facilitating precise shifts in pollen placement, in conjunction with changes in flower colour, scent and tube length. center dot Conclusions Diversity of pollination systems explains in part the huge species diversity of Iridaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, and permits species packing locally. Pollination shifts are, however, seen as playing a secondary role in speciation by promoting reproductive isolation in peripheral, ecologically distinct populations in areas of diverse topography, climate and soils. Pollination of Iridaceae in Eurasia and the New World, where the family is also well represented, is poorly studied but appears less diverse, although pollination by both pollen- and oil-collecting bees is frequent and bird pollination rare.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcj040}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{borba, jared/D-6810-2015}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235434700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000235434700003, Author = {Peter, CI and Johnson, SD}, Title = {{Anther cap retention prevents self-pollination by elaterid beetles in the South African orchid Eulophia foliosa}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{345-355}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{center dot Background and Aims Pollination by insects that spend long periods visiting many flowers on a plant may impose a higher risk of facilitated self-pollination. Orchids and asclepiads are particularly at risk as their pollen is packaged as pollinia and so can be deposited on self-stigmas en masse. Many orchids and asclepiads have adaptations to limit self-deposition of pollinia, including gradual reconfiguration of pollinaria following removal. Here an unusual mechanism-anther cap retention-that appears to prevent self-pollination in the South African orchid Eulophia foliosa is examined. center dot Methods Visits to inflorescences in the field were observed and pollinators collected. Visitation rates to transplanted inflorescences were compared between a site where putative pollinators were abundant and a site where they were rare. Anther cap retention times were determined for removed pollinaria and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit was recorded concurrently. Anther cap anatomy was examined using light microscopy. center dot Key Results Eulophia foliosa is pollinated almost exclusively by Cardiophorus obliquemaculatus (Elateridae) beetles, which remain on the deceptive inflorescences for on average 301 s (n = 18). The anther cap that covers the pollinarium is retained for an average of 512 s (n = 24) after pollinarium removal by beetles. In all populations measured, anther cap dimensions are greater than those of the stigmatic cavity, thus precluding the deposition of self-pollinia until after the anther cap has dropped. An anatomical investigation of this mechanism suggests that differential water loss from regions of the anther cap results in opening of the anther cap flaps. This is supported by observations that as atmospheric vapour pressure deficits increased, the duration of anther cap retention was reduced. center dot Conclusions Flowers of E. foliosa are specialized for pollination by elaterid beetles. Retention of anther caps for a period exceeding average visit times by beetles to inflorescences appears to prevent facilitated self-pollination in E. foliosa effectively.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcj041}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/B-6564-2008 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/0000-0002-9741-6533 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235434700003}}, } @article{ ISI:000236355400006, Author = {Ishida, K}, Title = {{Maintenance of inbreeding depression in a highly self-fertilizing tree, Magnolia obovata thunb}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{20}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{173-191}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Inbreeding depression is a major selective force that maintains outcrossing in flowering plants. If the long life and large mature size of trees cause high inbreeding depression via mitotic mutations and half-sib competition, these characteristics may increase inbreeding depression sufficiently to maintain traits that facilitate outcrossing even with high primary selfing rates (proportion of selfed ovules). Here, I report the maintenance of inbreeding depression in a population of a tree (Magnolia obovata Thunb.) with primary selfing rates greater than 0.8 resulting from geitonogamy. The progenies exhibited inbreeding depression for germination, seedling survival, and seedling mass (delta = 0.29-0.38), but no significant difference between crossing type in seedling height. Cumulative inbreeding depression for early survival (from zygote to 2-year-old stage) estimated from these results and from prior data on embryonic survival was high (delta(e) = 0.91). The fixation index at maturity based on six allozyme loci was low (F-is = 0.08), indicating that significant inbreeding depression for late survival results in a low level of inbreeding with respect to gene transmission to the next generation. From these results, I estimated that inbreeding depression for late and lifetime survival equaled 0.69 and 0.97, respectively. These results suggest that M. obovata trees maintain high inbreeding depression at both early and late life stages, resulting in a low level of inbreeding despite a high primary selfing rate. The high inbreeding depression can be explained by previous theories and is consistent with the predicted maintenance of inbreeding depression in highly self-fertilizing tree populations. The inbreeding load due to the high primary selfing rate represents a cost of this tree's pollination system for outcrossing, which is based on automimicry and mass flowering.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10682-005-5748-5}}, ISSN = {{0269-7653}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000236355400006}}, } @article{ ISI:000235332300005, Author = {Ghazoul, J}, Title = {{Floral diversity and the facilitation of pollination}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{94}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{295-304}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Multiple-species floral displays have been hypothesized to facilitate pollination by attracting a greater number and/or diversity of pollinators. Here I present experimental confirmation of pollination facilitation among coflowering plants that have morphologically distinct flowers. Pollinator visits to Raphanus raphanistrum, a self-incompatible herbaceous plant, increased when it occurred with one or a combination of Cirsium arvense, Hypericum perforatum and Solidago canadensis than when it occurred alone. Enhanced visitation to R. raphanistrum in mixed species plots was reflected by increased seed production. Facilitative effects in pollination were conditional on the density and evenness of the floral mixture and graded into competition as the relative abundance of R. raphanistrum declined in a two-species mixture. Previously proposed mechanisms for facilitative interactions cannot explain facilitation among florally distinct plant displays. An alternative mechanism of differential but complementary floral rewards is proposed to explain facilitative attraction of pollinators. Facilitation of, and competition for, pollination has implications for regeneration by seed of rare or isolated plants, and of mitigating Allee effects that afflict such populations.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01098.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235332300005}}, } @article{ ISI:000235985400004, Author = {Weller, SG and Sakai, AK and Culley, TM and Campbell, DR and Dunbar-Wallis, AK}, Title = {{Predicting the pathway to wind pollination: heritabilities and genetic correlations of inflorescence traits associated with wind pollination in Schiedea salicaria (Caryophyllaceae)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{331-342}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The transition from biotic to abiotic pollination was investigated using Schiedea, a genus exhibiting a remarkable diversity of inflorescence architecture associated with pollination biology. Heritabilities and genetic correlations of inflorescence traits were estimated in gynodioecious Schiedea salicaria (Caryophyllaceae), a species that has likely undergone a recent transition to wind-pollination. Using a partial diallel crossing design, significant narrow-sense heritabilities were detected for inflorescence condensation (h(2) = 0.56 to 0.68 in the two sexes) and other traits related to the extent of wind pollination in Schiedea species. Heritabilities were generally higher in hermaphrodites than in females. Strong genetic correlations may constrain the evolution of some inflorescence traits that facilitate wind pollination, such as simultaneous shortening of inflorescence length and elongation of the subtending internode. The presence of significant narrow-sense heritabilities for traits associated with wind pollination suggests, however, that selection for more effective wind pollination in the windy, pollinator-limited environments where S. salicaria grows could lead to the evolution of the highly condensed inflorescences characteristic of other wind-pollinated species of Schiedea.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1420-9101.2005.01038.x}}, ISSN = {{1010-061X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Campbell, Diane/A-1653-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Campbell, Diane/0000-0002-1147-846X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235985400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000236117800004, Author = {Nimitkeatkai, H and Ueda, Y and Inamoto, K and Doi, M}, Title = {{Ester formation and substrate specificity of alcohol acetyltransferase in cut flowers of gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L.)}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE JAPANESE SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{148-153}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{We investigated the ester formation of gypsophila (Gypsophila paniculata L. `Bristol Fairy') inflorescences by exogenously applying several alcohols and determining the substrate specificity of the esterification enzyme, alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT). All exogenous alcohols tested except for ethanol were converted to the respective acetate esters in gypsophila flowers, which indicated that exogenous alcohols, catalyzed by AAT, could react with endogenous acetyl-CoA. Application of isoamyl alcohol facilitated the production of isoamyl isovalerate and consequently decreased emission of methylbutyric acids, which is responsible for the unpleasant odor of gypsophila inflorescences. Some aromatic alcohols, i.e., benzyl alcohol and 2-phenylethyl alcohol, also had similar effects. cis-3-Hexene 1-ol and 1-hexanol were the most reactive alcohol substrates catalyzed by AAT in the cell-free extract, whereas ethanol was the least reactive, indicating that the substrate specificity of AAT in vitro is correlated with that in vivo. That AAT activity in cell-free extracts was already prominent at the bud stage, but decreased when the florets opened suggests that the scarcity of alcoholic substrates is a major factor in limiting volatile ester emission from gypsophila inflorescences.}}, DOI = {{10.2503/jjshs.75.148}}, ISSN = {{1882-3351}}, EISSN = {{1880-358X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000236117800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000235725600039, Author = {Flanagan, NS and Ebert, D and Porter, C and Rossetto, M and Peakall, R}, Title = {{Microsatellite markers for evolutionary studies in the sexually deceptive orchid genus Chiloglottis}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR ECOLOGY NOTES}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{6}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{123-126}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The orchids in the genus Chiloglottis are pollinated exclusively by sexual deception. We describe 20 variable microsatellite loci that will facilitate the study of the evolution and ecology of this specialized pollination system. Two loci were isolated from Chiloglottis trilabra, with the rest derived from Chiloglottis valida. All loci were polymorphic in C. valida (H-E 0.07-0.87). Most loci amplified, and were variable within close relatives of C. valida, and a number amplified more broadly, including outside the genus.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01161.x}}, ISSN = {{1471-8278}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peakall, Rod/C-9623-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peakall, Rod/0000-0001-9407-8404}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235725600039}}, } @article{ ISI:000234964600003, Author = {Wist, TJ and Davis, AR}, Title = {{Floral nectar production and nectary anatomy and ultrastructure of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{177-193}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Background and Aims In spite of the impressive species diversity in the Asteraceae and their widespread appeal to many generalist pollinators, floral-nectary ultrastructure in the family has rarely been investigated. To redress this, a study using Echinacea purpurea, a plant of horticultural and nutraceutical value, was undertaken. Nectar secretion of disc florets was compared with floral nectary ultrastructure taking into account nectar's potential impact upon the reproductive success of this outcrossing species. Methods Micropipette collections of nectar in conjunction with refractometry were used to determine the volume and nectar-sugar quantities of disc florets throughout their phenology, from commencement of its production to cessation of secretion. Light, scanning-electron and transmission-electron microscopy were utilized to examine morphology, anatomy and ultrastructure of nectaries of the disc florets. Key Results Florets were protandrous with nectar being secreted from anthesis until the third day of the pistillate phase. Nectar production per floret peaked on the first day of stigma receptivity, making the two innermost whorls of open florets most attractive to foraging visitors. Modified stomata were situated along the apical rim of the collar-like nectary, which surrounds the style base and sits on top of the inferior ovary. The floral nectary was supplied by phloem only, and both sieve elements and companion cells were found adjacent to the epidermis; the latter participated in the origin of some of the precursor cells that yielded these specialized cells of phloem. Companion cells possessed wall ingrowths (transfer cells). Lobed nuclei were a key feature of secretory parenchyma cells. Conclusions The abundance of mitochondria suggests an eccrine mechanism of secretion, although dictyosomal vesicles may contribute to a granulocrine process. Phloem sap evidently is the main contributor of nectar carbohydrates. From the sieve elements and companion cells, an apoplastic route via intercellular spaces and cell walls, leading to the pores of modified stomata, is available. A symplastic pathway, via plasmodesmata connecting sieve elements to companion, parenchyma and epidermal cells, is also feasible. Uncollected nectar was reabsorbed, and the direct innervation of the nectary by sieve tubes potentially serves a second important route for nectar-sugar reclamation. Microchannels in the outer cuticle may facilitate both secretion and reabsorption.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcj027}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ruezinsky, Diane/E-6208-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000234964600003}}, } @article{ ISI:000234919000002, Author = {Sun, HQ and Luo, YB and Alexandersson, R and Ge, S}, Title = {{Pollination biology of the deceptive orchid Changnienia amoena}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{150}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{165-175}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{The pollination biology of Changnienia amoena, an endangered terrestrial orchid, was investigated at two sites in the Shennongjia Mountains, Hubei, central China. The results show that the orchid is exclusively pollinated by bumblebees. In Longmenhe, Bombus (Diversobombus) trifasciatus is the primary effective pollinator, whereas B. (Tricornibombus) imitator is the only pollinator in Guanmenshan. These two bumblebees can be treated as a functional group because they carry pollinaria on the same position on their bodies and have similar pollinating behaviours. The morphological traits of the flower adapt precisely to the pollinators. Visitation by bumblebees is mainly in the first half of the flowering period of C. amoena. Pollinarium removal and pollinia deposition take place when bumblebees withdraw from the flower. Crossing experiments show that C. amoena is a self-compatible and outcrossing species. Fruit set in this species is low and may result from limited pollinators because 87.5\% of individuals set fruits under hand-pollination, but only 6-12\% of individuals set fruits under natural conditions. These results imply that it is important to conserve the pollinator community together with the plants when conservation management for this endangered species is undertaken. Artificial pollination would also be a useful measure to facilitate restoration of the small populations. (c) 2006 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00457.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000234919000002}}, } @article{ ISI:000235342200002, Author = {Dietemann, V and Lubbe, A and Crewe, RM}, Title = {{Human factors facilitating the spread of a parasitic honey bee in South Africa}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{7-13}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Workers of the honey bee subspecies Apis mellifera capensis (Eschscholtz) produce female offspring by thelytokous parthenogenesis and can parasitize colonies of other subspecies. In 1990, translocation of 400 colonies of A. m. capensis into the distribution area of A. m. scutellata by a commercial beekeeper triggered a dramatic parasitic phenomenon. Parasitized colonies died within a few months of infestation, and this resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of colonies by commercial beekeepers in the A. m. scutellata range in South Africa. To deal with the problem and to identify methods that would limit the impact of the social parasite, we investigated the link between beekeeping management and severity of parasitic infestations in terms of colony mortality and productivity. We demonstrate that colonies from apiaries subjected to migrations are very susceptible to infestation and consequently show dramatic mortality. Their productivity is also inferior to sedentary colonies and those in isolated apiaries in terms of honey yield and brood quantity. Furthermore, by concentrating hives in small areas and often in the vicinity of other beekeepers, cross-infestations can easily occur. This can undermine previously parasite-free beekeeping businesses. As a result of our surveys, we propose beekeeping practices based on locally trapped bees, reduced migration, and better control of parasite spread, thus promoting the conservation of these pollinators. If followed by all the South African beekeepers, these measures should limit the spread of the parasite until it is eliminated within a few years, after which full migratory beekeeping practices could resume.}}, DOI = {{10.1603/0022-0493(2006)099{[}0007:HFFTSO]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0022-0493}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Crewe, Robin/B-3069-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Crewe, Robin/0000-0003-4398-8250}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235342200002}}, } @article{ ISI:000234800700018, Author = {Eckhart, VM and Rushing, NS and Hart, GM and Hansen, JD}, Title = {{Frequency-dependent pollinator foraging in polymorphic Clarkia xantiana ssp xantiana populations: implications for flower colour evolution and pollinator interactions}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{112}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{412-421}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Under many circumstances pollinators are expected to practice positive frequency-dependent foraging in colour-polymorphic plant populations. Theory suggests, however, that competition for floral resources might favor negative frequency-dependent foraging by some pollinator species, possibly contributing to the maintenance of flower colour variation by negative frequency-dependent selection. We addressed this idea with pollination studies of the California annual plant Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana (Onagraceae), which is polymorphic for the presence of conspicuous petal spots and is pollinated by several specialist bee species. At the level of entire pollinator assemblages, we did not detect significant fixed flower colour preferences or frequency-dependent foraging. Three species of specialist bee pollinators, however, showed contrasting forms of frequency-dependent foraging. The most widespread species, Hesperapis regularis (Melittidae) exhibited positive frequency dependence. Two other common species, Lasiglossum pullilabre (Halictidae) and Ceratina sequoiae (Apidae), preferred to visit whichever morph (unspotted or spotted) was locally in the minority. All three species were found to be effective at transferring C. xantiana pollen; H. regularis appeared most effective. Our findings suggest that a mixture of positive and negative frequency-dependent selection on flower colour occurs in C. xantiana, with the form and intensity of selection varying in space and time with pollinator assemblages. Negative frequency-dependent selection via pollination dynamics may play a larger role in maintaining genetic variation in flower colour than was previously thought. Our results also suggest an unappreciated form of niche partitioning among specialist pollinators. Genetic polymorphism in flower colour may sometimes facilitate pollinator coexistence.}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, EISSN = {{1600-0706}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000234800700018}}, } @article{ ISI:000235471500008, Author = {McManus, LJ and Sasse, J and Blomstedt, CK and Bossinger, G}, Title = {{Pollen treatment for mutation induction in Eucalyptus globulus ssp globulus (Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{65-71}}, Abstract = {{Mutation induction has played an integral role in the improvement of most commercially important crop species but has not been successfully applied to tree species because of their long reproductive cycles which hinder the use of the traditional seed-treatment approaches. Treatment of pollen with a chemical mutagen prior to pollination will, theoretically, allow stable, heterozygous mutant trees to be produced in a relatively short time and might facilitate mutagenesis of tree species. As the first step in testing this hypothesis, a controlled-pollination trial with chemically treated pollen was conducted in Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Labill.). Assessment of fruit, seed and seedlings from more than 500 pollinations associated mutagenic treatment of pollen with a significant reduction in seed set. Non-significant increases in capsule ( fruit) abortion, the inhibition of seed germination and the incidence of aberration in seedlings were also noted. We argue that pollen treatment may be a useful means of producing Eucalyptus mutants with variation in flowering time, salinity and frost tolerance, lignification and other traits of scientific and economic importance.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT05094}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Blomstedt, Cecilia/F-9874-2011 Bossinger, Gerd/I-3848-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Bossinger, Gerd/0000-0002-5772-7433}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235471500008}}, } @article{ ISI:000234825100004, Author = {Zhang, XP and Li, XH and Qiu, YX}, Title = {{Genetic diversity of the endangered species Kirengeshoma palmata (Saxifragaceae) in China}}, Journal = {{BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{34}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{38-47}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{In order to investigate the levels of genetic diversity of the endangered species Kirengeshoma palmata (Saxifragaceae), four extant populations were sampled and analyzed using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. We expected a low genetic diversity level, but our results revealed a high level of intraspecific genetic diversity, probably resulting from this species being in a refuge during the last glaciation (at population level: P = 63.25\%, A(e) = 1.47, H-E = 0.26 and H-O = 0.37; at species level: P = 79.00\%, A = 1.5538, H-T = 0.2586 and H-sp = 0.3104). A low level of genetic differentiation among populations was detected based on Nei's genetic diversity analysis (16.69\%) and AMOVA (19.36\%). Populations shared high levels of genetic identity. Insect pollination and seed dispersal by wind may have facilitated extensive gene flow and are likely responsible for this present structure of genetic variation. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.bse.2005.05.007}}, ISSN = {{0305-1978}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000234825100004}}, } @article{ ISI:000236032000007, Author = {Diekotter, T and Walther-Hellwig, K and Conradi, M and Suter, M and Frankl, R}, Title = {{Effects of landscape elements on the distribution of the rare bumblebee species Bombus muscorum in an agricultural landscape}}, Journal = {{BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{57-68}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The regional distribution pattern of Bombus muscorum was studied in an agricultural landscape of central Germany, one of two remaining areas with the occurrence of this nationally endangered species in the Land Hesse. To determine the landscape characteristics that facilitate the occurrence of B. muscorum, grid-based observation records were analysed in a GIS environment at a regional scale. A significantly negative effect of the number of trees on the occurrence of B. muscorum and a significantly positive one of the proportion of arable land, strongly support the species' preference for open landscapes. Yet, apart from open landscapes additional landscape features were shown to be important. A significantly positive effect of ditches in the final model revealed the importance of this landscape element for the occurrence of B. muscorum. This finding was additionally supported by recordings of nest-searching queens, nests, and flower visits along dithes. The positive effects of clover and fallow land indicate the species' need for suitable food resources throughout the season. Because B. muscorum exhibits small foraging ranges, it is essential that landscape elements that provide nesting sites, foraging habitats and undisturbed hibernation structures are next to each other. The low numbers of individuals of B. muscorum recorded indicate that the supply of these habitat elements may have reached a critical threshold in the study region.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10531-004-2932-9}}, ISSN = {{0960-3115}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Diekotter, Tim/L-2463-2016}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000236032000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000237307100011, Author = {Osada, N and Sugiura, S}, Title = {{Effects of pollinators and flower bud herbivores on reproductive success of two ericaceous woody species differing in flowering season}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{84}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{112-119}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{To investigate the relative importance of pollinators and flower bud herbivores on final fruit set, the ratios of flower to flower bud (flower/bud), fruit to flower (fruit/flower), and fruit to flower bud (fruit/bud) were examined for the two bumble-bee-pollinated ericaceous species that have different flowering seasons: Pieris japonica (Thunb.) D. Don produces flower buds in autumn and blooms in early spring, whereas Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude produces flower buds and blooms in late spring. Floral longevity was longer in P. japonica than in L. ovalifolia, and bagged flowers had an even longer floral longevity. The fruit/flower ratio was similar between the cross-pollinated and control flowers in P. japonica, but was smaller in control flowers than in cross-pollinated flowers in L. ovalifolia. Despite unpredictable pollinator activity in early spring, long flowering duration and no competition for pollinators facilitated reproductive success of P. japonica. In contrast, short flowering duration and severe competition for pollinators limited the reproductive success of L. ovalifolia. Flower bud herbivory was more severe in P. japonica than in L. ovalifolia. In both species, predispersal seed herbivores were negligible. Consequently, the fruit/bud ratio was mainly affected by the flower/bud ratio in P. japonica and by the fruit/flower ratio in L. ovalifolia. Our results suggest that despite intense herbivory of flower buds, early spring flowering of P. japonica facilitates pollination because of less competition for pollinators in comparison to L. ovalifolia. Thus, the relative importance of pollinators and herbivores on fruit set differs between the two studied species that differ in flowering periods.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/B05-163}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Osada, Noriyuki/K-2946-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000237307100011}}, } @article{ ISI:000237334100009, Author = {Muehlbauer, FJ and Cho, S and Sarker, A and McPhee, KE and Coyne, CJ and Rajesh, PN and Ford, R}, Title = {{Application of biotechnology in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{147}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{149-165}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Lentil is a self-pollinating diploid (2n = 14 chromosomes) annual cool season legume crop that is produced throughout the world and is highly valued as a high protein food. Several abiotic stresses are important to lentil yields world wide and include drought, heat, salt susceptibility and iron deficiency. The biotic stresses are numerous and include: susceptibility to Ascochyta blight, caused by Ascochyta lentis; Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum truncatum; Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum; Sclerotinia white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; rust, caused by Uromyces fabae; and numerous aphid transmitted viruses. Lentil is also highly susceptible to several species of Orabanche prevalent in the Mediterranean region, for which there does not appear to be much resistance in the germplasm. Plant breeders and geneticists have addressed these stresses by identifying resistant/tolerant germplasm, determining the genetics involved and the genetic map positions of the resistant genes. To this end progress has been made in mapping the lentil genome and several genetic maps are available that eventually will lead to the development of a consensus map for lentil. Marker density has been limited in the published genetic maps and there is a distinct lack of co-dominant markers that would facilitate comparisons of the available genetic maps and efficient identification of markers closely linked to genes of interest. Molecular breeding of lentil for disease resistance genes using marker assisted selection, particularly for resistance to Ascochyta blight and Anthracnose, is underway in Australia and Canada and promising results have been obtained. Comparative genomics and synteny analyses with closely related legumes promises to further advance the knowledge of the lentil genome and provide lentil breeders with additional genes and selectable markers for use in marker assisted selection. Genomic tools such as macro and micro arrays, reverse genetics and genetic transformation are emerging technologies that may eventually be available for use in lentil crop improvement.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10681-006-7108-0}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, EISSN = {{1573-5060}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000237334100009}}, } @article{ ISI:000235022500006, Author = {Jersakova, J and Kindlmann, P and Renner, SS}, Title = {{Is the colour dimorphism in Dactylorhiza sambucina maintained by differential seed viability instead of frequency-dependent selection?}}, Journal = {{FOLIA GEOBOTANICA}}, Year = {{2006}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{61-76}}, Note = {{International Orchid Workshop, Haapsalu, ESTONIA, JUN 27-JUL 02, 2004}}, Abstract = {{The European rewardless, bee-pollinated orchid Dactylorhiza sambucina commonly produces yellow-flowered and purple-flowered individuals in frequencies that range from balanced (per population) to very unbalanced, with parts of the species' range entirely monochromatic. We studied male and female reproductive success of the two morphs in 22 populations in the Czech Republic, relating it to morph frequency, population size and density, and presence and abundance of yellow and purple co-flowering nectar-providing species visited by the same bee species. Cumulative abundances of yellow nectar-producing co-flowering species (of which, on average, Primula veris made tip 56\%) had a negative effect on male reproductive success of the yellow morph, and spectral analyses showed that to bumblebees the colours of P. veris and yellow D. sambucina are different, permitting ready visual discrimination. The cumulative abundance of purple co-flowering species had no significant effect on morph reproductive success. Morph frequencies were unrelated to reproductive success and population size, and there was no evidence of frequency-dependent selection except in one highly unbalanced population. Density of flowering conspecifics was negatively correlated with male reproductive success of the purple morph. Seed mass, viability, and germination success depended on whether seeds resulted from outcrossed or selfed matings and on morph colour. Selfed seeds and seeds produced by the yellow morph from yellow X yellow and yellow X purple crosses had zero germination (after three months), providing the first hint that differential vegetative fitness, rather than differential reproductive fitness via pollinator selection, may explain morph frequencies in D. samucina.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02805262}}, ISSN = {{1211-9520}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kindlmann, Pavel/H-7718-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235022500006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000243588500006, Author = {Mewes, S. and Pank, F.}, Editor = {{Cervelli, C and Ruffoni, B and Guda, CD and Minuto, G}}, Title = {{Inheritance of the gynodioecy of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.)}}, Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on the Labiatae: Advances in Production, Biotechnology and Utilisation}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Number = {{723}}, Pages = {{79-83}}, Note = {{1st International Symposium on the Labiatae, Advances in Production, Biotechnology and Utilisation, San Remo, ITALY, FEB 22-25, 2006}}, Organization = {{Minist Politiche Agricole \& Forestali; Casino San Remo; Fondazione Carige; Community San Remo; San Remo Promot}}, Abstract = {{Gynodioecy, defined by the coexistence of male fertile (mf) hermaphroditic and male sterile (ms) individuals in natural populations of a species, is typical for thyme. Male sterility is of uppermost interest for plant breeders to facilitate controlled pollination of parental components of hybrid cultivars. The aim of the investigation was to deepen the knowledge on the genetics of the fertility type determination and to find genetic sources of cytoplasmic ins and mf types which are qualified to maintain male sterility in the progeny (maintainers). In 2003, 61 F-1-populations were generated by test crossings of 5 ins and 19 mf plants and in addition 19 I-1-populations were produced by selfing the mf parents. In 2004, the offspring, 4593 plants in all, were screened during full flowering and their fertility types were categorised into eight classes, considering the varying morphology of the stamen. The gradual differences between the fertility classes indicate that several different genetic factors contribute to the expression of the fertility types. Reciprocal crosses of male fertile plants revealed the existence of cytoplasms with different restorer properties. The differing share of ms plants in the individual progenies of one and the same ins mother plant fertilised by different mf pollinators is evidence for different restorer factors in the nuclear genome of mf plants. The ratio of complete ins in 61 hybrid populations varied between 0 and 100\%. The plants of ten F-1-populations were all ms. The sterility could be maintained by four mf genotypes. No general model of nucleo-cytoplasmic inheritance of the fertility types could be inferred due to the complex interaction of possibly several cytoplasmic types and different nuclear restorer genes. Despite the complex interaction of a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic loci, crossing progeny with 100\% ins were found in specific combinations of test crosses providing the needed ins lines with their maintainers for hybrid breeding.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-669-X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000243588500006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000245233200040, Author = {Thompson, Lauren and Mann, Liz}, Editor = {{Ashcroft, WJ and Chirnside, L}}, Title = {{The role of the industry development manager in improving the international competitiveness of the Australian processing tomato industry, 1991-2004}}, Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the IXth International Symposium on the Processing Tomato}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Number = {{724}}, Pages = {{309-315}}, Note = {{9th International Symposium on the Processing Tomato, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA, NOV 15-18, 2004}}, Abstract = {{In the early 1990's, future viability of the Australian processing tomato industry was in question. Rapid change was required and one of the industry's responses was to establish its own extension program in partnership with the federal government. This involved employing an Industry Development Manager (IDM) to conduct a Technology Transfer project. The activities of the IDM have resulted in an impressive rate of technology adoption, which has been fundamental to achieving the industry's current level of international competitiveness. This paper highlights the extension methods that have been implemented and the IDM's role in establishing networks and overseeing research and development projects to ensure that new information is rapidly disseminated. The following points illustrate the magnitude of change that has occurred over the 13 years the Technology Transfer project has been running. It is not possible to determine how much of the change can be attributed to the project; however it is widely acknowledged that the activities of the IDM have been critical to industry progress. center dot In 1990/91, about 12\% of the surface area was drip irrigated. Currently about 60\% of the area is drip irrigated and drip-irrigated crops yield 20-25 tonnes per hectare (t/ha) more than furrow-irrigated crops on average. center dot The use of transplants was negligible in 1990/91 and most of the cultivars were open pollinated. Transplants are now used on about 45\% of the surface area and 100\% of the crop is produced from hybrid cultivars. center dot The average yield was 45 t/ha in 1990/91 and is now 75 t/ha. center dot In the 1990/91 season, 107 growers produced a total intake of 262,000 paid tonnes. Currently there are 32 farming businesses producing about 375,000 paid tonnes per year. A reasonable level of profitability has been maintained as result of increased yields and vastly improved economies of scale.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{978-90-6605-689-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000245233200040}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000245292600116, Author = {Dolcet-Sanjuan, R. and Claveria, E. and Garcia-Mas, J.}, Editor = {{Fari, MG and Holb, I and Bisztray, GD}}, Title = {{Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) dihaploid line production using in vitro rescue of in vivo induced parthenogenic embryos}}, Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on in Vitro Culture and Horticulture Breeding, Vols 1 and 2}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2006}}, Number = {{725}}, Pages = {{837-843}}, Note = {{5th International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding, Debrecen, HUNGARY, SEP 12-17, 2004}}, Organization = {{Agroinvest Co; Ereky Fdn; Minist Educ; Deuchefa Biochem BV; Christ GmbH, S Biotech Bt; Nippon Med \& Chem Instruments Co Ltd; Obuda Kerteszeti Kft; Kasz Coop Kft; Kite Rt; Tedej Rt; Arpad Agro Rt; Kemlab Kft; Spektrum, 3D Kft; Labsystem Kft; Monsanto Kereskedelmi Kft; Kapacitiv Kkt; Soft Flow Hungary Kft; Analytik Jena Ag, Spectrolab Merkantil Kft; Elektro Optika Kftq; Sigma Aldrich Hungary}}, Abstract = {{Homozygous dihaploid lines (DHLs) from new cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) accessions, source of resistance to diseases, would be useful to accelerate breeding for new resistant varieties. DHLs have been generated by in vitro rescue of in vivo induced parthenogenic embryos. The protocol developed involves the following: 1) induction of parthenogenic embryos by pollination with pollen irradiated at 0.5 KGy with a Co-60 gamma-ray source; 2) in vitro rescue of putative parthenogenic embryos identified by their morphology and localized under a dissecting scope or X-ray radiography; 3) discrimination of undesirable zygotic individuals from the homozygous plants using cucumber and melon SSR markers; 4) determination of ploidy level from homozygous plants by flow cytometry; 5) in vitro chromosome doubling of haploids; and 6) acclimation and selfing of lines. Codominant markers and flow cytometry confirmed the gametophytic origin of plants regenerated by parthenogenesis, since all homozygous lines were haploids. No spontaneous doubled haploid plants were rescued. Chromosome doubling of haploid plants was accomplished by an in vitro treatment with 500 mu M colchicine. Rescue of diploid or chimerical plants was confirmed by flow cytometry, previous to their acclimation and plant growth in the greenhouse. Selfing of colchicine-treated haploid plants allowed the perpetuation by seed of homozygous lines. Seeds were harvested from almost all lines after selling in the greenhouse. The high rate of seed production facilitated the recovery of inbred lines. Despite some limiting factors, parthenogenesis is routinely used in a cucumber-breeding program to achieve complete homozygosity in one generation, and accelerate breeding for new commercial varieties. DHLs have been used as parental lines for the production of commercial hybrids.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{978-90-6605-719-7}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000245292600116}}, } @article{ ISI:000234193500003, Author = {Kozlowski, G and Eggenberg, S}, Title = {{Distribution of the least water-lily (Nuphar pumila) and the hybrid N. x intermedia in Switzerland}}, Journal = {{BOTANICA HELVETICA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{115}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{125-136}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The least water-lily (N. pumila (Timm.) DC) is very rare and endangered in Switzerland and Central Europe. To provide a basis for its conservation, we present a distribution map with all natural, re-introduced and extinct populations in Switzerland. Only four natural populations of N. pumila still exist in Switzerland: Lac de Lussy and Lac des Jones (FR), Grappelensee (SG), and Kammoosteich (ZH). These populations and their sites (lakes) are described, and the co-occurring plant species are listed. Results suggest that the populations from Kammoosteich and Lac de Lussy are affected by hybridisation and competition with N. lutea. In these two lakes, the hybrid N. x intermedia was very abundant. The presence of N. lutea and N. intermedia in Kammoosteich and Lac de Lussy should be regarded as one of the most serious threats of pure N pumila populations. To facilitate further investigation and conservation field work, a detailed morphological description of the two taxons is presented and illustrated by original drawings. To escape extinction in Switzerland, N pumila needs further appropriate action plans for all natural and newly re-introduced sites as well as an improved knowledge of its genetic structure and habitat preferences.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00035-005-0709-8}}, ISSN = {{0253-1453}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kozlowski, Gregor/I-8142-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kozlowski, Gregor/0000-0003-4856-2005}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000234193500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000233527300002, Author = {Swanson, R and Clark, T and Preuss, D}, Title = {{Expression profiling of Arabidopsis stigma tissue identifies stigma-specific genes}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{18}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{163-171}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Plants discriminate among pollen grains that land on the stigma surface, providing compatible pollen with the nutrients and signals required to proceed in pollination, and in many species, recognizing and inhibiting foreign pollen adhesion, hydration, germination and invasion. Much of the stigma machinery involved in these processes remains unknown. It is likely that the expression of a stigma-specific gene program confers specialized structural and functional properties. Here we used microarray technology and cDNA subtraction to build a profile of candidate stigma genes that facilitate early pollination events. Of over 24,000 Arabidopsis genes probed, we identified 11,403 genes expressed in stigma tissue; 317 of these were not expressed in control tissues. Analysis of the stigma transcriptome demonstrated a unique transcriptional profile. Functional specialization of the stigma for extracellular interactions is reflected by an increased number of stigma-specific and stigma-expressed genes involved in sculpturing the cuticle and cell wall, lipid metabolism, as well as genes potentially involved in pollen-stigma interactions.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00497-005-0009-x}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000233527300002}}, } @article{ ISI:000232338600045, Author = {Knight, TM and McCoy, MW and Chase, JM and McCoy, KA and Holt, RD}, Title = {{Trophic cascades across ecosystems}}, Journal = {{NATURE}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{437}}, Number = {{7060}}, Pages = {{880-883}}, Month = {{OCT 6}}, Abstract = {{Predation can be intense, creating strong direct and indirect effects throughout food webs(1-4). In addition, ecologists increasingly recognize that fluxes of organisms across ecosystem boundaries can have major consequences for community dynamics(5,6). Species with complex life histories often shift habitats during their life cycles(7) and provide potent conduits coupling ecosystems(5,6). Thus, local interactions that affect predator abundance in one ecosystem ( for example a larval habitat) may have reverberating effects in another ( for example an adult habitat). Here we show that fish indirectly facilitate terrestrial plant reproduction through cascading trophic interactions across ecosystem boundaries. Fish reduce larval dragonfly abundances in ponds, leading to fewer adult dragonflies nearby. Adult dragonflies consume insect pollinators and alter their foraging behaviour. As a result, plants near ponds with fish receive more pollinator visits and are less pollen limited than plants near fish-free ponds. Our results confirm that strong species interactions can reverberate across ecosystems, and emphasize the importance of landscape-level processes in driving local species interactions.}}, DOI = {{10.1038/nature03962}}, ISSN = {{0028-0836}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232338600045}}, } @article{ ISI:000232356800010, Author = {Lofflin, DL and Kephart, SR}, Title = {{Outbreeding, seedling establishment, and maladaptation in natural and reintroduced populations of rare and common Silene douglasii (Caryophyllaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{92}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1691-1700}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Reintroductions are increasingly used to enhance declining populations, yet comparative data for critical germination and establishment phases are seldom available for both rare and common herbaceous perennials. After introducing a total of > 1800 seeds, we compared experimentally manipulated and natural populations of widespread Silene douglasii var. douglasii relative to rare S. douglasii var. oraria, known in only three coastal headlands. Despite equivalent ex situ germination, oraria field plots produced significantly fewer juveniles than douglasii plots indicating that seedling survival limits plant establishment. We also evaluated transplant vs. seed reintroductions as restoration tools, the effect of inbreeding on fitness, and the potential importance of buried seed pools. Germination declined rapidly for seeds over 1-2 years old, and only 2.2\% of newly collected seeds of oraria survived as seedlings. Transplant survival over 5 years was greatest for outbred progeny; furthermore, 75\% of the new seedlings emerged near outbred progeny from the original reintroduction. Despite similar ovule numbers and pollinator visitation, transplants exhibited 49-179\% maladaptation in the formerly grazed site, with significantly lower fruit and seed set than adults ill more diverse natural populations. This study experimentally identifies several key factors affecting plant reintroductions, facilitating effective development of large-scale reintroduction strategies for native perennials.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.92.10.1691}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232356800010}}, } @article{ ISI:000232586700003, Author = {Johnson, SD and Neal, PR and Harder, LD}, Title = {{Pollen fates and the limits on male reproductive success in an orchid population}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{175-190}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Male reproductive success in higher plants depends largely on the fates of pollen, but current methodologies have given only partial insights into this important aspect of plant mating. We present a detailed analysis of the proportions and absolute amounts of stained pollen involved in six key fates for the hawkmoth-pollinated African orchid Disa cooperi. Despite being packaged into pollinaria, high proportions (> 0.95) of the pollen removed from anthers were lost during transport by hawkmoths in both years. The proportion of pollen lost correlated positively with the number of pollinaria removed from a plant, so that pollen export did not vary with pollen removal. Most pollen was dispersed to neighbouring plants, with rare long-distance dispersal up to 65 m. Of the pollen that reached stigmas during both years, roughly equal amounts were involved in facilitated self-pollination vs. cross-pollination, but the relative proportions of these fates differed between years. Contrary to expectation, we found that self-pollination between flowers did not increase with the number of open flowers, even though moths probed significantly more flowers on larger plants. However, during both years the fraction of removed pollen exported to other plants declined significantly with increasing self-pollination on the source plant, indicating that once self-pollination occurred it reduced (discounted) subsequent pollen export opportunities. The packaging of pollen into pollinaria in orchids appears to increase overall transfer efficiency by at least an order of magnitude relative to plants with granular pollen. Nevertheless, considerable uncertainties remain in the male reproductive success of individual orchids. (c) 2005 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00541.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, EISSN = {{1095-8312}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010 Harder, Lawrence/H-9715-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Harder, Lawrence/0000-0002-2303-5076}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232586700003}}, } @article{ ISI:000231737200008, Author = {Vazquez, DP and Morris, WF and Jordano, P}, Title = {{Interaction frequency as a surrogate for the total effect of animal mutualists on plants}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1088-1094}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{We evaluate whether species interaction frequency can be used as a surrogate for the total effect of a species on another. Because interaction frequency is easier to estimate than per-interaction effect, using interaction frequency as a surrogate of total effect could facilitate the large-scale analysis of quantitative patterns of species-rich interaction networks. We show mathematically that the correlation between interaction frequency (I) and total effect (T) becomes more strongly positive the greater the variation of I relative to the variation of per-interaction effect (P) and the greater the correlation between I and P. A meta-analysis using data on I, P and T for animal pollinators and seed dispersers visiting plants shows a generally strong, positive relationship between T and I, in spite of no general relationship between P and I. Thus, frequent animal mutualists usually contribute the most to plant reproduction, regardless of their effectiveness on a per-interaction basis.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00810.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Jordano, Pedro/A-5162-2008 Jordano, Pedro/B-6678-2014 CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Jordano, Pedro/0000-0003-2142-9116 Jordano, Pedro/0000-0003-2142-9116 CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602 Vazquez, Diego P./0000-0002-3449-5748}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000231737200008}}, } @article{ ISI:000232559900009, Author = {Hegland, SJ and Totland, O}, Title = {{Relationships between species' floral traits and pollinator visitation in a temperate grassland}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{145}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{586-594}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Knowledge about plant-plant interactions for pollinator service at the plant community level is still scarce, although such interactions may be important to seed production and hence the population dynamics of individual plant species and the species compositions of communities. An important step towards a better understanding of pollination interactions at the community level is to assess if the variation in floral traits among plant species explain the variation in flower visitation frequency among those species. We investigated the relative importance of various floral traits for the visitation frequency of all insects, and bumblebees and flies separately, to plant species by measuring the visitation frequency to all insect-pollinated species in a community during an entire flowering season. Visitation frequency was identified to be strongly positive related to the visual display area and the date of peak flowering of plant species. Categorical variables, such as flower form and symmetry, were important to the visitation frequency of flies only. We constructed floral similarity measures based on the species' floral traits and found that the floral similarity for all species' traits combined and the continuous traits separately were positively related to individual visitation frequency. On the other hand, plant species with similar categorical floral traits did not have similar visitation frequencies. In conclusion, our results show that continuous traits, such as flower size and/or density, are more important for the variation in visitation frequency among plant species than thought earlier. Furthermore, differences in visitation frequency among pollinator groups give a poor support to the expectations derived from the classical pollination syndromes.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-005-0165-6}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232559900009}}, } @article{ ISI:000231864900014, Author = {Kirchner, F and Luijten, SH and Imbert, E and Riba, M and Mayol, M and Gonzalez-Martinez, SC and Mignot, A and Colas, B}, Title = {{Effects of local density on insect visitation and fertilization success in the narrow-endemic Centaurea corymbosa (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{111}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{130-142}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Plant population size and density can influence the interactions between plants and pollinators, and affect plant reproductive success. We investigated the effects of local conspecific density on insect visitation and fertilization success in the rare, cliff-dwelling, self-incompatible Centaurea corymbosa, in which fecundity plays a key role in variation in population growth rate among years and among the six extant populations. Plant size, capitulum size, the abundance of co-flowering species, and the weather conditions were added as covariates in the analyses. Over three populations and two years (1995 and 2002), fertilization rate was positively related to the number of flowering conspecifics within 10 m. Fertilization rate varied among populations, but this variation over all six populations in 2002 could not be attributed to differences in population size. Observations in one population in 2003 showed that there was no difference in insect visitation per capitulum between plants in sparse vs dense patches whilst plants from sparse patches suffered reduced fertilization rate. Visitation and fertilization rates were not affected by plant size and the abundance of co-flowering species, but weather conditions at the time of flowering had a strong effect on both variables. Capitulum size had a positive effect on visitation rate, but an effect on fertilization rate only in 1995 and 2002 and not in 2003. Our results suggest that pollen limitation affects fertilization rate in C. corymbosa due to limited compatible mate availability rather than pollinator limitation. They agree with previous genetic results derived from paternity analysis. Whether or not the benefits of local spatial agregation to reproductive success result in increased individual fitness will depend on the relative reduction in survival of vegetative stages due to intra-specific competition.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.14022.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mayol Martinez, Maria/L-4028-2014 Gonzalez-Martinez, Santiago C/H-2014-2012 Riba, Miquel/M-1576-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Gonzalez-Martinez, Santiago C/0000-0002-4534-3766 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000231864900014}}, } @article{ ISI:000232880600006, Author = {De Clavijo, ER}, Title = {{The reproductive strategies of the heterocarpic annual Calendula arvensis (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{28}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{119-126}}, Month = {{SEP-OCT}}, Abstract = {{Achene polymorphism and various aspects of the reproductive biology of the annual Calendula arvensis L. (Field marigold), were studied to determine the reproductive strategies of the plant. This species normally produces three types of achene: rostrate, cymbiform and annular. Rostrate and cymbiform achenes are larger and heavier than annular achenes, and are adapted to long-range dispersal (by epizoochory and anemochory, respectively). In contrast, annular achenes are smaller in size and weight, and are adapted to short-range dispersal. Achenes germinate over a broad range of temperatures (both in light and in darkness), exhibiting cymbiform achenes the highest germination percentages and annular achenes the lowest under all conditions tested. A fraction of the three types of achenes exhibit dormancy and presumably enter the soil seedbank. Achene types adapted for long-range dispersal (rostrate and cymbiform achenes) produce seedlings that are best able to emerge from deeper burial depths, and that are initially stronger and exhibit earlier flowering than the plants from the annular achenes (which are likely to disperse over shorter distances). These features, together with the fact that fruiting occurs even in the absence of pollinators (automatic geitonogamy), the different mechanisms for achene dispersal (zoochory, anemochory and myrmerochory), and the extended germination, flowering and fruiting periods, facilitate establishment and expansion of this species in unpredictable and disturbed habitats. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.actao.2005.03.004}}, ISSN = {{1146-609X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ruiz de Clavijo, Emilio/K-5114-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ruiz de Clavijo, Emilio/0000-0003-3518-4498}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232880600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000232292000004, Author = {Tang, YC and Lu, AM}, Title = {{Paraphyletic group, PhyloCode and phylogenetic species - the current debate and a preliminary commentary}}, Journal = {{ACTA PHYTOTAXONOMICA SINICA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{43}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{403-419}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{In this essay, three currently hotly debated issues in biological systematics, i.e., the paraphyletic group, the PhyloCode, and the phylogenetic species concept, have been briefly reviewed. (1) It is widely acknowledged that cladistics has made some positive contributions to the study of systematics. In particular, the employment of outgroup analysis for assessing character polarities, the application of synapomorphies to the inference of relationships between taxa, and the use of cladistic methods for reconstructing phylogeny, have all greatly facilitated the improvement of systematic approaches. A fatal flaw in cladistics is its refusal to accept paraphyletic groups. Frankly, we are adherents and practitioners of phyletics, and hence consider paraphyletic groups to be acceptable. For example, an AFLP analysis has shown that Zabelia (Caprifoliaceae) can be included in Abelia, but the members in Zabelia differ from those in Abelia not only in pollen morphology, but also in having persistent petioles dilated and connate at base, thus enclosing axillary buds, characters of adaptive significance obtained possibly when Zabelia members entered a new ecological niche, so we consider that they are better treated as two independent genera, though indeed such a treatment makes Abelia paraphyletic. (2) Some cladists pointed out that as the tool for communication and the system for information storage and retrieval, biological nomenclature is required to be unambiguous, unique and stable. They criticise the Linnaean rank-based system of nomenclature for failing to satisfy such requirements for the naming of clades and species. To address this problem, the PhyloCode is proposed in recent years, in which three definitions for clade naming are given, i.e., the node-based, the stem-based, and the apomorphy-based. We are of the opinion that since the Linnaean binominal system of botanical nomenclature has existed for nearly 250 years, the rejection of this system and the adoption of the PhyloCode would create a state of chaos in botanical nomenclature. This does not mean that there exist no merits in the proposals made by the PhyloCode supporters. We suggest that further studies should be conducted for its practical application. (3) It has been well known that there are many problems with the application of the biological species concept in plants, and thus at the present time the majority of plant systematists actually seldom use this concept in their practical work. The rapid development of cladistic approach has motivated the proposal of the phylogenetic species concept. This species concept is established based on three criteria, i.e., the autamorphy, the diagnosability and the basal exclusivity, hence the autamorphy species concept, the diagnosability species concept, and the genealogical concept are created respectively. Nevertheless, the morpho-geographical species concept is still predominantly adopted in plant systematics. When using this species concept, however, we should also take into account the data from other sources, particularly those from pollination biology, breeding system and molecular systematics.}}, DOI = {{10.1360/aps050014}}, ISSN = {{0529-1526}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232292000004}}, } @article{ ISI:000231373600019, Author = {Carlo, TA}, Title = {{Interspecific neighbors change seed dispersal pattern of an avian-dispersed plant}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{2440-2449}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Ecologists increasingly recognize that plant-plant facilitation can influence plant community structure. However, seed dispersal facilitation among plant neighbors that share seed dispersal agents has received little study. Seed dispersal facilitation among neighboring plants can be defined as an increase in the number, distances, and/or places reached by a plant's seeds that is due to the presence of co-fruiting-plant neighbors with which it shares frugivore seed dispersers. I experimentally tested the potential for seed dispersal facilitation and competition among co-fruiting-plant neighbors using Solanum americanum and Cestrum diurnum, two plant species that co-occur in open habitats of Puerto Rico and whose seeds are dispersed by the same bird species. I constructed S. americanum neighborhoods with and without C. diurnum (i.e., mixed and non-mixed) while controlling plant ripe-fruit crop and surrounding fruiting landscape in six replicate fields. I quantified seed dispersal using a grid of seed-collecting trays bearing bird perches placed at four distance classes from experimental plant neighborhoods. I found no difference in the quantity or rate of fruit removal between mixed and non-mixed neighborhoods. However, there were significantly more bird droppings with seeds collected from mixed neighborhoods than from monospecific S. americanum neighborhoods. Although the quantity of seed dispersal was no different among treatments, S. americanum seeds were distributed into more ``packaging units{''} and reached more sampling trays when neighbored by C. diurnum. This was explained by the higher number of frugivores that visited mixed neighborhoods compared to Solarium-only neighborhoods, and by an associated increase in agonistic interactions in mixed neighborhoods. Therefore, the seed dispersal pattern of S. americanum was facilitated by the presence of fruiting C. diurnum neighbors. This study provides the first experimental evidence that seed dispersal kernels of endozoochorous plants are context dependent and not entirely a property of individual plant or disperser species.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/04-1479}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000231373600019}}, } @article{ ISI:000232919000009, Author = {Luo, H and Kausch, AP and Hu, Q and Nelson, K and Wipff, JK and Fricker, CCR and Owen, TP and Moreno, MA and Lee, JY and Hodges, TK}, Title = {{Controlling transgene escape in GM creeping Bentgrass}}, Journal = {{MOLECULAR BREEDING}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{16}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{185-188}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Trait improvement of turfgrass through genetic engineering is important to the turfgrass industry and the environment. However, the possible transgene escape to wild and non-transformed species raises ecological and commercial concerns. Male sterility provides an effective way for interrupting gene flow. We have designed and synthesized two chimeric gene constructs consisting of a rice tapetum-specific promoter (TAP) fused to either a ribonuclease gene barnase, or the antisense of a rice tapetum-specific gene rts. Both constructs were linked to the bar gene for selection by resistance to the herbicide glufosinate. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of creeping bentgrass (cv Penn A-4) with both constructs resulted in herbicide-resistant transgenic plants that were also 100\% pollen sterile. Mendelian segregation of herbicide resistance and male sterility was observed in T1 progeny derived from crosses with wild-type plants. Controlled self- and cross-pollination studies showed no gene transfer to non-transgenic plants from male-sterile transgenic plants. Thus, male sterility can serve as an important tool to control transgene escape in bentgrass, facilitating the application of genetic engineering in producing environmentally responsible turfgrass with enhanced traits. It also provides a tool to control gene flow in other perennial species using transgenic technology.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11032-005-4784-8}}, ISSN = {{1380-3743}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232919000009}}, } @article{ ISI:000232416400013, Author = {Simpson, SR and Gross, CL and Silberbauer, LX}, Title = {{Broom and honeybees in Australia: An alien liaison}}, Journal = {{PLANT BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{7}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{541-548}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Facilitative interactions between non-indigenous species are gaining recognition as a major driver of invasion Success. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link (Fabaceae), or Scotch broom, is a cosmopolitan invasive shrub that lacks the capacity for vegetative reproduction and is a good model to study facilitative interactions. Its success in pioneer environments is determined by constraints on its reproduction. We determined whether pollinators were required for seed set in C scoparius at Barrington Tops, NSW, Australia, where the species has infested ca. 14000 ha across the plateau. Field and laboratory experiments showed that C scoparius is an obligate outcrossing species at Barrington Tops. Monitoring of plants (10.7 h) showed that the flowers of C scoparius have to be tripped to effect seed set and the only pollinator to do this was the introduced honeybee, Apis mellifera L. Most floral visits by honeybees result in fruit set (84\%) and because fruits have many ovules (10-18 per ovary) a single bee on an average foraging day can effect the production of over 6000 seeds. A review of C scoparius pollination across four continents revealed major differences in pollen quantity, which may explain differences in the efficiencies of honeybees as pollinators of C. scoporius. The incorporation of pollinator management in an integrated approach for the control of C scoparius is discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.1055/s-2005-865855}}, ISSN = {{1435-8603}}, EISSN = {{1438-8677}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Management, Ecosystem/C-2259-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232416400013}}, } @article{ ISI:000230577300003, Author = {Sparks, D}, Title = {{Adaptability of pecan as a species}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1175-1189}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Pecan {[}Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] is indigenous to the Mississippi River drainage system of the United States. Climate in the native pecan region ranges from humid to semiarid and from mild to harsh winters. Rainfall is bimodal with peaks in March to April and in August to September. Pecan is site specific and is the climax tree species on loamy, well drained, first bottom river land with a relatively high water table. Detrimental effects from pecan's shade intolerance from its more vigorous, sympatric species are minimized as these species are specific to differ sites. Pecan's deep and phreatophytic rooting habit ensures soil moisture during drought periods and facilitates pecan's survival in semiarid regions. Root development in the humus-surface layer ensures nutrient uptake from the most nutrient rich layer of the soil and, when the lower soil profile is saturated, aeration for the roots and water and nutrient uptake. The bimodal rain pattern replenishes soil profile moisture and its timing ensures seed germination, stand establishment, well-developed seed, and minimal drought stress. Natural selection for freeze tolerance and for minimum fruit development time allows survival in areas with harsh winters and short growing seasons. Regulation of seed germination and budbreak by heating and chilling results in pecan being native in cold and warm climates, greatly increasing the native range. The northern limit for pecan is dictated by heat units; the southern limit is restricted by lack of bimodal rains and vivipary. Reproductive stress is caused by the high lipid content of seed, but is counteracted by a long juvenile growth period of the seedling, by a small nut size and low percentage kernel, and by ``off{''} production years of the tree. Nut and percentage kernel decrease as the growing season decreases which contributes to species survival in geographical regions with a short growing season. Selection for small nuts with low percentage kernel is enhanced by predators. Tree reserves are depleted by heavy production during ``on{''} years and are replenished during ``off{''} years. Perpetuation of pecan forests is apparently from sib/half sib seedlings following predator satiation while dissemination into new areas may be mainly by predators. Pecan and its pests successfully co-exist. Major defense against fruit feeders is escape in time, leaf feeders by biological associations and accommodation, and leaf diseases by confrontation. Heterozygous progenies from cross-pollination provide ample genetic diversity for continuous pecan selection to endure pressures imposed throughout a wide climatic range. Ecological adaptions within native pecan forests should be used in developing and maintaining commercial pecan orchards.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000230577300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000230356800011, Author = {Claveria, E and Garcia-Mas, J and Dolcet-Sanjuan, R}, Title = {{Optimization of cucumber doubled haploid line production using in vitro rescue of in vivo induced parthenogenic embryos}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{555-560}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Homozygous doubled haploid lines (DHLs) from new cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) accessions could be useful to accelerate breeding for resistant varieties. DHLs have been generated by in vitro rescue of in vivo induced parthenogenic embryos. The protocol developed involves the following: 1) induction of parthenogenic embryos by pollinating with pollen irradiated with a Co-60 gamma-ray source at 500 Gy; 2) in vitro rescue of putative parthenogenic embryos identified by their morphology and localized using a dissecting scope or X-ray radiography; 3) discrimination of undesirable zygotic individuals from the homozygous plants using cucumber and melon SSR markers; 4) determination of ploidy level from homozygous plants by flow cytometry; 5) in vitro chromosome doubling of haploids; and 6) acclimation and selling of selected lines. Codominant markers and flow cytometry confirmed the gametophytic origin of plants regenerated by parthenogenesis, since all homozygous lines were haploids. No spontaneous doubled haploid plants were rescued. Chromosome doubling of haploid plants was accomplished by an in vitro treatment with 500 mu M colchicine. Rescue of diploid or chimeric plants was shown by flow cytometry, prior to their acclimation and planting in the greenhouse. Selfing of colchicine-treated haploid plants allowed for the perpetuation by seed of homozygous lines. The high rate of seed set, 90\% of the lines produced seed, facilitated the recovery of inbred lines. Despite some limiting factors, parthenogenesis is routinely used in a cucumber-breeding program to achieve complete homozygosity in one generation. Breeding for new commercial hybrid cultivars will be accelerated. DHLs are ideal resources for genomic analyses.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Garcia-Mas, Jordi/B-9694-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Garcia-Mas, Jordi/0000-0001-7101-9049}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000230356800011}}, } @article{ ISI:000230165400013, Author = {Nieuwland, J and Feron, R and Huisman, BAH and Fasolino, A and Hilbers, CW and Derksen, J and Mariani, C}, Title = {{Lipid transfer proteins enhance cell wall extension in tobacco}}, Journal = {{PLANT CELL}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{17}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{2009-2019}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Plant cells are enclosed by a rigid cell wall that counteracts the internal osmotic pressure of the vacuole and limits the rate and direction of cell enlargement. When developmental or physiological cues induce cell extension, plant cells increase wall plasticity by a process called loosening. It was demonstrated previously that a class of proteins known as expansins are mediators of wall loosening. Here, we report a type of cell wall-loosening protein that does not share any homology with expansins but is a member of the lipid transfer proteins (LTPs). LTPs are known to bind a large range of lipid molecules to their hydrophobic cavity, and we show here that this cavity is essential for the cell wall-loosening activity of LTP. Furthermore, we show that LTP-enhanced wall extension can be described by a logarithmic time function. We hypothesize that LTP associates with hydrophobic wall compounds, causing nonhydrolytic disruption of the cell wall and subsequently facilitating wall extension.}}, DOI = {{10.1105/tpc.105.032094}}, ISSN = {{1040-4651}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mariani, Celestina/C-6920-2013 Fasolino, Annalisa/C-7222-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000230165400013}}, } @article{ ISI:000230689800008, Author = {Hagihara, E and Itchoda, N and Habu, Y and Iida, S and Mikami, T and Kubo, T}, Title = {{Molecular mapping of a fertility restorer gene for Owen cytoplasmic male sterility in sugar beet}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{111}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{250-255}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{We report here the molecular mapping of a fertility restorer gene (named Rf1) for Owen cytoplasmic male sterility in sugar beet. Eight AFLP and two RAPD markers, tightly linked to the Rf1 locus, were identified using bulked segregant analysis. Three AFLP markers, mAFEM972, mAFEM976 and mAFEM985, were found to co-segregate with the Rf1 allele in our mapping populations. With the help of RFLP markers, previously mapped on the sugar beet genome, we showed that Rf1 is positioned in the terminal region of linkage group Kiel III/Koeln IV. This map location agrees well with that found for the restorer gene X, which suggests that the Rf1 locus corresponds to the X locus. The availability of the molecular markers will facilitate the selection of maintainer-pollinator lines in breeding program and provide the foundation for map-based cloning of the Rf1 gene.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00122-005-2010-z}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kubo, Tomohiko/B-7738-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kubo, Tomohiko/0000-0001-6045-0167}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000230689800008}}, } @article{ ISI:000233116800006, Author = {Rodriguez, AFM and Molina, RT and Palacios, IS and Corchero, AM and Munoz, JT}, Title = {{Airborne behaviour of Echium pollen}}, Journal = {{AEROBIOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{21}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{125-130}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Species of Echium are clearly entomophilous, but they release great amounts of pollen into the atmosphere with its consequent anemophilous transport, because their high pollen production, the smallness of the grains, and the exserted position of their anthers. Using three volumetric airborne sporetraps in Extremadura (SW of Spain) between 1994 and 1998, we found that Echium pollen reached pollen concentrations similar to or greater than other anemophilous plants. The main pollination period appeared from April to June. The maximum peak daily concentration reached 35.9 grains/m(3) and the annual recorded totals showed interannual variations between 64.2 and 614.4. Correlations were calculated between the daily pollen concentrations and the meteorological parameters rain, temperature, wind direction and velocity and relative humidity. Wind direction seems to be significant, warm dry air seems to facilitate the release of pollen into the atmosphere and increase its concentrations. Hourly pollen concentration reached a maximum between 11:00 and 12:00 and a minimum at 07:00, and the patterns were very similar in the three localities studied. This would indicate that the presence of Echium pollen in the atmosphere is related to the processes of anthesis of the populations near the traps, and would not correspond to a model of transport from distant zones.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10453-005-4182-z}}, ISSN = {{0393-5965}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Munoz Rodriguez, Adolfo/F-1858-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000233116800006}}, } @article{ ISI:000229456800006, Author = {Bacles, CFE and Burczyk, J and Lowe, AJ and Ennos, RA}, Title = {{Historical and contemporary mating patterns in remnant populations of the forest tree Fraxinus excelsior L.}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{979-990}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Genetic variation at microsatellite markers was used to quantify genetic structure and mating behavior in a severely fragmented population of the wind-pollinated, wind-dispersed temperate tree Fraxinus excelsior in a deforested catchment in Scotland. Remnants maintain high levels of genetic diversity, comparable with those reported for continuous populations in southeastern Europe, and show low interpopulation differentiation (Theta = 0.080), indicating that historical gene exchange has not been limited (Nm = 3.48). We estimated from seeds collected from all trees producing fruits in three of five remnants that F. excelsior is predominantly outcrossing (t(m). = 0.971 +/- 0.028). Use of a neighborhood model approach to describe the relative contribution of local and long-distance pollen dispersal indicates that pollen gene flow into each of the three remnants is extensive (46-95\%) and pollen dispersal has two components. The first is very localized and restricted to tens of meters around the mother trees. The second is a long-distance component with dispersal occurring over several kilometers. Effective dispersal distances, accounting for the distance and directionality to mother trees of sampled pollen donors, average 328 m and are greater than values reported for a continuous population. These results suggest that the opening of the landscape facilitates airborne pollen movement and may alleviate the expected detrimental genetic effects of fragmentation.}}, DOI = {{10.1554/04-653}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bacles, Cecile/D-3093-2010 Burczyk, Jaroslaw/B-1686-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Bacles, Cecile/0000-0002-1061-1898 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000229456800006}}, } @article{ ISI:000228410700002, Author = {Wang, HL and Grusak, MA}, Title = {{Structure and development of Medicago truncatula pod wall and seed coat}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{95}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{737-747}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{center dot Background and Aims Medicago truncatula has gained much attention as a genomic model species for legume biology, but little is known about the morphology of its pods and seeds. Structural and developmental characteristics of M. truncatula pod walls and seed coats are presented. center dot Methods Plants of M. truncatula ecotype A 17 were grown under controlled conditions in a greenhouse. Flowers were date-tagged at anthesis, so that pods of known age could be collected. Harvested pods were fixed and sectioned for light microscopy. Structural attributes of pod walls and seed coats were characterized at four time points throughout early to mid-stages of pod development (3, 6, 13 and 20 d post-pollination). center dot Key Results Basic features of the pod wall are an exocarp comprised of a single epidermal layer, a mesocarp with seven to 14 layers of parenchyma cells, and an endocarp composed of an inner epidermal cell layer and three to five layers of sclerenchyma cells adjacent to it. Vascular bundles are abundant in the pod wall and include one lateral carpellary bundle, one median carpellary bundle and nine to 12 vascular bundles, all embedded within the mesocarp parenchyma. Seed coat features include an epidermal layer of macrosclereids, a sub-epidermal layer of osteosclereids, and two to five rows of internal parenchyma cells. The hilar region contains the tracheid bar and the chalazal vascular bundle, the latter of which expands to form only two short branches. center dot Conclusions This characterization provides a needed understanding of pod structure and development in this model legume, and should facilitate various molecular investigations into legume fruit and seed biology.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mci080}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000228410700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000226539600009, Author = {Moragues, E and Traveset, A}, Title = {{Effect of Carpobrotus spp. on the pollination success of native plant species of the Balearic Islands}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{611-619}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Invasive plant species are often considered as potential competitors of native species due to their usually greater capacity for colonization and expansion, but we still have scarce information on whether invasives can also compete for pollination services with natives. In the present study, we hypothesized that the showy flowers of the highly invasive Carpobrotu spp. can compete with native species (Cistus monspeliensis, Cistus salviifolius, Anthyllis cytisoides and Lotus cytisoides) with which it shares habitat and flowering time, influencing pollinator visitation. To test this, we censused insects visiting the flowers of native species in the field and recorded the number of flowers visited in adjacent areas with and without the presence of Carpobrotus. We also assessed the presence of exotic pollen on stigmas of native species and evaluated its effect on reproduction. We detected potential competition for pollinators only in one native species (L. cytisoides), a facilitative effect in two other species (C. salviifolius and A. cytisoides), and a neutral effect in a fourth one (C. monspeliensis). Moreover, such effects appear not to be consistent in time. The presence of Carpobrotus pollen on native stigmas was almost negligible, and hand-pollination experiments showed that such exotic pollen does not interfere significantly with native pollen, not affecting seed set. Our results indicate that the role of the invasive Carpobrotus in promoting or constraining the natural pollination dynamics is likely to have species specific effects on the native flora. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.biocon.2004.09.015}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226539600009}}, } @article{ ISI:000228734300007, Author = {Moeller, DA and Geber, MA}, Title = {{Ecological context of the evolution of self-pollination in Clarkia xantiana: Population size, plant communities, and reproductive assurance}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{786-799}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The repeated evolutionary transition from outcrossing to self-pollination in flowering plants has been suggested to occur because selfing provides reproductive assurance. Reports from biogeographical and ecological surveys indicate that selfing taxa are often associated with stressful and ephemeral environments, situations in which plant abundance is low (e.g., Baker's law) and with novel plant communities, however experimental tests of ecological hypotheses are few. In this study, we examined the ecological context of selection on mating system traits (herkogamy and protandry) in a California annual, Clarkia xantiana, where natural selfing populations differ from outcrossing populations in that they are often of small size or low density and occur mainly outside the range of pollinator-sharing congeners. We constructed artificial populations of plants with broad genetic variation in floral traits and manipulated two ecological factors, plant population size, and the presence versus absence of pollinator-sharing congeners, in the center of the geographic range of outcrossing populations. We found evidence for context-dependent selection on herkogamy and protandry via female fitness in which reduced traits, which promote autonomous selfing, were favored in small populations isolated from congeners whereas selection was comparatively weak in large populations or when congeners were present. In small, isolated populations, the fertility of plants with low herkogamy or protandry was elevated by 66\% and 58\%, respectively, compared to those with high herkogamy or protandry. The presence of pollinator-sharing congeners augmented bee visitation rates to C. xantiana flowers by 47\% for all bees and by 93\% for pollen specialists. By facilitating pollinator visitation, congeners mitigated selection on mating system traits in small populations, where outcross mating success is often low (the Allee effect). We also found support for the hypothesis that pollinator availability directly influenced variation in the strength of selection on herkogamy among populations. The striking parallels between our experimental results and patterns of variation in ecological factors across the geographic range of outcrossing and selfing populations suggest that reproductive assurance may play a central role in directing mating system evolution in C. xantiana.}}, DOI = {{10.1554/04-656}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000228734300007}}, } @article{ ISI:000227391400015, Author = {Mathers, HM and Stushnoff, C}, Title = {{Screening Malus seedlings for cold hardiness}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{318-322}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Twelve-week-old Malus seedlings were induced to cold harden by exposure to low temperature and freezing environments. The effectiveness of induced acclimation by exposure to stimuli such as low temperature (3 to 5 degreesC), frequency of exposure to freezing temperatures (-3 degreesC), storage time before and after induction and the effects of different screening temperatures (-20, -30, and -40 degreesC) were investigated with seedlings grown in a greenhouse from open-pollinated `Golden Delicious' apple (Malus pumila (Mill.), `Antonovka' apple (M. baccata (L.) Borkh. x (M. pumila) and `Rescue' apple (M. baccata) x (M. pumila). Differentiation of the seedling populations with respect to cold hardiness was not achieved until after acclimation at cool temperatures (3 to 5 degreesC) for 6 weeks. Further population differentiation was achieved by exposure to one or more frosts (-3 degreesC). Once the acclimation response had been initiated the seedlings could be held for up to 11 days, under the same conditions, with no significant decrease in hardiness. Hardiness levels of acclimated and nonacclimated open pollinated seedlings coincided with known inherent hardiness responses for all three maternal cultivars evaluated. A binomial form of regrowth data collection, percent seedling survival, was determined to be the most efficient and most precise measure of evaluation. Induction of cold hardiness in very young seedlings and the use of a controlled freeze testing protocol should facilitate rapid screening of large progenies and improve the rate of progress in breeding for cold hardiness.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mathers, Hannah/J-9503-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000227391400015}}, } @article{ ISI:000227288500017, Author = {Zhang, L and Barrett, SCH and Gao, JY and Chen, J and Cole, WW and Liu, Y and Bai, ZL and Li, QJ}, Title = {{Predicting mating patterns from pollination syndromes: The case of ``sapromyiophily{''} in Tacca chantrieri (Taccaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{92}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{517-524}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Tacca, a genus of tropical herbs, possesses near black flowers, conspicuous involucral bracts and whisker-like filiform bracteoles. These features have been assumed to function as a ``deceit syndrome{''} in which reproductive structures resemble decaying organic material attracting flies that facilitate cross-pollination (sapromyiophily). We investigated pollination and mating in Tacca chantrieri populations from SW China to evaluate this assumption. Contrary to this expectation, populations were highly selfing. Pollinator visitation was infrequent and bagged flowers set abundant seed. Pollen loads on stigmas indicated autonomous self-pollination, some of which Occurred prior to flower opening. The seed set of inflorescences with bracts and bracteoles removed was not significantly different from unmanipulated inflorescences, suggesting that these structures play a limited role in pollinator attraction, at least at our study sites. Pollen : ovule ratios averaged 49, a value expected in a highly selfing species. Selfing rates estimated in four populations using allozyme markers averaged 0.86 (range 0.76-0.94), thus corroborating this inference. Our results indicate that despite considerable investment in extravagant display, populations of T chantrieri are highly selfing. We propose several hypotheses to resolve this paradox and argue that future studies of pollination syndromes would benefit by investigation of both pollination and mating biology.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.92.3.517}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Barrett, Spencer/M-3751-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000227288500017}}, } @article{ ISI:000228234500012, Author = {Sun, SG and Guo, YH and Gituru, RW and Huang, SQ}, Title = {{Corolla wilting facilitates delayed autonomous self-pollination in Pedicularis dunniana (Orobanchaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{251}}, Number = {{2-4}}, Pages = {{229-237}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Structural changes associated with corolla wilting may serve as a mechanism for effecting self-pollination. Low pollinator visitation, high seed production and a corolla that persists after anthesis indicates that Pedicularis dunniana is autogamous. Delayed autonomous self-pollination is facilitated by corolla wilting. Wilting of the upper lip (galea) brought the pollen laden anthers into contact with the stigma resulting in the deposition of self pollen on the stigma. The seed set of flowers either emasculated, or with restrained galeae thus preventing anthers brushing against the stigma, was significantly lower than that of open-pollinated flowers. This demonstrates that autogamy occurs in this species through corolla wilting. Germination experiments indicated that outcross seedlings were more vigorous than selfed seedlings as a result of inbreeding depression. It is likely that autogamy provides reproductive assurance for P. dunniana under conditions of pollinator scarcity.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-004-0260-x}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000228234500012}}, } @article{ ISI:000227634400022, Author = {Townsend, PA and Levey, DJ}, Title = {{An experimental test of whether habitat corridors affect pollen transfer}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{466-475}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Negative effects of habitat fragmentation are thought to be diminished when habitat patches are joined by a corridor. A key assumption is that corridors facilitate exchange rates of organisms between otherwise isolated patches. If the organisms are pollinators, corridors may be important for maintaining genetically viable populations of the plants that they pollinate. We tested the hypothesis that corridors increase the movement of insect pollinators into patches of habitat and thereby increase pollen transfer for two species of plants, one pollinated by butterflies (Lantana camara) and the other by bees and wasps (Rudbeckia hirta). We worked in an experimental landscape consisting of 40 >= 1-ha patches of early-successional habitat in a matrix of forest. Within each of eight experimental units, two patches were connected by a corridor (150 x 25 m), and three were not. Patch shape varied to control for the area added by the presence of a corridor. Differences in patch shape also allowed us to test alternative hypotheses of how corridors might function. The Traditional Corridor Hypothesis posits that corridors increase immigration and emigration by functioning as movement conduits between patches. The Drift Fence Hypothesis posits that corridors function by ``capturing{''} organisms dispersing through the matrix, redirecting them into associated habitat patches. Using fluorescent powder to track pollen, we found that pollen transfer by butterflies between patches connected by a corridor was significantly higher than between unconnected patches (all values mean +/- 1 SE: 59\% +/- 9.2\% vs. 25\% +/- 5.2\% of flowers receiving pollen). Likewise, pollen transfer by bees and wasps was significantly higher between connected patches than between unconnected patches (30\% +/- 4.2\% vs. 14.5\% +/- 2.2\%). These results support the Traditional Corridor Hypothesis. There was little support, however, for the Drift Fence Hypothesis. To generalize our results to a larger scale, we measured the probability of pollen transfer by butterflies as a function of distance along a 2000 x 75 m corridor. Pollen transfer probability exponentially declined with respect to distance and successfully predicted pollen transfer probability on the scale of our previous experiment. These results suggest that corridors facilitate pollen transfer in fragmented landscapes.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/03-0607}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000227634400022}}, } @article{ ISI:000234684900005, Author = {Linder, HP and Rudall, PJ}, Title = {{Evolutionary history of Poales}}, Journal = {{ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS}}, Series = {{Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{36}}, Pages = {{107-124}}, Abstract = {{The predominantly wind-pollinated order Poales includes about one third of all monocot (Angiosperm) species, with c. 20,000 species dominating modem savanna and steppe vegetation. Recent improvements in understanding relationships within the order allow phylogenetic optimizations of habitat preferences and adaptive character states, enabling exploration of the factors that have influenced evolution in this successful order. Poales probably originated in the late Cretaceous in wet nutrient-poor sunny habitats. By the Paleogene the lineage had diversified into swamps, the forest understory, epiphytic habitats, and nutrient-poor heathlands. The Neogene saw major diversifications of the grasses and possibly the sedges into fire-adapted vegetation in seasonal climates and low atmospheric CO(2). Diversification into these habitats was facilitated by morphological features such as the sympodial habit and physiological factors that allowed frequent evolution of CO(2)-concentrating mechanisms.}}, DOI = {{10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102403.135635}}, ISSN = {{1543-592X}}, ISBN = {{978-0-8243-1436-1}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Linder, Hans Peter/F-5316-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000234684900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000231166800008, Author = {Petit, S and Dickson, CR}, Title = {{Grass-tree (Xanthorrhoea semiplana, Liliaceae) facilitation of the endangered pink-lipped spider orchid (Caladenia syn. Arachnorchis behrii, Orchidaceae) varies in South Australia}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{53}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{455-464}}, Abstract = {{We examined the role of the grass-tree Xanthorrhoea semiplana F. Muell. canopy in the survival of the nationally endangered orchid Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii Schltdl. at three sites in the northern Adelaide region. We compared grazing and pollination of the flowering orchids within and away from the grass-tree canopy. Grass-trees generally provided significant protection from grazing, but orchids protected by grass-trees experienced reduced pollination for 2 out of 5 years. The net effect of these interactions, as measured by seed set, varied across years. When grazing pressure is high, orchids may benefit from grass-tree protection (facilitation), but under low grazing pressure, it is more probable that orchids set seeds away from grass-trees than under their canopy. Grazing pressure probably does not decrease in view of habitat fragmentation the importance of fragments as wildlife refuges. Therefore, factors affecting the survival of grass-trees, such as Phytophthora cinnamomi, may also affect orchid survival. Kangaroos which are often assumed to be responsible for most grazing in the Adelaide Hills are not the only predators of orchids, and a culling program has so far not resulted in a decrease of grazing pressure for the orchids. Translocation and fencing programs should examine the role of facilitative plants and grazers before spending precious conservation resources.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT04034}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Petit, Sophie/D-1459-2010 Dickson, Catherine/J-5698-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Petit, Sophie/0000-0002-7984-5123 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000231166800008}}, } @article{ ISI:000227450800005, Author = {Kasagi, T and Kudo, G}, Title = {{Interspecific pollinator movements and heterospecific incompatibility: comparisons between Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica along snowmelt gradients}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{7}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{73-87}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Relationships between interspecific pollinator movements and heterospecific incompatibility were investigated in two co-flowering alpine-snowbed shrubs, Phyllodoce caerulea and Phyllodoce aleutica, among plots arranged along snowmelt gradients. Bumblebees, the predominant pollinator of these species. preferred P caerulea in early- to middle-snowmelt plots but P aleutica in late-snowmelt plots. This switching of preference reflected the changes in the relative floral densities of these species along the snowmelt gradients. The frequency of bumblebee movements from P aleutica to P caerulea flowers increased at late-snowmelt plots, whereas that from P caerulea to P. aleutica flowers decreased at late-snowmelt plots. Thus, the risk of heterospecific pollen receipt increased in P caerulea but decreased in P aleutica from early- to late-snowmelt habitats. Phyllodoce caerulea showed similar seed-set rates among conspecific, heterospecific and species-mixed pollination treatments throughout the plots, indicating that there is no mechanism to avoid hybridization at P aleutica pollen. On the other hand, P aleutica pollinated with P. caerulea pollen showed a very low seed set in comparison with that pollinated with conspecific pollen in early- and middle-snowmelt plots. However, the seed set of P aleutica did not differ among the treatments at late-snowmelt plots. Therefore, P aleutica showed heterospecific incompatibility with P caerulea pollen only in the early-to middle-snowmelt populations. Changes in interspecific bumblebee movements might be responsible for the variation in heterospecific incompatibility among the P aleutica populations.}}, ISSN = {{1522-0613}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Kudo, Gaku/A-2733-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kudo, Gaku/0000-0002-6488-818X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000227450800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000231173000002, Author = {Grundt, HH and Elven, R and Brochmann, C}, Title = {{A rare case of self-incompatibility in arctic plants: Draba palanderiana (Brassicaceae)}}, Journal = {{FLORA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{200}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{321-325}}, Abstract = {{During the last decades, it has been shown that arctic plants show larger variation in reproductive strategies than traditionally assumed. Obligate outcrossing based on a self-incompatibility system is, however, very rare in the typically harsh, insect-poor arctic environment. Here we present the second, to our knowledge, documented example of a fully self-incompatible arctic species, Draba palanderiana Kjellm. Because of its large, scented flowers and frequently aborted fruits it has been suggested that this species is strictly outcrossing. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a pollination experiment with two populations from arctic North America. Pollen stainabilities were above 80\% in most plants. Full female and male fertility was demonstrated by crosses resulting in fertile F, offspring. In contrast, no viable seeds were obtained after spontaneous or hand-facilitated selfing, demonstrating that these D. palanderiana populations are fully self-incompatible and thus obligately outcrossing. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.flora.2004.10.001}}, ISSN = {{0367-2530}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Brochmann, Christian/A-4105-2009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000231173000002}}, } @article{ ISI:000232224800001, Author = {Pacini, E and Hesse, M}, Title = {{Pollenkitt - its composition, forms and functions}}, Journal = {{FLORA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{200}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{399-415}}, Abstract = {{Two types of sticky pollen coat material exist in angiosperms, both produced by the anther tapetum. Pollenkitt is the most common adhesive material present around pollen grains of almost all angiosperms pollinated by animals, whereas tryphine seems to be restricted only to Brassicaccae. Tapetal cell protoplasts have different patterns of development according to the products formed during their development and degeneration. If tryphine is formed, the tapetal cell protoplasts lose their individuality at the microspore stage. If pollenkitt is formed, their contents degenerate at later stages. Cell content is totally reabsorbed, when ripe pollen is not surrounded by any gluing material. Current knowledge of pollenkitt formation, deposition on pollen grains and chemical composition are reviewed and discussed. Methods for detecting this viscous fluid are also presented. The many functions of pollenkitt, deduced from personal observations and the literature, act in the period between anther opening and pollen hydration on the stigma; they are: (1) to hold pollen in the anther until dispersal; (2) to enable secondary pollen presentation; (3) to facilitate pollen dispersal; (4) to protect pollen from water loss; (5) to protect pollen from ultra-violet radiation; (6) to maintain sporophytic proteins responsible for pollen-stigma recognition inside exine cavities; (7) to protect pollen protoplasts from fungi and bacteria; (8) to keep together pollen grains during transport; (9) to protect pollen from hydrolysis and exocellular enzymes; (10) to render pollen attractive to animals; (11) to render pollen visible to animal eyes; (12) to hide pollen from animal eyes; (13) to avoid predation of pollen through smell; (14) to enable adhesion to insect bodies; (15) to enable pollen packaging by bees and to form corbicules; (16) to provide a digestible reward for pollinators; (17) to enable pollen clumps to reach the stigma; (18) to allow self-pollination; (19) to facilitate adhesion to the stigma; (20) to facilitate pollen rehydration. Depending on the developmental program of the species, these functions may act during pollen presentation, in relation to pollinators, during pollen dispersal and when pollen reaches the stigma. (c) 2005 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.flora.2005.02.006}}, ISSN = {{0367-2530}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000232224800001}}, } @article{ ISI:000225772400007, Author = {French, GC and Ennos, RA and Silverside, AJ and Hollingsworth, PM}, Title = {{The relationship between flower size, inbreeding coefficient and inferred selfing rate in British Euphrasia species}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{94}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{44-51}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The genus Euphrasia in Britain comprises a taxonomically complex group of self-compatible, morphologically similar, hemi-parasitic, annual plant species of high conservation importance. The 19 diploid and tetraploid taxa currently recognised show striking variation in flower size. The objective of this paper is to determine whether a relationship exists between flower size and breeding system within Euphrasia. Following a survey of flower size variation among the 19 taxa, seven diploid populations, encompassing a broad range of flower sizes, were selected for detailed study. Four nuclear microsatellite loci were used to estimate the inbreeding coefficient F-is within each population. F-is values varied from to 0.17-0.77 and showed a significant, negative correlation with flower size. These results are best explained as the consequence of variation in selfing rate among the Euphrasia populations, with selfing rate increasing as flower size decreases. The potential factors influencing breeding system evolution in Euphrasia are discussed, together with the role of autogamy in generating taxonomic complexity and facilitating lineage differentiation within the genus.}}, DOI = {{10.1038/sj.hdy.6800553}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Hollingsworth, Peter/0000-0003-0602-0654}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225772400007}}, } @article{ ISI:000225472100004, Author = {Moeller, DA}, Title = {{Pollinator community structure and sources of spatial variation in plant-pollinator interactions in Clarkia xantiana ssp xantiana}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2005}}, Volume = {{142}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{28-37}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The structure of diverse floral visitor assemblages and the nature of spatial variation in plant pollinator interactions have important consequences for floral evolution and reproductive interactions among pollinator-sharing plant species. In this study, I use surveys of floral visitor communities across the geographic range of Clarkia xantiana ssp. xantiana ( hereafter C. x. xantiana) ( Onagraceae) to examine the structure of visitor communities, the specificity of the pollination system, and the role of variation in the abiotic vs. biotic environment in contributing to spatial variation in pollinator abundance and community composition. Although the assemblage of bee visitors to C. x. xantiana is very diverse ( 49 species), few were regular visitors and likely to act as pollinators. Seventy-four percent of visitor species accounted for only 11\% of total visitor abundance and 69\% were collected in three or fewer plant populations ( of ten). Of the few reliable visitors, Clarkia pollen specialist bees were the most frequent visitors, carried more Clarkia pollen compared to generalist foragers, and were less likely to harbor foreign pollen. Overall, the core group of pollinators was obscured by high numbers of incidental visitors that are unlikely to contribute to pollination. In a geographic context, the composition of specialist pollinator assemblages varied considerably along the abiotic gradient spanning the subspecies' range. However, the overall abundance of specialist pollinators in plant populations was not influenced by the broad-scale abiotic gradient but strongly affected by local plant community associations. C. x. xantiana populations sympatric with pollinator-sharing congeners were visited twice as often by specialists compared to populations occurring alone. These positive indirect interactions among plant species may promote population persistence and species coexistence by enhancing individual reproductive success.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00442-004-1693-1}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225472100004}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000230571900058, Author = {Lokker, AC and Barba-Gonzalez, R and Lim, KB and Ramanna, MS and van Tuyl, JM}, Editor = {{Okubo, H and Miller, WB and Chastagner, GA}}, Title = {{Genotypic and environmental variation in production of 2n-gametes of oriental x asiatic lily hybrids}}, Booktitle = {{Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, Vols 1 and 2}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2005}}, Number = {{673, 1-2}}, Pages = {{453-456}}, Note = {{9th International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, Niigata, JAPAN, APR 19-22, 2004}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Hort Sci; Japan Soc Hort Sci; Niigata Univ; Niigata Prefecture; Niigata City}}, Abstract = {{It is attractive to use 2n gametes in breeding for three reasons: a) they can overcome the sterility of F-1 hybrids between distantly related species, b) facilitate homoeologous recombination between alien chromosomes and c) generate a large number of different genotypes of 2n gametes from a single F, hybrid. Such genetic variation can be potentially useful for breeding. However, there is one drawback of using 2n gametes in breeding. The frequency of 2n gamete-producing genotypes OA-hybrids, is very low. By producing a large number of interspecific hybrids followed by careful screening, we have selected few 2n gamete producing F, hybrids between different groups of Lilium species. This screening for 2n pollen production revealed enormous variation in 2n pollen production frequencies between the different genotypes and between the same genotypes grown in different environments. The fluctuations in greenhouse temperature appeared to influence 2n gametes frequency considerably. To study this during several years, four normally complete sterile genotypes were exposed to a heat shock treatment in phytotron. Three out of the four genotypes produced viable 2n pollen. In total 2\% of the treated flowers became fertile due to this temperature-induced stimulation of 2n pollen formation.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-608-8}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Barba-Gonzalez, Rodrigo/B-8150-2008 van tuyl, Jaap/A-3861-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Barba-Gonzalez, Rodrigo/0000-0001-9336-090X }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000230571900058}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000235331800062, Author = {Alexander, MT and Worthen, LM and Craddock, JH}, Editor = {{Abreu, CG and Rosa, E and Monteiro, AA}}, Title = {{Conservation of Castanea dentata germplasm of the southeastern United States}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CHESTNUT CONGRESS}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2005}}, Number = {{693}}, Pages = {{485-490}}, Note = {{3rd International Chestnut Congress, Chaves, PORTUGAL, OCT 20-23, 2004}}, Organization = {{Camara Municipal Chaves; Camara Municipal Valpacos; Camara Municipal Vila Real; Governo Civil Vila Real; Direccao Reg Cultura Norte; Fdn Calouste Gulbenkian; Viveiros Centrais Ribadouro; Agro; BPN, Geosil; Sortegel; ADP; FCT}}, Abstract = {{The ongoing effort to breed and reintroduce a blight resistant, locally adapted variety of American chestnut (Castanea dentata) requires a broad genetic base. To ensure adequate genetic diversity, we have collected genetic resources from across the southeastern portion of the native range of the species. Finding and breeding surviving C dentata stump sprouts is problematic due to the relatively short life span of blooming stems and their often remote forest habitat. We implemented a combination of conservation procedures including both in situ efforts to promote favorable habitat conditions for survivors, and ex situ techniques such as traditional breeding, grafting, and orchard repositories. To facilitate more efficient location of surviving trees we employed the use of a Geographic Information System (GIS) to overlay soil, topography, and satellite imagery for the generation of predictive, site-specific, chestnut-range maps, as well as a geo-referenced attribute database. In 2002 our efforts resulted in the location of three surviving, seed-bearing, American chestnut trees in Tennessee. We bred the wild trees using C dentata and hybrid pollens resulting in the capture of native germplasm into our breeding program. In 2003 we located and bred an additional 5 wild trees. In 2004 a record number of 12 wild trees were pollinated in Tennessee. In 2004 we located and graft-propagated 18 different C dentata trees for inclusion in the breeding orchards.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-100-0}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000235331800062}}, } @article{ ISI:000226297500011, Author = {Moeller, DA}, Title = {{Facilitative interactions among plants via shared pollinators}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{3289-3301}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Outcrossing in plants is influenced by the availability of pollinators and compatible mates. both of which may be modified by the population and community Context in which plant-pollinator interactions occur. Although indirect interactions among plants through shared pollinators are often expected to be competitive, pollinator sharing may be beneficial when plant species jointly attract or maintain populations of pollinators. In this study. I tested the hypothesis that pollinator-sharing congeners facilitate reproduction in a focal taxon. Clarkia xantiana ssp. xontiana, and that positive interactions are most pronounced in small and sparse populations. Population Surveys revealed that C. x. xantiana frequently coexists with pollinator-sharing congeners except at the periphery of its range. Populations varied extensively in size and density, with small populations more likely associated with pollinator-sharing congeners conversely, Populations occuring,11 alone were more likely large. Flowering schedules in Clarkia communities ranged from segreated to aggregated. Although there was not strong evidence of character displacement, modes in flowering, time were often staggered among Clarkia species resulting in a protracted flowering season within plant communities. Studies of bee pollinator availability in populations and pollen limitation to reproduction in 39 replicate populations revealed that populations occuring with multiple congeners had high pollinator availability and low pollen limitation of reproduction compared to populations occuring alone. Population size was inversely related to pollen limitation but did not affect pollinator availability, suggesting that Allee effects were caused by mate limitation. Intraspecific interactions were also positive at a fine spatial scale where pollen deposition increased with the density of closely neighboring conspecifics across 11 populations. Overall, inter- and intraspecific interactions through shared pollinators were generally facilitative, suggesting that population viability and title coexistence of ecologically similar Clarkia species may be promoted by positive reproductive interactions.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/03-0810}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226297500011}}, } @article{ ISI:000225078000011, Author = {Cesaro, AC and Thompson, JD}, Title = {{Darwin's cross-promotion hypothesis and the evolution of stylar polymorphism}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{7}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{1209-1215}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{There is growing appreciation that the ecological factors which impact on rates of pollen transfer can contribute significantly to reproductive trait evolution in plants. In heterostylous species, several studies support Darwin's claim that the reciprocal positions of stigmas and anthers enhance inter-morph mating in comparison to intra-morph mating and thus the maintenance of the polymorphism. In this study, we evaluate the relative importance of intra-morph and inter-morph pollen transfers in Narcissus assoanus, a species with dimorphic variation in style length but non-reciprocity of anther positions. This stigma-height dimorphism represents a transitional stage in theoretical models of the evolution of distyly. Seed set variation on recipient plants with donor plants of a single morph in experimental arrays in a natural population illustrate that inter-morph cross-pollination is more efficient that intra-morph cross-pollination as a result of high rates of pollen transfer from long-styled to short-styled plants. The observed rates of pollen transfer satisfy the theoretical conditions for the establishment of a stigma-height dimorphism in an ancestral monomorphic long-styled population in pollen-limited situations. These results provide experimental evidence for the Darwinian hypothesis that enhanced inter-morph cross-pollination facilitates not only the maintenance of heterostyly but also the establishment of transitional forms implicated in the evolution of this polymorphism.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00683.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225078000011}}, } @article{ ISI:000226157300004, Author = {Ippolito, A and Fernandes, GW and Holtsford, TP}, Title = {{Pollinator preferences for Nicotiana alata, N-forgetiana, and their F-1 hybrids}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{2634-2644}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The role of pollinators in plant speciation and maintenance of species boundaries is dubious because most plant species are visited by several types of pollinators, and most pollinator species visit several species of plants. We investigated pollinator preferences and their efficacy as ethological isolation mechanisms between two interfertile species, Nicotiana alata and N. forgetiana and their F-1 hybrids. Hawkmoths pollinate N. alata, while primarily hummingbirds and occasionally small hawkmoths visit N. forgetiana. F-1 hybrids are easily produced in the greenhouse and although the species grow in similar habitats, hybrids have not been found in nature. In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, near where both species are found, experimental plots were studied containing both species, and both species plus F-1 hybrids. In the mixed-species plots, hawkmoths showed a strong preference for N. alata. Hummingbirds were less common and only visited N. forgetiana. Hybrid seed was produced but plants made significantly fewer hybrid offspring than predicted by the frequency of interspecific pollinator movements. Nicotiana forgetiana was the seed parent of 97\% of the F-1 offspring, suggesting an asymmetry in pollen delivery or postpollination processes. In plots containing F-1 hybrids plus both parental species, hawkmoths preferred N. alata and undervisited the other two phenotypes, except that in the third plot they visited hybrids in proportion to the hybrid frequency. Hummingbirds strongly preferred N. forgetiana in all plots but also visited F-1 hybrids in proportion to their frequency in the third plot. Overall, F-1 hybrids were well pollinated and were frequently visited immediately before or after one of the parental species. Thus hybrids could facilitate gene flow between the parental species. We conclude that pollinator discrimination among species is strong but is an imperfect isolation mechanism, especially if hybrids are present.}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226157300004}}, } @article{ ISI:000225617200012, Author = {Friedman, J and Harder, LD}, Title = {{Inflorescence architecture and wind pollination in six grass species}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{18}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{851-860}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{1. Inflorescence architecture and floral morphology vary extensively within the Poaceae, but the functional significance of this variation remains largely unknown. As grasses are wind-pollinated, their inflorescence diversity probably reflects alternate solutions to manipulating airstreams to enhance pollen export and import. We tested this hypothesis with two field experiments that contrasted pollen removal and receipt by compact and diffuse inflorescences. 2. In the `aggregation' experiment, we tied together panicle branches of two species with diffuse inflorescences, creating more compact inflorescences. Aggregation reduced pollen removal from both species, probably by increasing boundary-layer thickness. The effects of inflorescence aggregation differed between the two species in a manner that is consistent with pollen-size differences, which could affect the ability of pollen grains to pass through the thickened boundary layer around stigmas. 3. The `staking' experiment constrained inflorescence motion and revealed that culm characteristics contribute to the interaction between grass inflorescences and airstreams. In particular, inflorescence oscillation principally serves pollen removal for species with compact inflorescences, but is of primary importance in pollen receipt for species with diffuse architectures. 4. These results suggest that inflorescence architecture interacts with wind in a complex manner to facilitate pollination and supports the hypothesis that the extensive diversity of inflorescence architecture within the Poaceae represents evolutionary solutions to the physical constraints of wind pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.0269-8463.2004.00921.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Friedman, Jannice/A-4526-2013 Harder, Lawrence/H-9715-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Friedman, Jannice/0000-0002-1146-0892 Harder, Lawrence/0000-0002-2303-5076}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225617200012}}, } @article{ ISI:000209058200004, Author = {Eckert, Christopher G. and Herlihy, Christopher R.}, Title = {{Using a cost-benefit approach to understand the evolution of self-fertilization in plants: the perplexing case of Aquilegia canadensis (Ranunculaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SPECIES BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{159-173}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Plants exhibit tremendous variation in whether mating occurs via self-fertilization versus outcrossing, and many species practice a mixture of both. In theory, the evolution of selfing is influenced by a few large costs and benefits, and the benefits of selfing should be balanced by its costs at equilibrium. We have attempted a cost-benefit analysis of selfing, using population genetic surveys, experimental manipulations and quantitative genetics to a spring-flowering, short-lived perennial, Aquilegia canadensis. This species invests heavily in large, nectar-rich flowers but achieves full seed set in the absence of pollinators by automonous autogamy, and selfs 76\% of its seed in natural populations. Floral emasculations reveal that 75\% of selfing occurs via autogamy, which increases per-flower seed production (reproductive assurance), but pre-empts ovules and resources that could be used to make outcrossed seed (seed discounting). This is costly because outcrossed progeny appear to survive to maturity 10-fold more often than selfed progeny. Almost all the apparent nonautogamous selfing involves cross-pollination between relatives (biparental inbreeding). This could facilitate the evolution of mixed mating, but not when inbreeding is so strong. Though selfing seems strongly disadvantageous, A. canadensis exhibits striking heritable variation in the separation between anthers and stigmas within flowers (herkogamy), which correlates negatively with selfing. This suggests that the mating system is at equilibrium. There is no applicable theoretical explanation for high selfing in the face of strong inbreeding depression, which occurs in a variety of plants. Understanding the evolution of these enigmatic mating systems remains a major challenge.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00112.x}}, ISSN = {{0913-557X}}, EISSN = {{1442-1984}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000209058200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000226245600012, Author = {Arathi, HS and Kelly, JK}, Title = {{Corolla morphology facilitates both autogamy and bumblebee pollination in Mimulus guttatus}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{165}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1039-1045}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{The showy corolla of Mimulus guttatus is generally considered an adaptation to attract pollinators. We use phenotypic manipulations to demonstrate that corolla morphology plays a critical mechanical role in both outcrossing and self-fertilization. In the absence of pollinators, the lower portion of the corolla facilitates autogamy by retaining pollen released from the anthers. A substantial portion of self-fertilization seems to occur late in the floral life span as the stigma contacts the corolla. When pollinators are present, the corolla facilitates outcrossing before, during, and after insect visitation. A large fraction of cross-pollen is actually captured by the corolla and not by the stigma. This ``indirect'' pathway for pollen reception suggests that a large fraction of cross-pollination in M. guttatus actually occurs long after a pollinator departs from a flower.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/423876}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226245600012}}, } @article{ ISI:000226444300003, Author = {Ceballos, H and Iglesias, CA and Perez, JC and Dixon, AGO}, Title = {{Cassava breeding: opportunities and challenges}}, Journal = {{PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{56}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{503-516}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Although cassava is a major food crop, its scientific breeding began only recently compared with other crops. Significant progress has been achieved, particularly in Asia where cassava is used mainly for industrial processes and no major biotic constraints affect its productivity. Cassava breeding face's several limitations that need to be addressed. The heterozygous nature of the crop and parental lines used to generate new segregating progenies makes it difficult to identify parents with good breeding values. Breeding so far has been mainly based on a mass phenotypic recurrent selection. There is very little knowledge on the inheritance of traits of agronomic relevance. Several approaches have been taken to overcome the constraints in the current methodologies for the genetic improvement of cassava. Evaluations at early stages of selection allow for estimates of general combining ability effect or breeding values of parental lines. Inbreeding by sequential self-pollination facilitates the identification of useful recessive traits.. either already present in the Manihot gene pool or induced by mutagenesis.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s11103-004-5010-5}}, ISSN = {{0167-4412}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226444300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000225245000001, Author = {Levin, DA}, Title = {{Ecological speciation: Crossing the divide}}, Journal = {{SYSTEMATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{807-816}}, Month = {{OCT-DEC}}, Abstract = {{The magnitude of niche shifts associated with ecological speciation and the factors that regulate the process are poorly understood. I propose that ecological transitions most often involve the invasion of habitats most accessible through seed dispersion and by relatively small genetic changes. A significant seed rain is required for the recruitment of chalice variants that are somewhat adapted to the novel conditions, as well as for the expansion of the genetic repertoire necessary for the evolution of a well-adapted entity. The probability of exploiting a new niche is an inverse function of the amount of genetic change that is required. Genes with large effect facilitate the change. There is considerable evidence that substantial habitat and pollinator niche shifts may occur with relatively few gene changes. There is speculation that populations may establish in new habitats through adaptive developmental and physiological changes induced by the environment, and then undergo genetic changes that stabilize the new phenotypes. Hybridization provides an unusual opportunity for major ecological change over a relatively short time span.}}, DOI = {{10.1600/0363644042451134}}, ISSN = {{0363-6445}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225245000001}}, } @article{ ISI:000226339900027, Author = {Carrithers, VF and Roche, CT and Gaiser, DR and Horton, D and Duncan, CL and Scherer, PN}, Title = {{Herbicides reduce seed production in reproductive-stage yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)}}, Journal = {{WEED TECHNOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{18}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{1065-1071}}, Month = {{OCT-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Herbicides with residual activity more effectively control infestations of yellow starthistle, a facultative winter annual, because seed banks quickly furnish replacement plants after nonresidual herbicide treatments. Picloram has been applied to rosettes in fall or spring, but new infestations of yellow starthistle are often discovered when plants are more noticeable in bud or flower stages. Eradication, containment, and revegetation are facilitated if weed seed rain can be stopped. This study evaluated whether registered rates (0.14, 0.28, and 0.42 kg ae/ha) of picloram, alone and with 2,4-D at 1.12 kg ae/ha, can prevent seed production when applied to yellow starthistle at bud or flower stage. Picloram applied at bud stage curtailed both seed production and germination, reducing seed production by 42 to 86\% and viability by 80 to 99\%. Neither the picloram rate nor the addition of 2,4-D to the spray solution affected the percentage of nonviable seeds. The addition of 2,4-D further decreased germination of developed seeds only at the lowest picloram rate. At flower stage, picloram and 2,4-D neither killed mature plants nor consistently reduced the quantity and quality (viability) of seeds. Bud stage was the phenological limit for effective reduction of viable seed by picloram, which caused both bud abortion and lower seed germination.}}, DOI = {{10.1614/WT-03-240R}}, ISSN = {{0890-037X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000226339900027}}, } @article{ ISI:000224952700006, Author = {Tepedino, VJ and Sipes, SD and Griswold, TL}, Title = {{Reproduction and demography of Townsendia aprica (Asteraceae), a rare endemic of the Southern Utah Plateau}}, Journal = {{WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{64}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{465-470}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Townsendia aprica (Asteraceae: Astereae), a rare pulvinate perennial of the Southern Utah Plateau, was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1985. Here we report on the reproductive biology and pollination of this little-known species and provide an estimate, for a single site-year, of size-specific reproductive effort. Last Chance townsendia appears a short-lived perennial that begins reproducing in its 2nd year (1.5-2.0 cm diameter). Maximum reproductive effort is attained with the 2.5-4.0 cm diameter size class: 38\% of these plants produced 84\% of the flower heads. Few plants survived past the 4-cm size class. The species is primarily self-incompatible: neither autogamous nor geitonogamous breeding system treatments produced a significant number of achenes. Unlike some populations of some congeners, the Ivie Creek population was not apomictic. Outcrossing is the primary means of reproduction and native solitary bees are the most important pollinators. Paramount are several species in the genus Osmia, and the ground-nesting species Synhalonia fulvitarsis, Which nests among the T aprica plants. Synhalonia fulvitarsis also visits a contemporaneous blooming phlox (P. austromontana), which may facilitate pollination of the rare townsendia. The Townsendia-Phlox-Synhalonia interaction may represent another example of why we must consider communities rather than individual species in our conservation efforts.}}, ISSN = {{1527-0904}}, EISSN = {{1944-8341}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224952700006}}, } @article{ ISI:000224034800009, Author = {Yang, SX and Yang, CF and Zhang, T and Wang, QF}, Title = {{A mechanism facilitates pollination due to stigma behavior in Campsis radicans (Bignoniaceae)}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{46}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1071-1074}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{The precise factors affecting stigma behavior in Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau. remain unclear up to now. In this study mechanical touch, self- and cross-pollination, and pollination with variable amounts of pollen grains separately contacting with stigmas have been conducted to determine the exact factor affecting the stigma behavior. Results show that mechanical touch alone cannot make the stigmas close permanently. It is the adequate pollen (>350) deposition that causes the stigma permanent closure, which is in accordance with previous reports that sufficient pollen grains are necessary for fruit development. In addition, the stigma behavior does not display differences when pollinated with cross- or self-pollen separately; both self and cross pollen grains can germinate and grow successfully. Our results cannot demonstrate that the stigma behavior in C radicans is an outcrossing mechanism, but strongly indicate it acts as a mechanism to facilitate pollination, and then enhance the reproductive success.}}, ISSN = {{1672-6650}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224034800009}}, } @article{ ISI:000223099800002, Author = {Cozzolino, S and D'Emerico, S and Widmer, A}, Title = {{Evidence for reproductive isolate selection in Mediterranean orchids: karyotype differences compensate for the lack of pollinator specificity}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{271}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{S259-S262}}, Month = {{AUG 7}}, Abstract = {{Mediterranean orchids of the subtribe Orchidinae are highly diverse and display a range of fascinating pollination strategies. Based on observations that orchid-pollinator relationships are often highly specialized and species specific, Darwin and others have argued that selection for different pollinators has been the driving force behind the evolutionary diversification of orchids. This may be true for orchids that attract different, specialized pollinators that act as prezygotic reproductive barriers. It is, however, not clear how closely related co-flowering Mediterranean orchids that share pollinators survive the challenge of sympatry. We show that species pairs with a generalized pool of pollinators have significantly more divergent karyotypes compared with species pairs with different pollinators. These results show that karyotype differences that act as postzygotic reproductive barriers may have played an important role in the evolution of Mediterranean orchid diversity.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rsbl.2004.0166}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Widmer, Alex/B-6841-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Widmer, Alex/0000-0001-8253-5137}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000223099800002}}, } @article{ ISI:000224336400009, Author = {Johnson, SA and Nicolson, SW and Jackson, S}, Title = {{The effect of different oral antibiotics on the gastrointestinal microflora of a wild rodent (Aethomys namaquensis)}}, Journal = {{COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR \& INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{138}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{475-483}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Gut sterilization via the oral administration of antibiotics facilitates physiological studies of the nutritionally important relationship between intestinal microflora and the host. However, the composition of gut flora is extremely variable, and as a result, the efficacy of antibiotics in achieving aut sterilization varies considerably between species. We tested the effectiveness of three antibiotic cocktails in sterilizing the gut of a rodent pollinator, the Namaqua rock mouse (Aethomys namaquensis). The cocktails were (1) streptomycin sulfate and bacitracin (previously used with domestic mice and rats), (2) chloramphenicol and bacitracin (based on antibiotic screening tests performed on faecal flora) and (3) Baytril 10\% oral solution (a veterinary antimicrobial agent containing enrofloxacin). We tested for antibiotic inactivation by determining bacterial viability through fluorescence staining of faecal samples. We also tested techniques to maintain sterility during antibiotic treatment without the benefit of a laminar flow cabinet. Antibiotics were administered orally in food and water consumed ad libitum over 4 consecutive days. Antibiotic effectiveness was assessed by culturing anaerobic bacteria from faecal samples collected before and after each antibiotic treatment. Treatment with Baytril 10\% oral solution eliminated or significantly reduced faecal flora, whereas other antibiotics did not. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of testing the effectiveness of antibiotics before their use in studies that involve antibiotic-treated subjects, particularly if these are species previously untested. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All tights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.06.010}}, ISSN = {{1095-6433}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Nicolson, Sue/B-4734-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224336400009}}, } @article{ ISI:000223046800016, Author = {Schneider, D and Eisikowitch, D and Goldway, M and Stern, RA}, Title = {{A comparative study of the superior fertility of `Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE \& BIOTECHNOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{79}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{596-601}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Apple (Malus domestica) has a gametophytically determined self-incompatibility system, which limits inbreeding. As a consequence, apple trees depend on cross-fertilization for fruit-set, which may be enhanced by honeybees (Apis mellifera). In this study honeybee pollination effectiveness and setting potential of two important apple cultivars, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' and `Topred Red Delicious', were investigated to shed light on the high fruit-sets and yields of `Smoothee', as compared with `Topred'. Analysis of floral features and honeybee behaviour revealed that the differences between the two cultivars in flower size and nectar traits did not affect honeybee visitation frequency, which was the same for both cultivars. Due to the wide basal gaps between the stamen filaments in `Smoothee' and `Topred' flowers, which enabled ``sideworking{''}, a low proportion of ``topworkers{''} was found in both cultivars. Yet, more than double the number of ``topworkers{''} was found in `Smoothee', as compared to `Topred', probably because of the wider diameter of the stamen filament spread of the `Smoothee' flowers, facilitating nectar collection from the top and thus increasing pollination effectiveness. `Smoothee' fruit-set was significantly higher than `Topred' in all stages of flower development, in accordance with the assumption that `Topred' has a shorter ovule longevity than `Smoothee'. However, higher fruit-set of `Smoothee' flowers pollinated before anthesis, at the ``Balloon{''} stage, was also found. This implies that the high fruit-set and fertility of `Smoothee' are also due to additional genetic features.}}, ISSN = {{1462-0316}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000223046800016}}, } @article{ ISI:000222985200002, Author = {Berry, EJ and Gorchov, DL}, Title = {{Reproductive biology of the dioecious understorey palm Chamaedorea radicalis in a Mexican cloud forest: pollination vector, flowering phenology and female fecundity}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{20}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{369-376}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of the dioecious understorey palm Chamaedorea radicalis was investigated in order to identify the primary pollen vector and quantify the relationship between female fecundity and local neighbourhood sexual composition. The study was conducted in a montane mesophyll forest within the El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, Tamaulipas, Mexico. The species is considered vulnerable in Mexico and there are concerns about the sustainability of leaf harvest. We determined that wind is the primary pollen vector, based both on floral and pollen morphological characters, and on a pollinator exclosure experiment. Successful wind pollination of this understorey palm was facilitated by the extended flowering period of males, which allows one male to be a source of pollen to receptive females for as long as a month. The number of flowers and fruits borne on a female were dependent on female size, however. no size parameter correlated well with fruit set. Fruit set was also not dependent on local sexual composition, male density or distance to the nearest male, suggesting that in this study area female reproductive success is not limited by the availability of pollen.}}, DOI = {{10.1017/S0266467404001397}}, ISSN = {{0266-4674}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000222985200002}}, } @article{ ISI:000222282500003, Author = {Ramakrishnan, AP and Meyer, SE and Waters, J and Stevens, MR and Coleman, CE and Fairbanks, DJ}, Title = {{Correlation between molecular markers and adaptively significant genetic variation in Bromus tectorum (Poaceae) an inbreeding annual grass}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{797-803}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Single sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) molecular marker genotypes in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) were compared to published data on phenotypic variation in seed dormancy, vernalization requirement, and resistance to the pathogen Ustilago bullata. Several features of cheatgrass facilitated this study: it is a recent invader in the western United States, has considerable phenotypic polymorphism, and is an obligate self-pollinator. Forty self-pollinating lines from four populations common to the three phenotypic data sets were analyzed for molecular genetic variation using seven SSR loci and 31 AFLP loci. We examined correlations between distance matrices using the Mantel test for each pair of studies. The two molecular data sets were significantly correlated (r = 0.636). The AFLP markers often distinguished among several lines with identical SSR genotypes. The AFLP data were also significantly correlated with the phenotypic data (r values from 0.4640 to 0.5658), but the SSR data were much more highly correlated (r values from 0.677 to 0.844). The difference between molecular marker systems was especially notable when an outlier population from Potosi Pass, Nevada, was excluded from the analysis. These results suggest that SSR markers may be good surrogates for phenotypic traits in population genetic studies of strongly inbreeding species such as cheatgrass.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.91.6.797}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000222282500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000222315200002, Author = {Sabara, HA and Gillespie, DR and Elle, E and Winston, ML}, Title = {{Influence of brood, vent screening, and time of year on honey bee (Hymenoptera : Apidae) pollination and fruit quality of greenhouse tomatoes}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{97}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{727-734}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Greenhouse tomatoes, Lycopersicon esculentum Miller (Solanaceae), are autogamous, but facilitated pollination results in increased fruit size and set. Previous research examining honey bee pollination in greenhouse tomato crops established that fruit quality resulting from honey bee visitation is often comparable to humble bees (Bombus spp.) and significantly better than in flowers that receive no facilitated pollination. However, management alternatives have not been studied to improve tomato fruit quality when honey bees are the only pollination option available for the high-value greenhouse industry. We investigated whether the quantity of brood (eggs, larvae, and pupae) in a honey bee colony in the winter and screening on greenhouse vents in the summer would encourage honey bee foraging on tomato flowers. We also established the influence of time of year on the potential for honey bees to be effective pollinating agents. We constructed small honey bee colonies full of naive forager bees with either two frames of brood ({''}brood colonies{''}) or two empty frames ({''}no-brood{''}) and compared total fruit set and the number of tomato seeds resulting from fruit potentially visited by honey bees in each of these treatments to bagged flowers that received no facilitated pollination. There was no significant difference in the quality of fruit resulting from honey bees from ``brood{''} and ``no-brood{''} colonies. However, these fruits produced significantly more seeds than bagged flowers restricted from facilitated pollination. Honey bees from brood and no-brood colonies also resulted in 98\% fruit set compared with 80\% fruit set in bagged flowers that received no facilitated pollination. During the summer, the number of seeds per fruit did not differ significantly between unbagged flowers potentially visited by honey bees in screened greenhouses and unscreened greenhouses and bagged flowers that received no facilitated pollination. However, time of year did have a significant influence on the quality of fruit produced by honey bees compared with flowers that received no facilitated pollination, because no difference in seed number was observed between the treatments after mid-April. The results from this study demonstrate that the management of brood levels and vent screening cannot be used to improve the quality of fruit resulting from honey bee pollination and that honey bees can be a feasible greenhouse pollination alternative only during the winter.}}, DOI = {{10.1603/0022-0493(2004)097{[}0727:IOBVSA]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0022-0493}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000222315200002}}, } @article{ ISI:000221815700023, Author = {Atluri, JB and Ramana, SPV and Reddi, CS}, Title = {{Explosive pollen release, wind-pollination and mixed mating in the tropical tree Shorea robusta Gaertn. f. (Dipterocarpaceae)}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1416-1419}}, Month = {{MAY 25}}, Abstract = {{Shorea robusta in tropical India is wind-pollinated. Its gregarious occurrence; flowering during the dry season before the leaves unfold; conspicuous drooping inflorescence with pendulous flowers; massivity of blooming; copious pollen production (c. 60,000 per flower); explosive pollen release triggered by moderately gusty winds; pollen entrapment and transport in moderately turbulent wind; long period of pollen viability (c. 50 h); pollen grain size falling within the aerodynamic size range of 20-60 mum; pollen getting dispersed in single units; high pollen concentration in the air; strong protogyny with prolonged stigma receptivity (c. 50 h) - all constitute the adaptations for effective wind-pollination. The flowers are nearly similar in compatibility to auto, geitono and xeno pollen. The style emerges out a day before the unfolding of the corolla, an adaptive device for pollen reception from xeno and geitono sources; presumed cryptic self-incompatibility facilitates outcrossing at this stage of the flower. The mixed mating system and the stigma receptivity extending into day-2 of flower life when the corolla unfolds allow back-up auto-pollination should outcrossing fail.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000221815700023}}, } @article{ ISI:000225021400019, Author = {Perry, JC and Mondor, EB and Addicott, JF}, Title = {{An indirect mutualism: ants deter seed predators from ovipositing in yucca fruit}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{82}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{823-827}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{An indirect mutualism arises when the beneficial effect of two species on each other depends upon the presence of a third species. Surveys, fruit dissections, and behavioural observations on yucca (Yucca glauca Nutt.) indicate that wood ants (species of Formica L., 1758) deter oviposition by non-pollinating, seed-predating moths (Tegeticula corruptrix Pellmyr, 1999) but not by pollinating moths (Tegeticula yuccasella (Riley, 1872)). Wood ants also have a direct negative effect on yuccas owing to flower bud feeding damage; however, damage is minor and variable. As wood ants decrease seed-predator oviposition by 38\%, there is a net benefit of wood ants on yuccas. Thus, we suggest that an indirect mutualism can occur between wood ants and yuccas when non-pollinating yucca moths are present.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/Z04-039}}, ISSN = {{0008-4301}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225021400019}}, } @article{ ISI:000220926000010, Author = {Satake, A and Bjornstad, ON}, Title = {{Spatial dynamics of specialist seed predators on synchronized and intermittent seed production of host plants}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{163}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{591-605}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Masting, the synchronized and intermittent seed production by plant populations, provides highly variable food resources for specialist seed predators. Such a reproductive mode helps minimize seed losses through predator satiation and extinction of seed predator populations. The seed predators can buffer the resource variation through dispersal or extended diapause. We developed a spatially explicit resource-consumer model to understand the effect of masting on specialist seed predators. The masting dynamics were assumed to follow a resource-based model for plant reproduction, and the population dynamics of the predator were represented by a spatially extended Nicholson-Bailey model. The resultant model demonstrated that when host plants reproduce intermittently, seed predator populations go locally extinct, but global persistence of the predator is facilitated by dispersal or extended diapause. Global extinction of the predator resulted when the intermittent reproduction is highly synchronized among plants. An approximate invasion criterion for the predators showed that negative lag-1 autocorrelation in seeding reduces invasibility, and positive lag-1 cross-correlation enhances invasibility. Spatial synchronization in seeding at local scale caused by pollen coupling ( or climate forcing) further prevented invasion of the predators. If the predators employed extended diapause, extremely high temporal variability in reproduction was required for plants to evade the predators.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/382661}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Bjornstad, Ottar/I-4518-2012 Satake, Akiko/A-5895-2013 U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220926000010}}, } @article{ ISI:000221571100015, Author = {Dyer, AG and Chittka, L}, Title = {{Bumblebee search time without ultraviolet light}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{207}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1683-1688}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Bees often facilitate pollination of important greenhouse crops. Individual bumblebees Bombus terreshis were therefore tested in an indoor flight arena to evaluate whether or not search time to find flowers was influenced by the inclusion or exclusion of ultraviolet radiation. Plastic model flowers of similar spectral properties to flowers of tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. were used to evaluate bee search efficiency. The results show that bumblebees perceive when ultraviolet radiation is either removed or added to an illumination source; however, the bumblebees rapidly learn to find model flowers with equal efficiency in either illumination environment. The behavioural results are interpreted in relation to a colorimetric analysis showing how bumblebees are capable of using their visual system to forage efficiently in environments that exclude ultraviolet radiation.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.00941}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Chittka, Lars/C-3110-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000221571100015}}, } @article{ ISI:000220087600021, Author = {Feldman, TS and Morris, WF and Wilson, WG}, Title = {{When can two plant species facilitate each other's pollination?}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{105}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{197-207}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Facilitation occurs when an increase in the density of one species causes an increase in the population growth rate or the density of a second species. In plants, ample evidence demonstrates that one species can facilitate another by ameliorating abiotic conditions, but the hypothesis that pollination facilitation - in which the presence of one flowering species increases pollinator visits to a second species - can also occur remains controversial. To identify the necessary conditions for pollination facilitation to occur, we constructed population models of two plant species that share the same pollinator and compete for establishment sites, and we assumed that heterospecific pollen can interfere with successful seed set. We found that facilitation for pollination occurs only when the pollinator visitation rate is an initially accelerating function of the combined numbers of flowering plants of both species in a patch. The presence of a second species can allow populations of a focal species either to persist for a longer amount of time before going extinct ({''}weak facilitation{''}) or to persist indefinitely at a stable equilibrium density ({''}strong facilitation{''}). When only a single plant of either species can occupy a site, the plant species with the higher initial density can experience strong facilitation but will eventually out-compete the other species. However, when site occupancy was not exclusive, strong facilitation sometimes led to coexistence of the two species. Increasing the extent of pollen carryover increased the range of initial population densities leading to strong facilitation. In light of our theoretical results, we discuss the apparent rarity of pollination facilitation in nature.}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220087600021}}, } @article{ ISI:000221661400001, Author = {Levin, DA}, Title = {{Ecological speciation: The role of disturbance}}, Journal = {{SYSTEMATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{225-233}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Ecological speciation occurs in saturated floras as well as in unsaturated floras. Whereas much consideration has been given to ecological divergence in open habitats, the process of niche shifting in highly competitive environments hardly has been discussed. I propose that ecological speciation in relatively saturated communities is facilitated by disturbance, which relaxes the competitive pressures on populations entering a new habitat. Disturbance affords marginally adapted immigrants an opportunity to become established and form reproducing populations. These populations then may respond to local selective pressures for greater adaptedness, thereby placing them on a speciation trajectory. This conceptual model is bolstered by the role of disturbance in facilitating the invasion of communities by new entities, as is well documented in the literature on alien species.}}, DOI = {{10.1600/036364404774195449}}, ISSN = {{0363-6445}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000221661400001}}, } @article{ ISI:000220568100008, Author = {Sargent, RD}, Title = {{Floral symmetry affects speciation rates in angiosperms}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{271}}, Number = {{1539}}, Pages = {{603-608}}, Month = {{MAR 22}}, Abstract = {{Despite much recent activity in the field of pollination biology, the extent to which animal pollinators drive the formation of new angiosperm species remains unresolved. One problem has been identifying floral adaptations that promote reproductive isolation. The evolution of a bilaterally symmetrical corolla restricts the direction of approach and movement of pollinators on and between flowers. Restricting pollinators to approaching a flower from a single direction facilitates specific placement of pollen on the pollinator. When coupled with pollinator constancy, precise pollen placement can increase the probability that pollen grains reach a compatible stigma. This has the potential to generate reproductive isolation between species, because mutations that cause changes in the placement of pollen on the pollinator may decrease gene flow between incipient species. I predict that animal-pollinated lineages that possess bilaterally symmetrical flowers should have higher speciation rates than lineages possessing radially symmetrical flowers. Using sister-group comparisons I demonstrate that bilaterally symmetric lineages tend to be more species rich than their radially symmetrical sister lineages. This study supports an important role for pollinator-mediated speciation and demonstrates that floral morphology plays a key role in angiosperm speciation.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2003.2644}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220568100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000220704800010, Author = {Quek, SP and Davies, SJ and Itino, T and Pierce, NE}, Title = {{Codiversification in an ant-plant mutualism: Stem texture and the evolution of host use in Crematogaster (Formicidae : Myrmicinae) inhabitants of Macaranga (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{554-570}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{We investigate the evolution of host association in a cryptic complex of mutualistic Crematogaster (Decacrema) ants that inhabits and defends Macaranga trees in Southeast Asia. Previous phylogenetic studies based on limited samplings of Decacrema present conflicting reconstructions of the evolutionary history of the association, inferring both cospeciation and the predominance of host shifts. We use cytochrome oxidase I (COI) to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships in a comprehensive sampling of the Decacrema inhabitants of Macaranga. Using a published Macaranga phylogeny, we test whether the ants and plants have cospeciated. The COI phylogeny reveals 10 well-supported lineages and an absence of cospeciation. Host shifts, however, have been constrained by stem traits that are themselves correlated with Macaranga phylogeny. Earlier lineages of Decacrema exclusively inhabit waxy stems, a basal state in the Pachystemon clade within Macaranga, whereas younger species of Pachystemon, characterized by nonwaxy stems, are inhabited only by younger lineages of Decacrema. Despite the absence of cospeciation, the correlated succession of stem texture in both phylogenies suggests that Decacrema and Pachystemon have diversified in association, or codiversified. Subsequent to the colonization of the Pachystemon clade, Decacrema expanded onto a second clade within Macaranga, inducing the development of myrmecophytism in the Pruinosae group. Confinement to the aseasonal wet climate zone of western Malesia suggests myrmecophytic Macaranga are no older than the wet forest community in Southeast Asia, estimated to be about 20 million years old (early Miocene). Our calculation of COI divergence rates from several published arthropod studies that relied on tenable calibrations indicates a generally conserved rate of approximately 1.5\% per million years. Applying this rate to a rate-smoothed Bayesian chronogram of the ants, the Decacrema from Macaranga are inferred to be at least 12 million years old (mid-Miocene). However, using the extremes of rate variation in COI produces an age as recent as 6 million years. Our inferred timeline based on 1.5\% per million years concurs with independent biogeographical events in the region reconstructed from palynological data, thus suggesting that the evolutionary histories of Decacrema and their Pachystemon hosts have been contemporaneous since the mid-Miocene. The evolution of myrmecophytism enabled Macaranga to radiate into enemy-free space, while the ants' diversification has been shaped by stem traits, host specialization, and geographic factors. We discuss the possibility that the ancient and exclusive association between Decacrema and Macaranga was facilitated by an impoverished diversity of myrmecophytes and phytoecious (obligately plant inhabiting) ants in the region.}}, DOI = {{10.1554/03-361}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220704800010}}, } @article{ ISI:000225315200002, Author = {Ngugi, HK and Scherm, H}, Title = {{Pollen mimicry during infection of blueberry flowers by conidia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi}}, Journal = {{PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{64}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{113-123}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Infection of blueberry flowers by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease, occurs via the gynoecium and involves conidial germination on the stigmatic surface followed by hyphal ingress into the stylar canal and subsequent colonization of the ovary. The extent to which these events mimic pollen-pistil interactions during pollination was investigated. Similar to blueberry pollen tubes, conidial germ tubes of M. vaccinii-corymbosi adhered selectively to imprints of stylar transmitting tract tissue on nitrocellulose membrane, with adhesion in both cases occurring at the tips of the tubes. By contrast, hyphae of the related Monilinia,fructicola, which is nonpathogenic on blueberry and does not cause gynoecial infection, adhered indiscriminately to the entire membrane. Using monoclonal antibodies, the presence of epitopes of esterified and unesterified pectins and of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), which have been implicated in adhesion and pollen tube guidance in other plant species, was documented on blueberry pollen tubes in vitro. Epitopes of certain AGPs. but not of pectins, were also localized on conidia and hyphae of M. vaccinii-corymbosi. However, such epitopes were also detected on M. fructicola, suggesting that they are unlikely to be a discriminatory factor between fungi capable or not capable of gynoecial infection. Microscopic observation of inoculated pistils showed that similar to pollen tubes, hyphae of M. vaccinii-corymbosi tracked the lobes of the stylar lumen, grew directionally (i.e. with very limited branching) in close proximity to cells of the stylar adaxial epidermis and to one another, and were surrounded by extracellular matrix. By contrast, hyphae of M. fructicola, while being able to ingress into the style, branched profusely within the stylar canal, showing no directional growth or affinity to specific regions of the lumen. We propose these results as evidence of specialized opportunism by M. vaccinii-corymbosi, whereby fungal hyphae appear to mimic host pollen tubes and take advantage of an infrastructure intended to support host reproduction in order to facilitate infection of the ovary. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.08.004}}, ISSN = {{0885-5765}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000225315200002}}, } @article{ ISI:000188971000019, Author = {Gasque, M and Garcia-Fayos, P}, Title = {{Interaction between Stipa tenacissima and Pinus halepensis: consequences for reforestation and the dynamics of grass steppes in semi-arid Mediterranean areas}}, Journal = {{FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{189}}, Number = {{1-3}}, Pages = {{251-261}}, Month = {{FEB 23}}, Abstract = {{Alpha or esparto grass (Stipa tenacissima) is a perennial tussock grass that coexists with Aleppo pines (Pinus halepensis) in semi-arid areas of southeast Spain and northern Africa where the pine is the tree most widely used in reforestation projects. Several authors have proposed that the improvement of soil characteristics by S. tenacissima in semi-arid slopes might be brought about in restoration programs by the introduction of shrubs and trees in these areas. In this paper we analyse the role of S. tenacissima as a nurse plant of P. halepensis and the consequences of pine canopy development on the performance of S. tenacissima. We hypothesised that an interaction between both species exists in alfa steppes, so that S. tenacissima facilitates the establishment of R halepensis, which then negatively affects S. tenacissima. Our results show that in steep slopes the presence of P. hatepensis individuals was heavily associated with the terracettes formed by the accumulation of sediments upslope of the tussocks of S. tenacissima. Even though the surface occupied by the terracettes was a third of the total, 72.9\% of R halepensis individuals occurred in this environment. Significant differences were also found in seedling emergence (P = 0.001) and establishment (P = 0.002) of R halepensis. Both were higher in terracettes than on the bare ground among the tussocks, although no seedlings survived after the drought season. P. halepensis interferes negatively on the performance of S. tenacissima in some but not all of its life stages. The number of spikes per tussock was higher in steppes without pines and was also dependent on the tussock size (P < 0.0001). Significant differences between both environments were also found in emergence (P = 0.037) and survival (P < 0.001) of seedlings of S. tenacissima. Seedlings that emerged in the sun also developed a higher number of leaves and root biomass (P = 0.041 and 0.015, respectively). Pollination rates did not differ between the sites with pine cover and those without pine cover. These relationships may have important consequences for the dynamics and management of these plant communities. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.foreco.2003.08.014}}, ISSN = {{0378-1127}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{garcia-fayos, patricio/D-5208-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{garcia-fayos, patricio/0000-0003-3449-5075}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000188971000019}}, } @article{ ISI:000220710700006, Author = {Duncan, DH and Nicotra, AB and Cunningham, SA}, Title = {{High self-pollen transfer and low fruit set in buzz-pollinated Dianella revoluta (Phormiaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{185-193}}, Abstract = {{We used pollinator observation, flower manipulation, controlled pollination and pollen-tube analysis to better understand the reproductive ecology of Dianella revoluta R. Br., a common species known to have depressed fruit set at fragmented sites. This buzz-pollinated species was found to receive large quantities of self-pollen even during a single pollinator visit, but is only partially self-compatible. This may be the first direct demonstration of pollinator-facilitated, autogamous self-pollen transfer accounting for a significant proportion of stigmatic pollen load. Frequent high self-pollen transfer may account for the observed low rate of fruit development in open-pollinated flowers. Self-pollen tubes reached the base of the style in comparable numbers and at the same rate as outcross pollen tubes, with no sign of pollen-tube competition favouring outcross pollen. Barriers to greater self-fertility occur late, probably through early abortion of selfed ovules. We also investigated what impact overlapping distribution with D. longifolia may have on D. revoluta pollination and reproduction. Although these species shared pollinators, they differed in terms of frequency of visits. There was also separation of floral phenology within the course of a day.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT03139}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cunningham, Saul/B-9947-2009 Duncan, David/H-2000-2013 Nicotra, Adrienne/C-1361-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Duncan, David/0000-0003-4411-8214 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220710700006}}, } @article{ ISI:000220710700009, Author = {Hingston, AB and McQuillan, PB and Potts, BM}, Title = {{Pollinators in seed orchards of Eucalyptus nitens (Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{209-222}}, Abstract = {{Flowers of the commercially important tree Eucalyptus nitens (Deane \& Maiden) Maiden were visited by a diverse array of insects, but not by birds, in Tasmanian seed orchards. Most species of insects that visited the flowers of E. nitens are likely to be effective pollinators because all common species of visitors carried many grains of Eucalyptus pollen, and the open floral structure facilitates frequent insect contact with stigmas. Seed production also suggested that a wide variety of insects were effective pollinators because flowers were consistently well pollinated, despite differences in flower-visitor communities among orchards and particular branches of flowers. The generalised entomophilous pollination system of E. nitens suggests that effective pollinators should occur in seed orchards of this tree throughout the world, provided that flowering occurs at a time of year conducive to insect activity. Although a wide variety of insects appear to be effective pollinators of E. nitens, introduced honeybees, Apis mellifera L., that are often deployed as pollinators in seed orchards were consistently not attracted to the flowers. The reliance on wild insects as pollinators suggests that seed production in E. nitens may benefit from reduced use of broad-spectrum insecticides in, and near, seed orchards.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT03015}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McQuillan, Peter/C-2373-2014 Potts, Brad/C-6489-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Potts, Brad/0000-0001-6244-289X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220710700009}}, } @article{ ISI:000221953200009, Author = {Hingston, AB and Potts, BM and McQuillan, PB}, Title = {{The swift parrot, Lathamus discolor (Psittacidae), social bees (Apidae) and native insects as pollinators of Eucalyptus globulus ssp globulus (Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{371-379}}, Abstract = {{It has been argued that the production of sufficient nectar to attract bird pollinators would evolve if the fitness benefits accruing from pollination services by birds, compared with insects, outweighed the cost of increased allocation of photosynthate to nectar. This hypothesis implies that the pollination services provided by birds must be considerably better than those provided by insects with which the plant has evolved. Consistent with this, we found that the endangered native swift parrot Lathamus discolor ( Shaw) was a very effective pollinator of the native tree Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in Tasmania, facilitating an average of 76\% of the maximum possible seed set for open-pollinated flowers in just one visit to a flower, whereas single flower visits by native insects did not facilitate any seed production. Flowers visited once by either species of introduced social bees, the honeybee Apis mellifera L. or the bumblebee Bombus terrestris ( L.), produced less than 7\% of the maximum possible seed set for open-pollinated flowers. Hence, easily managed social bees appear to be poor substitutes for bird pollinators in commercial seed orchards of this tree. We propose three possible reasons why this largely bird-pollinated tree has not evolved characters that deter insects from removing nectar.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT03018}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{McQuillan, Peter/C-2373-2014 Potts, Brad/C-6489-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Potts, Brad/0000-0001-6244-289X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000221953200009}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000189487500066, Author = {Wagner, C and Friedt, W and Ordon, F and Marquard, RA}, Editor = {{Craker, LE and Simon, JE and Jatisatienr, A and Lewinsohn, E}}, Title = {{Implementation of molecular techniques (RAPDs, AFLPs) on camomile (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rausch.) for genotyping and marker development}}, Booktitle = {{FUTURE FOR MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2004}}, Number = {{629}}, Pages = {{509-516}}, Note = {{26th International Horticultural Congress, TORONTO, CANADA, AUG 11-17, 2002}}, Organization = {{Canadian Soc Hort Sci; Int Soc Hort Sci; Univ Guelph}}, Abstract = {{Camomile varieties of different provenience can be distinguished by morphological and physiological traits. However, these traits vary under different environmental conditions leading to difficulties in the discrimination of genotypes. PCR-based molecular techniques like RAPDs and AFLPs are useful tools to characterise genotypes rapidly and reliably on the DNA-level independently from ecological factors. Besides this, these techniques facilitate the development of molecular markers for ingredients of camomile oil, e.g. (-)-alpha-bisabolol, thereby enabling pre-flowering selection. Therefore, attempts were carried out to establish these molecular techniques on camomile. In a first step genetic similarity (Jaccard, 1908) was estimated in a set of released cultivars, breeding populations and twice self-pollinated lines. Based on data obtained by 20 RAPD primers and 16 AFLP EcoRI+3/MseI+3 primer combinations genetic similarity was estimated between 0.52 and 0.91 (RAPDs) and 0.58 to 0.79 (AFLPs). By cluster analysis as well as by principle co-ordinate analysis genotypes were grouped according to their different proveniences. Regarding the self-pollinated lines which differ in their (-)-alpha-bisabolol content a high degree of homogeneity within lines (0.81-0.94) and a relatively low genetic similarity between them (0.46-0.56) was determined by RAPDs. By crosses between these lines a segregating F-2-Population was created for developing molecular markers corresponding to the (-)-alpha-bisabolol content. Using bulked segregant analysis (Michelmore et al., 1991) a set of 200 RAPD-primers and 256 AFLP-primer combinations were tested up to now and two AFLP-markers linked to the (-)-alpha-bisabolol content were detected. Future work will aim at the development of additional more closely linked markers.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-507-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000189487500066}}, } @article{ ISI:000220137400004, Author = {Grosser, JW and Chandler, TL}, Title = {{Production of twelve new allotetraploid somatic hybrid citrus breeding parents with emphasis on late maturity and cold-hardiness}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{21-28}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The rapid development of adapted, high-quality, easy-to-peel, seedless mandarin/mandarin hybrid cultivars is paramount for the future success of the Florida tangerine industry. The primary approach of the CREC cultivar improvement team to achieve this objective is to develop superior triploid cultivars, which should be seedless regardless of cross pollination. At present, the most efficient method for producing large populations of genetically diverse triploids for selection is via interploid crosses of monoembryonic diploid females with tetraploid pollen parents. A broad germplasm base will facilitate the identification of superior interploid parental combinations. We have been using somatic hybridization to expand our base of superior tetraploid breeding parents, and in this report we introduce 12 new hybrids produced from parents selected for fruit quality, cold-hardiness, and late maturity as follows: `Murcott' tangor + `Sunburst' tangerine; `Murcott' + {[}'Clementine' x `Satsuma' hybrid]; `Murcott' + `Washington' navel orange; `Murcott' + `Osceola' mandarin hybrid; `Murcott' + `Ortanique' tangor; `Itaborai' sweet orange + G96 trifoliate hybrid; `Nova' mandarin hybrid + `Osceola'; `Nova' + `Ortanique'; `Meiwa' kumquat + `Changsha' mandarin; `Meiwa' + `Dancy' mandarin; `Succari' sweet orange + LB8-9 tangelo; and `Succari' + `Changsha'. Coldy-hardy late-maturing seedless triploid cultivars should provide excellent future opportunities for fresh-citrus growers in Florida and worldwide.}}, ISSN = {{1527-3741}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000220137400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000224000400009, Author = {Lunau, K}, Title = {{Adaptive radiation and coevolution - pollination biology case studies}}, Journal = {{ORGANISMS DIVERSITY \& EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2004}}, Volume = {{4}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{207-224}}, Note = {{44th Phylogenetisches Symposium, Bonn, GERMANY, NOV 22-24, 2002}}, Abstract = {{The impact of coevolutionary interaction between species on adaptive radiation processes is analysed with reference to pollination biology case studies. Occasional colonization of archipelagos can bring together coevolving partners and cause coradiation of the colonizing species, e.g. the drepanidids and the lobelioids on Hawaii. Permanent reciprocal selective pressure between pairs of coevolving species can lead to a coevolutionary race and rapid evolutionary change. This is exemplified by spurred flowers and long-tongued flower-visitors. The geographic patterning of diffuse coevolution systems can lead to dramatic changes in species interactions. In different populations, interaction between pollinating and seed-parasitizing Greya moths and their host plants varies from mutualism to commensalism and antagonism, depending on the presence of copollinators. Asymmetrical coevolution between angiosperms and oligolectic flower-visitors may facilitate rapid reproductive isolation of populations following a food-plant switch, if the oligoleges use their specific food plants as the rendezvous sites. Diffuse coevolution between angiosperm species and pollinating insects may cause frequent convergent evolution of floral traits such as nectar reward instead of pollen reward, floral guides, zygomorphic flowers, or mimicry of pollen signals, since the multiple plant species experience similar selective pressures via the coevolving partners. Patterns of angiosperm adaptive radiation are highlighted in the context of coevolution with pollinators. (C) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/j.ode.2004.02.002}}, ISSN = {{1439-6092}}, EISSN = {{1618-1077}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000224000400009}}, } @article{ ISI:000187363200011, Author = {Johnson, SD and Peter, CI and Nilsson, LA and Agren, J}, Title = {{Pollination success in a deceptive orchid is enhanced by co-occurring rewarding magnet plants}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{84}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{2919-2927}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{It has been debated whether pollination success in nonrewarding plants that flower in association with nectar-producing plants will be diminished by competition for pollinator visits or, alternatively, enhanced through increased local abundance of pollinators (the magnet species effect). We experimentally evaluated these effects using the nonrewarding bumblebee-pollinated orchid Anacamptis morio and associated nectar-producing plants at a site in Sweden. Pollination success (estimated as pollen receipt and pollen removal) in A. morio was significantly greater for individuals translocated to patches of nectar-producing plants (Geum rivale and Allium schoenoprasum) than for individuals placed outside (similar to20 m away) such patches. These results provide support for the existence of a facilitative magnet species effect in the interaction between certain nectar plants and A. morio. To determine the spatial scale of these interactions, we correlated the visitation rate to flowers of A. morio with the density of sympatric nectar plants in 1-m(2) and 100-m(2) plots centered around groups of translocated plants, and at the level of whole meadows (similar to0.5-2 ha). Visitation rate to flowers of A. morio was not correlated with the 1-m(2) patch density of G. rivale and A. schoenoprasum, but showed a significant positive relationship with density of these nectar plants in 100-m(2) plots. In addition, visitation to flowers of A. morio was strongly and positively related to the density of A. schoenoprasum at the level of the meadow. Choice experiments showed that bees foraging on the purple flowers of A. schoenoprasum (a particularly effective magnet species) visit the purple flowers of A. morio more readily (47.6\% of choices) than bees foraging on the yellow flowers of Lotus corniculatus (17\% of choices). Overall similarity in flower color and shape may increase the probability that a pollinator will temporarily shift from a nectar-producing ``magnet{''} plant to a nonrewarding plant. We discuss the possibility of a mimicry continuum between those orchids that exploit instinctive food-seeking behavior of pollinators and those that show an adaptive resemblance to nectar-producing plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/02-0471}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/B-6564-2008 Agren, Jon/E-6093-2011 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Peter, Craig/0000-0002-9741-6533 Agren, Jon/0000-0001-9573-2463 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187363200011}}, } @article{ ISI:000186956900003, Author = {Miyake, T and Inoue, K}, Title = {{Character displacement in style length between pollinator-sharing Clerodendrum trichotomum and C-izuinsulare (Verbenaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{243}}, Number = {{1-2}}, Pages = {{31-38}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Competition for pollination may occur between pollinator-sharing sympatric plants and this may cause character displacement of their floral traits. We examined this possibility by comparing flower morphology of the sympatric population of Clerodendrum trichotomum and its co-flowering congener, C. izuinsulare, with that of the allopatric populations. The two species were visited in common by such insects as diurnal hawkmoths, bees, swallowtails and nocturnal hawkmoths, and were pollinated nocturnally as well as diurnally. Interspecific pollen transfer can occur by sharing pollinators; however, they did not hybridize when artificially pollinated. Flower size, including stamen and style lengths, is larger in C. trichotomum with an overlap in range. The style of C. izuinsulare in the sympatric population was significantly shorter than that in the allopatric population, while there was no significant difference in style length between the allopatric and the sympatric C. trichotomum. This seems to facilitate avoidance of interspecific pollen transfer in the sympatric population.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-003-0059-1}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186956900003}}, } @article{ ISI:000186410300005, Author = {Soliva, M and Widmer, A}, Title = {{Gene flow across species boundaries in sympatric, sexually deceptive Ophrys (Orchidaceae) species}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{57}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{2252-2261}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Orchids of the genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae) are pollinated by male bees and wasps through sexual deception. The Ophrys sphegodes group encompasses several closely related species that differ slightly in floral morphology and are pollinated by different solitary bee species. Populations representing different species of the O. sphegodes group often flower simultaneously in sympatry. To test whether gene flow across the species boundaries occurs in these sympatric populations, or whether they are reproductively isolated, we examined the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations and species of this group. We collected at each of five different localities in southern France and Italy two sympatric, co-flowering Ophrys populations, representing six Ophrys species in total. The six microsatellite loci surveyed were highly variable. Genetic differentiation among geographically distant populations of the same species was lower than differentiation among sympatric populations of different species. However, the strength of genetic differentiation among species was among the lowest reported for orchids. Genotype assignment tests and marker-based estimates of gene flow revealed that gene flow across species boundaries occurred and may account for the low observed differentiation among species. These results suggest that sexual deceit pollination in Ophrys may be less specific than thought, or that rare mistakes occur.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00237.x}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Widmer, Alex/B-6841-2009}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Widmer, Alex/0000-0001-8253-5137}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186410300005}}, } @article{ ISI:000185552400007, Author = {Klein, AM and Steffan-Dewenter, I and Tscharntke, T}, Title = {{Pollination of Coffea canephora in relation to local and regional agroforestry management}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{40}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{837-845}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{1. Pollination of crops depends on local agricultural management and the quality of adjacent habitats. Lowland coffee Coffea canephora, is an important tropical cash crop. Fruit set depends on cross-pollination by bees, so inadequate pollination leads to reduced yield. In this study we analyse the relationship between bee pollinators, fruit set in coffee, and the local and regional agroforestry systems to identify the optimal conditions for pollinators. 2. We analysed the abundance and species composition of coffee flower-visiting bees in 15 agroforestry systems differing in distance to forest (important for wood-nesting species), light intensity (important for ground-nesting species), blossom cover of coffee and noncoffee-flowering plants, and species richness of flowering plants (as pollen and nectar resources) in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). We examined which factors were most important for optimal pollination success. We carried out bagged and open pollination experiments in each agroforestry system, to measure the pollination efficiency of 15 bee species. 3. The number of social bee species decreased with distance to forest, whereas the number of solitary bee species increased with light intensity (less shade) and greater quantities of blossoms. 4. Fruit set of open pollinated flowers (as opposed to manually cross-pollinated flowers) increased with the diversity and abundance of flower-visiting bees. In the agroforestry systems studied, a bee community of 20 species or more led to a higher fruit set (95\%) than a species-poor bee community of six species (70\% fruit set). 5. Pollination activity by members of the species-rich solitary bee assemblage led to higher levels of fruit set than that arising from pollination activity by members of the more abundant social bee assemblage. 6. Synthesis and applications. A species-rich and abundant bee assemblage will facilitate high pollination success in lowland coffee. This will increase fruit set and coffee yield. Farmers can encourage different species of bees through simple management measures such as growing coffee in shade beneath a variety of trees; by pruning trees to increase levels of sunlight and numbers of flowering herbs; and by increasing the availability of nesting sites for solitary bees. Weed control and the use of herbicides should be kept to a minimum so that a diverse nectar and pollen resource is available to bees throughout the year. Natural forests and forest fragments should be preserved in the vicinity of coffee agroforestry systems (< 500 m) so that forest-nesting social bees can travel easily to the coffee fields to pollinate the flowers.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00847.x}}, ISSN = {{0021-8901}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tscharntke, Teja/N-5123-2014 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf/0000-0003-1359-3944}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185552400007}}, } @article{ ISI:000185634900009, Author = {Singh, V and Chauhan, SVS}, Title = {{Bud pollination and hybrid seed production in detergent-induced male sterile plants of Brassica juncea}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{421-425}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{The efficacy of a synthetic detergent (Surf Excel) as a potential chemical hybridizing agent in Brassica juncea was studied. Foliar sprays with various concentrations of the detergent caused reductions in plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, size of leaves, anther size, pollen per flower, ovules per flower, pollen fertility, fruits per plant, fruit size, seeds per fruit, total yield per plant and 100 seed weight as compared with those of untreated plants. The style in the. oral buds of plants sprayed with different concentrations of Surf Excel elongated and so the receptive stigma protruded from the buds which facilitated cross-pollination by honey bees. The plants sprayed once with 2\% Surf Excel exhibited an elongated style with a raised receptive stigma and 100\% pollen sterility without causing a significant reduction in total yield.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00880.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185634900009}}, } @article{ ISI:000185930400008, Author = {Butenko, MA and Patterson, SE and Grini, PE and Stenvik, GE and Amundsen, SS and Mandal, A and Aalen, RB}, Title = {{INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION controls floral organ abscission in arabidopsis and identifies a novel family of putative ligands in plants}}, Journal = {{PLANT CELL}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{2296-2307}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Abscission is an active process that enables plants to shed unwanted organs. Because the purpose of the flower is to facilitate pollination, it often is abscised after fertilization. We have identified an Arabidopsis ethylene-sensitive mutant, inflorescence deficient in abscission (ida), in which floral organs remain attached to the plant body after the shedding of mature seeds, even though a floral abscission zone develops. The IDA gene, positioned in the genomic DNA flanking the single T-DNA present in the ida line, was identified by complementation. The gene encodes a small protein with an N-terminal signal peptide, suggesting that the IDA protein is the ligand of an unknown receptor involved in the developmental control of floral abscission. We have identified Arabidopsis genes, and cDNAs; from a variety of plant species, that encode similar proteins, which are distinct from known ligands. IDA and the IDA-like proteins may represent a new class of ligands in plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1105/tpc.014365}}, ISSN = {{1040-4651}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Grini, Paul/H-9471-2016}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Grini, Paul/0000-0003-3898-6277}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185930400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000185764100008, Author = {Yuan, JH and Chen, PD and Liu, DJ}, Title = {{Development of Triticum aestivum-Leymus racemosus translocation lines using gametocidal chromosomes}}, Journal = {{SCIENCE IN CHINA SERIES C-LIFE SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{46}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{522+}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Specific chromosomes of certain Aegilops species introduced into wheat genome background may often facilitate chromosome breakage and refusion, and finally result in a variety of chromosome restructuring. Such a phenomenon is commonly called gametocidal effect of the chromosomes. The chromosome 2C of Ae. cylindrica is one of such chromosomes. In the present study, scab resistant wheat-L. racemosus addition lines involving chromosomes Lr.2 and Lr.7 were crossed to wheat-Ae. cylindrica disomic addition line Add2C. Then F, hybrids were subsequently backcrossed with wheat cv ``Chinese Spring{''}. BC, plants with chromosome structural aberration were identified by C-banding. In the self-pollinated progenies of these plants, three translocation lines were developed and characterized by mitotic and meiotic analysis combined with C-banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) using biotin-labeled genomic DNA of L. racemosus as probe. Some other putative translocation lines to be further characterized were also found. The practicability and efficiency of the translocation between wheat and alien chromosomes induced by gametocidal chromosomes, as well as the potential use of the developed alien translocation lines were also discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.1360/01yc0298}}, ISSN = {{1006-9305}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185764100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000187514400013, Author = {McWhorter, TJ and Powers, DR and del Rio, CM}, Title = {{Are hummingbirds facultatively ammonotelic? Nitrogen excretion and requirements as a function of body size}}, Journal = {{PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{76}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{731-743}}, Month = {{SEP-OCT}}, Abstract = {{Most birds are uricotelic. An exception to this rule may be nectar-feeding birds, which excrete significant amounts of ammonia under certain conditions. Although ammonia is toxic, because it is highly water soluble its excretion may be facilitated in animals that ingest and excrete large amounts of water. Bird-pollinated plants secrete carbohydrate- and water-rich floral nectars that contain exceedingly little protein. Thus, nectar-feeding birds are faced with the dual challenge of meeting nitrogen requirements while disposing of large amounts of water. The peculiar diet of nectar-feeding birds suggests two hypotheses: (1) these birds must have low protein requirements, and (2) when they ingest large quantities of water their primary nitrogen excretion product may be ammonia. To test these hypotheses, we measured maintenance nitrogen requirements (MNR) and total endogenous nitrogen losses (TENL) in three hummingbird species (Archilochus alexandri, Eugenes fulgens, and Lampornis clemenciae) fed on diets with varying sugar, protein, and water content. We also quantified the form in which the by-products of nitrogen metabolism were excreted. The MNR and TENL of the hummingbirds examined were exceptionally low. However, no birds excreted more than 50\% of nitrogen as ammonia or more nitrogen as ammonia than urates. Furthermore, ammonia excretion was not influenced by either water or protein intake. The smallest species ( A. alexandri) excreted a significantly greater proportion (125\%) of their nitrogenous wastes as ammonia than the larger hummingbirds (approximate to4\%). Our results support the hypothesis that nectar-feeding birds have low protein requirements but cast doubt on the notion that they are facultatively ammonotelic. Our data also hint at a possible size-dependent dichotomy in hummingbirds, with higher ammonia excretion in smaller species. Differences in proportionate water loads and/or postrenal modification of urine may explain this dichotomy.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/376917}}, ISSN = {{1522-2152}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{McWhorter, Todd/0000-0002-4746-4975}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187514400013}}, } @article{ ISI:000186380200001, Author = {Chen, JJ and Henny, RJ and McConnell, DB and Caldwell, RD}, Title = {{Gibberellic acid affects growth and flowering of Philodendron `Black Cardinal'}}, Journal = {{PLANT GROWTH REGULATION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-6}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{A single foliar spray of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at concentrations of 125, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg L-1 induced flowering of Philodendron `Black Cardinal' (an interspecific hybrid developed from a series of crosses among P. wendlandii, hastatum, erubescens, imbe, fragrantissimum, and an unnamed species) in approximately 170 d. Percentage of plants induced and mean flower number per plant increased as GA(3) concentrations increased. Compared to unsprayed plants, the number of new leaves decreased, petiole lengths of new leaves and length of the largest leaf increased, but leaf width was unaffected among sprayed plants. One hour before the spathe started to unfurl, spadix temperatures increased, and temperatures in the male portion of the spadix rose by 10degreesC above ambient as the spathe fully opened. Elevated temperatures were recorded for about two hours and returned to ambient within five hours. Spathes remained open for about five hours. A creamy white spadix with a contrasting burgundy spathe resulted in more aesthetically pleasing plants than with foliage alone. Because of the short period of display, the open spathe would not increase additional ornamental value of Philodendron `Black Cardinal' in the marketplace. However, if breeding is the purpose of flowering induction, spathes should be cut away from the spadix to facilitate pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1027326705060}}, ISSN = {{0167-6903}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186380200001}}, } @article{ ISI:000186850800001, Author = {Kwon, YJ and Saeed, S}, Title = {{Effect of temperature on the foraging activity of Bombus terrestris L. (Hymenoptera : Apidae) on greenhouse hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)}}, Journal = {{APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{38}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{275-280}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The bumble bee Bombus terrestris L. is an effective pollinator in the cultivation of greenhouse hot pepper Capsicum annuum L. Data indicates that colony traffic and foraging activity was highest at 25.7degreesC in greenhouse, whereas at 32.7degreesC, the foraging activity and colony traffic decreased 69.7 and 40.0\%, respectively. By increasing the number of larvae and workers, the colony traffic and foraging activity also increased, respectively. Moderate temperature in the morning probably facilitates the overall activity of bees in a greenhouse. The data indicates that bumble bee pollination increased the fruit mass and number of seeds by 27.2 and 47.8\%, respectively, compared to that of the control. These significant results substantiate the effectiveness of bumble bees in the pollination of pepper grown in greenhouses.}}, DOI = {{10.1303/aez.2003.275}}, ISSN = {{0003-6862}}, EISSN = {{1347-605X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000186850800001}}, } @article{ ISI:000184268300010, Author = {Figueroa, ME and Castillo, JM and Redondo, S and Luque, T and Castellanos, EM and Nieva, FJ and Luque, CJ and Rubio-Casal, AE and Davy, AJ}, Title = {{Facilitated invasion by hybridization of Sarcocornia species in a salt-marsh succession}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{616-626}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{1 We examined salt marsh development over 17 years (1984-2001) in a rapidly accreting, well-drained lagoon of a macrotidal marsh in south-west Spain. Scattered, elevated tussocks of colonizing Spartina maritima expanded radially until they either coalesced or were separated only by narrow drainage channels. We recorded changes in elevation of the tussocks and investigated the cover and biomass of successive species invading them. 2 Sediment accretion produced a mean annual increase in tussock elevation of 3.5 cm. Sarcocornia perennis had begun to invade the raised centres of the tussocks by 1984, subsequently displacing Spartina maritima radially to become dominant by 1990. A hybrid form of Sarcocornia , which appeared on some of the tussocks occupied by S. perennis in 1997, also expanded radially and had achieved dominance on many of the invaded tussocks by 2001, by virtue of its more erect growth form and rapid accumulation of high above- and below-ground biomass. 3 Tussocks not yet invaded by the hybrid remain dominated by S. perennis and have maintained sediment accretion rates and redox potentials similar to those that have been invaded. 4 Genetic analysis, using random amplified DNA (RAPD) markers, indicated that the hybrid was a cross between the diploid Sarcocornia perennis (2n = 18) and the octaploid S. fruticosa (2n = 72), a high-marsh species, and suggested that each hybrid individual may have resulted from a separate pollination of an indigenous S. perennis plant. 5 Invasion by the new hybrid thus probably occurred as a result of pollen flow from high-marsh S. fruticosa , some 1 km distant, to the stigmas of the established dominant S. perennis . Succession might therefore be facilitated genetically rather than simply by the enhanced sediment accretion, which ameliorated the effects of submersion and low sediment redox potentials that presumably exclude S. fruticosa from lower parts of the marsh.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2745.2003.00794.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, EISSN = {{1365-2745}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Redondo-Gomez, Susana/E-6783-2010 Davy, Anthony/E-1542-2011 Figueroa Clemente, Manuel Enrique /L-7577-2014 Rubio Casal, Alfredo Emilio/E-6282-2010 Castillo, Jesus M/L-7071-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Luque Palomo, Teresa/0000-0001-8512-3584 Redondo-Gomez, Susana/0000-0002-5280-9325 Davy, Anthony/0000-0002-7658-7106 Figueroa Clemente, Manuel Enrique /0000-0002-8806-4054 Rubio Casal, Alfredo Emilio/0000-0002-2358-5043 Castillo, Jesus M/0000-0003-1949-4349}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184268300010}}, } @article{ ISI:000184310900006, Author = {Anderson, B and Midgley, JJ and Stewart, BA}, Title = {{Facilitated selfing offers reproductive assurance: A mutualism between a hemipteran and carnivorous plant}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{90}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1009-1015}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Reproductive assurance is frequently used to explain the evolution of selfing but has become controversial from lack of evidence. We studied the pollination system of the near carnivorous plant genus Roridula and showed that reproductive assurance is important in this system. Hemipterans have a digestive mutualism with Roridula and have been implicated in pollination but flowers show adaptations to hymenopteran pollination. We deduce that hemipterans are the primary pollinators of Roridula because seed set is significantly reduced when hemipterans are excluded from the flowers. Using allozyme electrophoresis, we show that hemipterans are responsible for mostly selfed progeny. Although bees still pollinate Roridula on very rare occasions, their exclusion does not affect seed set. The complicated floral structures that occur in Roridula most likely evolved as adaptations for bee pollination. Resident hemipterans facilitate selfing by Roridula, and this acts as a reproductive assurance mechanism because it increases seed production and ensures that plants still reproduce in the absence of more motile, outcrossing pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.90.7.1009}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{ANDERSON, BRUCE/E-5853-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184310900006}}, } @article{ ISI:000184969400011, Author = {Crisp, MD and Cook, LG}, Title = {{Phylogeny and evolution of anomalous roots in Daviesia (Fabaceae : Mirbelieae)}}, Journal = {{INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{164}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{603-612}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The phylogeny of the Australian legume genus Daviesia was estimated using sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Partial congruence was found with previous analyses using morphology, including strong support for monophyly of the genus and for a sister group relationship between the clade D. pachyloma and the rest of the genus. A previously unplaced bird-pollinated species, anceps + D. D. epiphyllum, was well supported as sister to the only other bird-pollinated species in the genus, D. speciosa, indicating a single origin of bird pollination in their common ancestor. Other morphological groups within Daviesia were not supported and require reassessment. A strong and previously unreported sister clade of Daviesia consists of the two monotypic genera Erichsenia and Viminaria. These share phyllode-like leaves and indehiscent fruits. The evolutionary history of cord roots, which have anomalous secondary thickening, was explored using parsimony. Cord roots are limited to three separate clades but have a complex history involving a small number of gains (most likely 0-3) and losses (0-5). The anomalous structure of cord roots ( adventitious vascular strands embedded in a parenchymatous matrix) may facilitate nutrient storage, and the roots may be contractile. Both functions may be related to a postfire resprouting adaptation. Alternatively, cord roots may be an adaptation to the low-nutrient lateritic soils of Western Australia. However, tests for association between root type, soil type, and growth habit were equivocal, depending on whether the variables were treated as phylogenetically dependent (insignificant) or independent ( significant).}}, DOI = {{10.1086/375318}}, ISSN = {{1058-5893}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Cook, Lyn/G-7336-2012 Crisp, Michael/A-4888-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Cook, Lyn/0000-0002-3172-4920 Crisp, Michael/0000-0002-8255-6349}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000184969400011}}, } @article{ ISI:000183905200004, Author = {Morris, WF and Bronstein, JL and Wilson, WG}, Title = {{Three-way coexistence in obligate mutualist-exploiter interactions: The potential role of competition}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{161}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{860-875}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Many mutualisms host ``exploiter{''} species that consume the benefits provided by one or both mutualists without reciprocating. Exploiters have been widely assumed to destabilize mutualisms, yet they are common. We develop models to explore conditions for local coexistence of obligate plant/pollinating seed parasite mutualisms and nonpollinating exploiters. As the larvae of both pollinators and (at a later time) exploiters consume seeds, we examine the importance of intraspecific and (asymmetric) interspecific competition among and between pollinators and exploiters for achieving three-way coexistence. With weak intra- and interspecific competition, exploiters can invade the stable mutualism and coexist with the mutualists (either stably or with oscillations), provided the exploiters' intrinsic birthrate (b(E)) slightly exceeds that of the pollinators. At higher b(E), all three species go locally extinct. When facing strong interspecific competition, exploiters cannot invade and coexist with the mutualists if intraspecific competition in pollinators and exploiters is weak. However, strong intraspecific competition in pollinators and exploiters facilitates exploiter invasion and coexistence and greatly expands the range of b(E) over which stable coexistence occurs. Our results suggest that mutualist/exploiter coexistence may be more easily achieved than previously thought, thus highlighting the need for a better understanding of competition among and between mutualists and exploiters.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/375175}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183905200004}}, } @article{ ISI:000183203800005, Author = {Klindworth, DL and Williams, ND}, Title = {{Interspecific hybridization of a multiploid mutant of durum wheat with rye and Triticum monococcum L. results in pentaploid hybrids}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{213-216}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{The multiploid mutant of durum wheat is a genotype that produces unreduced gametes. Our objective was to test the recovery of pentaploid hybrids in crosses of the mutant with rye and Triticum monococcum L. Compared with check crosses, the mutant had a two-third reduction in percent seed set for rye crosses, but had only a slight decrease in crossability with T. monococcum . Pentaploid hybrids were associated with plump seeds of the mutant/rye cross, and with shrivelled seeds of the mutant/T. monococcum cross. We suggest that the endosperm balance number hypothesis explains the association of pentaploid hybrids with endosperm type. This association made for easy recovery of pentaploid hybrids from crosses to both species. Mature, plump seeds from the mutant/rye cross were germinated and pentaploid hybrids were recovered. One pentaploid hybrid was recovered for every 50.5 and 15.1 florets pollinated with rye and T. monococcum , respectively. Unreduced gametes in the multiploid mutant will facilitate interspecific hybridization by reducing the time to produce pentaploid plants.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00835.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000183203800005}}, } @article{ ISI:000182778100011, Author = {Martin, KP}, Title = {{Plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis on seed coat explants of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)}}, Journal = {{SCIENTIA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{98}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{299-304}}, Month = {{MAY 20}}, Abstract = {{A protocol of plant regeneration through direct somatic embryogenesis was established for the first time on cashew using seed coat explants. Frequency of embryogenesis was significantly influenced by type and age of the explant and growth regulators supplemented to the medium. Seed coats isolated from the immature nuts between 15 and 40 days after pollination were superior in the induction of somatic embryos. Only 35\% of seed coat halves induced somatic embryos. Somatic embryos developed best on MS medium fortified with 13.3 muM benzyladenine (BA), 271.5 muM adenine sulphate (Ads) and 2.7 muM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). On this medium, an average of 3.3 embryos were developed per half seed coat. Embryos originated from the inner layer of the seed coat. Transfer of the embryos to fresh induction medium facilitated development of secondary somatic embryogenesis (more than 10 embryos per primary embryo). Embryos exhibited all stages of development, i.e. from globular to cotyledonary. Fifty percent of the embryos underwent conversion upon transfer to MS medium containing 4.65 muM kinetin and plantlets were successfully transferred to field conditions. Ninety percent survived in field conditions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0304-4238(03)00005-0}}, ISSN = {{0304-4238}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000182778100011}}, } @article{ ISI:000187438500004, Author = {Godinez-Alvarez, H and Valverde, T and Ortega-Baes, P}, Title = {{Demographic trends in the Cactaceae}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{69}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{173-203}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Although our biological knowledge regarding cactus species is thorough in many areas, only in recent years have ecologists addressed their demographic behavior. Here we attempt a first review of the present knowledge on cactus demography, including an analysis of the published information on species with different growth forms and life-history traits. Our review shows that cactus distribution ranges are determined by environmental heterogeneity and by species-specific physiological requirements. Temperature extremes may pose latitudinal and altitudinal distribution limits. At a more local scale, soil properties dramatically affect cactus distribution. Most cacti show a clumped spatial distribution pattern, which may be the reflection of a patchy resource distribution within their heterogeneous environments. The association of cacti with nurse plants is another factor that may account for this aggregated distribution. Many cacti grow in association with these perennial nurse plants, particularly during early life-cycle phases. The shade provided by nurse plants results in reduced evapotranspiration and buffered temperatures, which enhance cactus germination and establishment. In some cases a certain degree of specificity has been detected between particular cactus species and certain nurse plants. Yet some globose cacti may establish in the absence of nurse plants. In these cases, rocks and other soil irregularities may facilitate germination and establishment. Cacti are slow-growing species. Several abiotic factors, such as water and nutrient availability, may affect their growth rate. Competition and positive associations (i.e., mycorrhizae and nurse-cacti association) may also affect growth rate. Age at first reproduction varies greatly in relation to plant longevity. In general, cactus reproductive capacity increases with plant size. Populations are often composed of an uneven number of individuals distributed in the different size categories. This type of population structure reflects massive but infrequent recruitment events, apparently associated with benign periods of abundant rainfall. A few cactus species have been analyzed through the use of population-projection matrices. A total of 17 matrices were compiled and compared. Most of them reflect populations that are close to the numerical equilibrium (lambda = close to unity). Elasticity analyses revealed that the persistence of individuals in their current size category ({''}stasis{''}) is the demographic process that contributes the most to population growth rate. Also, adult categories (rather than juveniles or seedlings) show the largest contributions to lambda. No differences were apparent regarding this matter between cacti with different life-forms. This review shows that our knowledge of cactus population ecology is still incipient and rather unevenly distributed: some topics are well developed; for others the available information is still very limited. Our ability to preserve the great number of cactus species that are now endangered depends on our capacity to deepen our ecological understanding of their population processes.}}, DOI = {{10.1663/0006-8101(2003)069{[}0173:DTITC]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000187438500004}}, } @article{ ISI:000181632600012, Author = {Adams, MJ and Pearl, CA and Bury, RB}, Title = {{Indirect facilitation of an anuran invasion by non-native fishes}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY LETTERS}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{6}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{343-351}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Positive interactions among non-native species could greatly exacerbate the problem of invasions, but are poorly studied and our knowledge of their occurrence is mostly limited to plant-pollinator and dispersal interactions. We found that invasion of bullfrogs is facilitated by the presence of co-evolved non-native fish, which increase tadpole survival by reducing predatory macroinvertebrate densities. Native dragonfly nymphs in Oregon, USA caused zero survival of bullfrog tadpoles in a replicated field experiment unless a non-native sunfish was present to reduce dragonfly density. This pattern was also evident in pond surveys where the best predictors of bullfrog abundance were the presence of non-native fish and bathymetry. This is the first experimental evidence of facilitation between two non-native vertebrates and supports the invasional meltdown hypothesis. Such positive interactions among non-native species have the potential to disrupt ecosystems by amplifying invasions, and our study shows they can occur via indirect mechanisms.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00435.x}}, ISSN = {{1461-023X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181632600012}}, } @article{ ISI:000181769800003, Author = {Steffan-Dewenter, I and Kuhn, A}, Title = {{Honeybee foraging in differentially structured landscapes}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{270}}, Number = {{1515}}, Pages = {{569-575}}, Month = {{MAR 22}}, Abstract = {{Honeybees communicate the distance and location of resource patches by bee dances, but this spatial information has rarely been used to study their foraging ecology. We analysed, for the first time to the best of the authors' knowledge, foraging distances and dance activities of honeybees in relation to landscape structure, season and colony using a replicated experimental approach on a landscape scale. We compared three structurally simple landscapes characterized by a high proportion of arable land and large patches, with three complex landscapes with a high proportion of semi-natural perennial habitats and low mean patch size. Four observation hives were placed in the centre of the landscapes and switched at regular intervals between the six landscapes from the beginning of May to the end of July. A total of 1137 bee dances were observed and decoded. Overall mean foraging distance was 1526.1 +/- 37.2 m, the median 1181.5 m and range 62.1-10 037.1 m. Mean foraging distances of all bees and foraging distances of nectar-collecting bees did not significantly differ between simple and complex landscapes, but varied between month and colonies. Foraging distances of pollen-collecting bees were significantly larger in simple (1743 +/- 95.6 m) than in complex landscapes (1543.4 +/- 71 m) and highest in June when resources were scarce. Dancing activity, i.e. the number of observed bee dances per unit time, was significantly higher in complex than in simple landscapes, presumably because of larger spatial and temporal variability of resource patches in complex landscapes. The results facilitate an understanding of how human landscape modification may change the evolutionary significance of bee dances and ecological interactions, such as pollination and competition between honeybees and other bee species.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2002.2292}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Steffan-Dewenter, Ingolf/0000-0003-1359-3944}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181769800003}}, } @article{ ISI:000202924900008, Author = {Matsui, Tsutomu and Kagata, Hisashi}, Title = {{Characteristics of floral organs related to reliable self-pollination in rice (Oryza sativa L.)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{473-477}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{In many varieties of rice, the length of basal pores on the thecae just after anthesis is strongly correlated both with the percentage of florets receiving adequate pollen and with the number of pollen grains deposited on the stigmata and its variation (coefficient of variation). Therefore, the size of the basal pores is considered to be an important factor for the reliable self-pollination of rice. We discuss how long basal pores may facilitate self-pollination. (c) 2003 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcg045}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000202924900008}}, } @article{ ISI:000181805500010, Author = {Von Helversen, D and Holderied, MW and Von Helversen, O}, Title = {{Echoes of bat-pollinated bell-shaped flowers: conspicuous for nectar-feeding bats?}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{206}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{1025-1034}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Nectar-feeding glossophagine bats searching for flowers are guided by their echolocation system as well as olfactory cues in detecting and recognizing nectar sources. Therefore, chiropterophilous plants, which depend on these bats as pollinators, may be expected to have evolved acoustically conspicuous flowers that facilitate detection. As it is poorly understood how bats manage to find and recognize flowers acoustically, we investigated the echoes of some of the flowers pollinated by bats. Echoes of bell-shaped bat-pollinated flowers have characteristic features with respect to the echoes they reflect to a calling bat and differ from the echoes of leaves or other objects in their surroundings: the echoes are comparatively long and of complex spectral composition. Owing to the specific shape of the flowers, characteristic `spectral directional patterns' result when the spectra of the echoes are plotted against the angle of sound incidence. We suggest that bats are able to recognize such flowers - and probably other objects as well - not only by a characteristic spectral composition of the echo but also by comparing sequential echoes, at the same time taking into account their exact calling position relative to the object.}}, DOI = {{10.1242/jeb.00203}}, ISSN = {{0022-0949}}, EISSN = {{1477-9145}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Holderied, Marc/M-9382-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Holderied, Marc/0000-0002-1573-7908}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181805500010}}, } @article{ ISI:000180971100001, Author = {Ripley, VL and Beversdorf, WD}, Title = {{Development of self-incompatible Brassica napus: (I) introgression of S-alleles from Brassica oleracea through interspecific hybridization}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{122}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{1-5}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Cultivars in Brassica napus var. oleifera , a self-pollinating, self-compatible species, have traditionally been developed as open-pollinated lines or populations. Significant yield gains in this species have been realized through the exploitation of heterosis. Commercial hybrid production has been possible as a result of the development of a number of pollination control systems. Self-incompatibility was transferred from B. oleracea var. italica to B. napus var. oleifera through interspecific hybridization. The response to interspecific pollination, as measured by pod elongation and initial stages of ovule development, was genotype dependent, and two highly responsive B. napus genotypes were identified. Embryo rescue was used to produce the interspecific hybrids. Isoelectric focusing of stigma proteins was used to identify S-alleles in the interspecific hybrids to facilitate backcrossing. Segregation of the S-locus through a series of back-crosses to B. napus was complicated by aneuploidy; however, the S-locus was found to segregate as a single gene. Usefulness of B. oleracea as a source of S-alleles for pollination control in B. napus is discussed.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00780.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180971100001}}, } @article{ ISI:000180569300015, Author = {Siangliw, M and Toojinda, T and Tragoonrung, S and Vanavichit, A}, Title = {{Thai jasmine rice carrying QTLch9 (SubQTL) is submergence tolerant}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{2, SI}}, Pages = {{255-261}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Note = {{7th Conference of the International-Society-for-Plant-Anaerobiosis, NIJMEGEN, NETHERLANDS, JUN 12-16, 2001}}, Organization = {{Int Soc Plant Anaerobiosis}}, Abstract = {{Submergence tolerance is an important agronomic trait for rice grown in South-East Asia, where flash flooding occurs frequently and unpredictably during the monsoons. Although mapping locations of one major and several minor quantitative trait loci (QTL) were known previously, improving submergence tolerance in agronomically desirable types of rice has not been achieved. KDML105 is jasmine rice widely grown in rain-fed lowland regions of Thailand. This cultivar is very intolerant of submergence stress. To improve submergence tolerance in this cultivar, three submergence-tolerant cultivars, FR13A, IR67819F2-CA-61 and IR49830-7-1-2-2, were cross-pollinated with KDML105. Transferring the major QTL for submergence tolerance was facilitated by four back-crossings to the recipient KDML105. Molecular markers tightly linked to the gene(s) involved were developed to facilitate molecular genotyping. We demonstrated that individuals of a BC4F3 line that retained a critical region on chromosome 9 transferred from tolerant lines were also tolerant of complete submergence while retaining all the agronomically desirable traits of KDML105. In addition, effects of secondary QTLch2 were detected statistically in back-cross progenies. Effects of secondary QTLch7 were not statistically significant. The close association between tightly linked markers of the tolerance locus on chromosome 9 and submergence tolerance in the field demonstrates the considerable promise of using these markers in lowland rice breeding programmes for selecting increased submergence tolerance. (C) 2003 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcf123}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Tragoonrung, Somvong/E-1026-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180569300015}}, } @article{ ISI:000182136600006, Author = {Jusaitis, M and Sorensen, B and Polomka, L}, Title = {{Reproductive biology of the endangered Brachycome muelleri (Asteraceae), an endemic herb of Eyre Peninsula, South Australia}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{51}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{179-188}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of Brachycome muelleri Sonder (Asteraceae) was studied from 1995 to 1997 by using nursery and field experiments. Reproductive development and seed dispersal occupied approximately half of the 4-month growth cycle. Flowers of B. muelleri did not have any obvious self-incompatibility systems and were readily selfed to produce viable seed. It appeared that B. muelleri may be preferentially cross-pollinated under ideal conditions of pollinator visitation, but could revert to self-pollination in the event of outcross failure. Seed dispersal was assisted by the epinastic curvature of peduncles as fruit matured, bringing capitula into contact with the soil a short distance away from the parent plant. Slight wind-stimulated movement of the capitulum was sufficient to dislodge seed directly onto the soil surface. Seed was shed in the immediate vicinity of parent plants and although some short-range movement facilitated by rain splash, water flow and gravity was observed, no long-distance dispersal mechanisms were apparent. Annual seed production of the single extant population of B. muelleri in South Australia was estimated at about 5 million seeds. Immediately after dispersal, the soil seed bank in the vicinity of B. muelleri plants contained, on average, over 1700 germinable seeds m(-2). Many of these seeds germinated or died within a year, the remainder persisting into a second or third year. Seed viability under field-burial conditions declined to less than 10\% over that time. Population size did not appear to be limited by seed production, but rather by seed dispersal syndrome.}}, DOI = {{10.1071/BT02072}}, ISSN = {{0067-1924}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Jusaitis, Manfred/G-5096-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Jusaitis, Manfred/0000-0002-0313-9636}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000182136600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000181611400006, Author = {Sandvik, SM and Totland, O}, Title = {{Quantitative importance of staminodes for female reproductive success in Parnassia palustris under contrasting environmental conditions}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{49-56}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The five sterile stamens, or staminodes, in Parnassia palustris act both as false and as true nectaries. They attract pollinators with their conspicuous, but non-rewarding tips, and also produce nectar at the base. We removed staminodes experimentally and compared pollinator visitation rate and duration and seed set in flowers with and without staminodes in two different populations. We also examined the relative importance of the staminode size to other plant traits. Finally, we bagged, emasculated, and supplementary cross-pollinated flowers to determine the pollination strategy and whether reproduction was limited by pollen availability. Flowers in both populations were highly dependent on pollinator visitation for maximum seed set. In one population pollinators primarily cross-pollinated flowers, whereas in the other the pollinators facilitated. self-pollination. The staminodes caused increased pollinator visitation rate and duration to flowers in both populations. The staminodes increased female reproductive success, but only when pollen availability constrained female reproduction. Simple linear regression indicated a strong selection on staminode size, multiple regression suggested that selection on staminode size was mainly caused by correlation with other traits that affected female fitness.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/B03-006}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181611400006}}, } @article{ ISI:000185071600003, Author = {Coimbra, S and Duarte, C}, Title = {{Arabinogalactan proteins may facilitate the movement of pollen tubes from the stigma to the ovules in Actinidia deliciosa and Amaranthus hypochondriacus}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{133}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{171-178}}, Abstract = {{Sexual plant reproduction is a complex process that involves a series of interactions between the male gametophyte and the different cell types of the pistil. These interactions are believed to direct the pollen tube growth until its final target, the embryo sac. Arabinogalactan proteins are complex proteoglycans that are believed to be involved in these processes. The pistil is enriched in these highly glycosylated proteins and we provide results that show the selective presence of different AGP epitopes at the surface of the cells or in the ECM of the tissues that correspond exactly to the pollen tube growth pathway in Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Actinidia deliciosa. We also show that in Actinidia deliciosa, which is a dioecious plant with the male flowers having rudimentary ovaries where fertilization does not occur, there is no presence at all of the epitopes recognised by the monoclonal antibodies utilized in this study.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1025564920478}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Coimbra, Silvia/A-7000-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Coimbra, Silvia/0000-0001-9421-2538}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185071600003}}, } @article{ ISI:000181688500003, Author = {Feil, B and Weingartner, U and Stamp, P}, Title = {{Controlling the release of pollen from genetically modified maize and increasing its grain yield by growing mixtures of male-sterile and male-fertile plants}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{163-165}}, Abstract = {{There is public concern about the consequences of pollen dispersal from genetically modified ( GM) crops. The release of viable pollen from GM maize can be controlled by growing mixtures of cytoplasmic male-sterile plants and male-fertile non-transformed pollinator plants. Our experiments indicate that such associations can bring about grain yields as high or even higher than those produced by pure male-fertile maize crops, especially when the male-sterile component is pollinated non-isogenically. The grain yield benefits from cytoplasmic male sterility and xenia as well as the fact that seed of male-sterile varieties can be produced cheaply and reliably in large quantities would facilitate the implementation of the proposed system in agricultural practice.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1022843504598}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181688500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000181688500008, Author = {Foolad, MR and Subbiah, P and Kramer, C and Hargrave, G and Lin, GY}, Title = {{Genetic relationships among cold, salt and drought tolerance during seed germination in an interspecific cross of tomato}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{199-206}}, Abstract = {{Seed of BC1 progeny of an interspecific cross between a slow germinating Lycopersicon esculentum breeding line (NC84173; maternal and recurrent parent) and a fast germinating L. pimpinellifolium accession (LA722) were evaluated for germination under cold stress, salt stress and drought stress, and in each treatment the most rapidly germinating seeds (first 2\%) were selected. Selected individuals were grown to maturity and self-pollinated to produce BC1S1 progeny families. The selected BC1S1 progeny from each experiment were evaluated for germination rate in each of a nonstress (control), cold-, salt- and drought-stress treatment, and their performances were compared with those of a nonselected BC1S1 population in the same treatments. Results indicated that selection for rapid seed germination in each of the three stress treatments was effective and significantly improved progeny germination rate under all three stress conditions. The results support the suggestion that same genes might control the rate of seed germination under cold, salt and drought stress. Furthermore, selection in each of the three stress treatments resulted in improved progeny seed germination rate under nonstress conditions, suggesting that genetic mechanisms that facilitate rapid seed germination under stress conditions might also contribute to rapid germination under nonstress conditions. In practice, therefore, selection for rapid seed germination under a single stress environment may result in progeny with improved seed germination under a wide range of environmental conditions. Furthermore, to improve germination rate under nonstress conditions, it might be more efficient to make selections under stress conditions.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1022871500583}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181688500008}}, } @article{ ISI:000179865500007, Author = {de Graaf, BHJ and Knuiman, BA and Derksen, J and Mariani, C}, Title = {{Characterization and localization of the transmitting tissue-specific PELPIII proteins of Nicotiana tabacum}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{380}}, Pages = {{55-63}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Note = {{Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Experimental-Biology, SWANSEA, WALES, APR 08-12, 2002}}, Organization = {{Soc Exptl Biol}}, Abstract = {{The class III pistil-specific PELP proteins (PELPIII) of Nicotiana tabacum includes at least two members of highly soluble glycoproteins containing glucan modules that are characteristic for arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs). PELPIII accumulates in the style transmitting tissue (TT) during pistil development and, at flower anthesis, is present in the intercellular matrix (IM) of non-pollinated pistils. After pollination, PELPIII appears to be directly and completely translocated from the IM into the pollen tube callose walls, no significant accumulation was observed in the primary wall in the tip. In the spent parts of the pollen tubes these proteins become detectable against the remnants of the tube cell membrane and in the callose plugs. Different protein extraction procedures of PELPIII from pollinated tobacco pistils showed that these proteins remain in the highly soluble protein fraction and are not modified by the growing pollen tubes. These data concur with a role in IM development and pollen tube growth. In addition, the data show that the PELPIII are able to reach the cell membrane, facilitated by an already present or induced high porosity of the tube wall and an additional, yet unknown, mechanism. The differences in behaviour between the three related classes of style IM glycoproteins of Nicotiana, namely, PELPII, TTS and the120 kDa glycoprotein, are proposed to connect more to their differences in glycosylation than to major differences in amino acid sequence.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/jxb/erg002}}, ISSN = {{0022-0957}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{de Graaf, Barend H./A-5880-2010 Mariani, Celestina/C-6920-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179865500007}}, } @article{ ISI:000181782900004, Author = {Steven, JC and Rooney, TP and Boyle, OD and Waller, DM}, Title = {{Density-dependent pollinator visitation and self-incompatibility in upper Great Lakes populations of Trillium grandiflorum}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{23-29}}, Month = {{JAN-MAR}}, Abstract = {{Trillium grandiflorum is a widely distributed, non-clonal, long-lived, white-flowered perennial herb. We examined the pollination biology and self-compatibility of Trillium grandiflorum in five populations distributed across northern Wisconsin and the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Self-pollination was almost entirely ineffective in producing seeds in all populations, suggesting strong self-incompatibility. Natural seed set varied slightly across populations, with an average of 71\% of ovules fertilized per fruit. At the population level, seed set was not limited by receipt of pollen. At the plant level, seed set per flower first increased, then decreased in response to an increasing density of flowering plants within 2 m. This suggests that neighboring flowers facilitate pollinator visitation at low densities then compete for visits at higher densities. Observed pollinator visitation rates support this interpretation. The presence of self-incompatibility and the absence of clonal spread could make Trillium grandiflorum vulnerable to disruptions in pollinator service.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3557522}}, ISSN = {{0040-9618}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rooney, Thomas/A-5410-2008 Boyle, Owen/J-5082-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Rooney, Thomas/0000-0001-7412-3204 Boyle, Owen/0000-0003-3957-7571}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181782900004}}, } @article{ ISI:000185935000003, Author = {Carena, MJ and Cross, HZ}, Title = {{Plant density and maize germplasm improvement in the Northern Corn Belt}}, Journal = {{MAYDICA}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{48}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{105-111}}, Abstract = {{Successful maize (Zea mays L.) genetic improvement depends on choice of germplasm, choice of breeding procedures, and ultimately on the adaptation of genotypes to abiotic and biotic factors. Research was performed in order to evaluate responses of early maize germplasm to several planting density rates and to determine if selection changed germplasm responses to plant density. Synthetic varieties developed at North Dakota State University were selected for groin yield, kernel depth, and growth rate at 20,000, 50,000 and 200,000 plants ha(-1). Genotypes were evaluated at five population rates ranging from 38,000 to 62,000 plants ha(-1) across four North Dakota environments for Experiment 1 and at two population rates (44,000 and 66,000 plants ha-1) across five environments for Experiment 2. Genotypes x density interactions were not significant at P less than or equal to 0.05 in both experiments. Average grain yield means reached their maximum at final stands of approximately 56,000 plants ha(-1) and did not improve at higher plant densities in Experiment 1. The maximum grain yield mean for Experiment 2 was obtained at final stands of approximately 66,000 plants The selection environment (high vs. low plant density) vas not a determinant factor for grain yield improvement. Selection has improved grain yield (P less than or equal to 0.05) in most of the synthetic populations studied regardless of plant density utilized. Mass selection was usually associated with higher grain moisture. Taller plants with higher ears were observed as plant density increased. The rise of progeny testing in the most promising genetic materials seems desirable. Medium to high-density rates (56 to 66,000 plants ha(-1)) are recommended for open-pollinated seed production; however, higher plant densities are encouraged for germplasm improvement in order to facilitate the breeder's ability to discard genotypes. Selecting at high planting densities slid not produce populations with improved ability to withstand high densities.}}, ISSN = {{0025-6153}}, EISSN = {{2279-8013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185935000003}}, } @article{ ISI:000181119900006, Author = {Yi, WG and Law, E and Wetzstein, HY}, Title = {{Polyester and nylon powders used as pollen diluents preserve pollen germination and tube growth in controlled pollinations}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{2003}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{265-269}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Pollen acquisition for seed production, breeding programs and supplemental pollination can be costly and difficult. The identification of dry particulates for use as pollen diluents would facilitate the use of limited amounts of pollen and aid in accurate pollen application and dispersion. Four powders - Rilsan ES, polyester, wheat flour, and Lycopodium spores - were evaluated as pollen diluents using petunia as a model system. Diluents were combined with petunia pollen at a 5:1 (v/v) ratio. Two types of studies were conducted: (1) storage studies evaluated the viability of pollen combined and held with diluent for different durations; and (2) in vivo studies evaluated pollen tube growth in the styles of flowers pollinated with pollen-diluent mixtures. Pollen germination was not affected when stored as pollen-diluent mixtures for 4 days. Slight detrimental effects on pollen germination were observed after 6 days storage with Rilsan ES powders. Pollination with all the pollen-diluent mixtures resulted in fewer pollen tubes growing in the style compared to controls diluted with heat-killed pollen instead of diluent powders. Lycopodium-pollen mixtures were the most inhibitory, providing only 8\% of the tube numbers observed in controls. Pollen mixed with polyester powders, Rilsan ES powders or wheat flour had tube numbers ranging from 47 to 61\% of the control, but still had 175 or more pollen tubes per style, which would be sufficient for high rates of seed set in petunia. Wheat flour-pollen mixtures tended to clump and degrade pollen flow. Rilsan ES and polyester were identified as two promising pollen diluent powders that can facilitate accurate metering and distribution of pollen, produce large numbers of pollen tubes, and maintain pollen viability under storage.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00497-002-0160-6}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000181119900006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000185096100040, Author = {Boora, KS and Sindhu, A and Boora, P and Magill, CW}, Editor = {{Leslie, JF}}, Title = {{Identification of molecular markers for an oval leaf spot resistance gene in sorghum}}, Booktitle = {{SORGHUM AND MILLETS DISEASES}}, Series = {{WORLD AGRICULTURE SERIES}}, Year = {{2003}}, Pages = {{239-241}}, Note = {{3rd Global Conference on Sorghum and Millets Diseases, GUANAJUATO, MEXICO, SEP, 2000}}, Abstract = {{Resistance to oval leaf spot in sorghum {[}Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] accession IS 4725 segregates as a simple dominant trait controlled by a single gene in a cross to the susceptible cultivar HC136. Bulk segregant analysis coupled with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to identify DNA polymorphisms linked to a resistance gene. F-3 progeny tests following self-pollination of 105 F-2 individuals identified homozygous resistant and susceptible F-2 plants for use in bulk segregant analysis. DNA from the parental lines and the homozygous resistant and susceptible bulks was analyzed by RAPD using 100 arbitrary primers. Primer OPC 04 amplified a RAPD fragment only in the susceptible parent, HC 136, and the susceptible bulk, and primer OPC 16 amplified a RAPD fragment only in the resistant parent, IS 4725, and resistant homozygous bulk. The marker OPH 7, which is linked to an oval leaf spot resistance gene in sorghum accession G48, was not linked to the gene in IS 4725. Cosegregation of OPC 16 was verified in an F-2 population segregating for oval leaf spot resistance. Use of this RAPD marker could facilitate breeding for oval leaf spot resistance with marker-assisted selection.}}, ISBN = {{0-8138-0389-6}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000185096100040}}, } @article{ ISI:000179902900027, Author = {Raju, AJS and Ezradanam, V}, Title = {{Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in a monoecious species, Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{83}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1395-1398}}, Month = {{DEC 10}}, Abstract = {{Jatropha curcas is a pantropical shrub. It is monoecious and protandrous. The ratio of male to female flowers is 29 : 1. Both flower sexes open synchronously. The sexual system facilitates geitonogamy and xenogamy. The flower visitors include bees, ants, thrips and flies; bees and flies effect geitonogamy and xenogamy, while ants and thrips effect only geitonogamy. The fruiting, behaviour indicates that the, plant might selectively eliminate the growing offspring, especially geitonogamous fruit to allocate the resources available to the plant, mostly for xenogamous fruit. The ability to self-pollinate through geitonogamy is considered to be adaptive for J. curcas for colonization.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179902900027}}, } @article{ ISI:000180108400002, Author = {Memmott, J and Waser, NM}, Title = {{Integration of alien plants into a native flower-pollinator visitation web}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{269}}, Number = {{1508}}, Pages = {{2395-2399}}, Month = {{DEC 7}}, Abstract = {{Introduced alien species influence many ecosystem services, including pollination of plants by animals. We extend the scope of recent `single species' studies by analysing how alien plant species integrate themselves into a native flower visitation web. Historical records for a community in central USA show that 456 plant species received visits from 1429 insect and 1 hummingbird species, yielding 15 265 unique interactions. Aliens comprised 12.3\% of all plant species, whereas only a few insects were alien. On average, the flowers of alien plants were visited by significantly fewer animal species than those of native plants. Most of these visitors were generalists, visiting many other plant species. The web of interactions between flowers and visitors was less richly connected for alien plants than for natives; nonetheless, aliens were well integrated into the native web. Because most visitors appear to be pollinators, this integration implies possible competitive and facilitative interactions between native and alien plants, mediated through animal visitors to flowers.}}, DOI = {{10.1098/rspb.2002.2174}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180108400002}}, } @article{ ISI:000179822700002, Author = {Buide, ML and Guitian, J}, Title = {{Breeding system in the dichogamous hermaphrodite Silene acutifolia (Caryophyllaceae)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{90}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{691-699}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The breeding system of the dichogamous hermaphrodite species Silene acutifolia, endemic to north-west Spain and north and central Portugal, is examined. Pollen germinability and style-stigma receptivity were analysed to determine whether protandry is a barrier to self-fertilization. By 48 h after anthesis, pollen germinability had declined to approx. 10 \%. The short straight styles are not receptive when flowers first open. They gradually elongate and curve outwards, develop stigma papillae and become receptive. There is no clear separation between stigma and style: the stigma papillae appear in a line along the length of the style. Fruit set is high regardless of pollen source; however, seed set is significantly reduced after both spontaneous and facilitated autogamy. Seed set following spontaneous autogamy was 30 \% (86 \% in controls) in 1998 and 33 \% (87 \% in controls) in 1999. Seed set following facilitated autogamy was 62 \% (86 \% in controls) in 1998 and 67 \% (89 \% in controls) in 1999. Thus, separation of the male and female phases does not prevent production of seeds by self-pollination, although it does reduce the likelihood of this. Furthermore, results of the present experiments indicate that this species has no self-incompatibility mechanisms (self-compatibility index = 0.98). The selfing rate in the study population was 0.41, which is supported by the lack of self-incompatibility systems and by the incomplete protandry. (C) 2002 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1093/aob/mcf251}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179822700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000180318200026, Author = {Vander Wall, SB}, Title = {{Masting in animal-dispersed pines facilitates seed dispersal}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{83}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{3508-3516}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Masting increases the efficiency of wind pollination and satiates seed predators, but there is little. evidence that masting facilitates seed dispersal by animals. Masting in pines was studied over three field seasons by simulating seed crops in synchrony (mast years, autumn 1998 and 1999) or out of synchrony (non-mast year, autumn 2000) with the local population. Rodents removed simulated wind-dispersed Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) and sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) seeds significantly more rapidly in mast years than in the non-mast year. Radioisotopes were used to follow the fates of individual pine seeds taken from three source trees. Rodents cached nearly all experimental seeds in mast and non-mast years, making 562 caches in 1998, 510 caches in 1999, and 1034 caches in 2000. Mean dispersal distances of seeds in primary caches were 5.9 and 4.6 m (28.6\% and 22.1\%) farther in the two mast years than in the non-mast year. Rodents often excavated cached seeds and moved them to new sites (secondary caching). During mast years, some seeds were found in as many as three cache sites, but during the non-mast year, the level of secondary caching approximately tripled, with some seeds being found in five or six separate cache sites. Large seed crops were associated with reduced secondary caching of seeds, reduced seed consumption, and greater seed survival in the following spring. Animal-mediated seed dispersal may be a selective force, along with predator satiation and increased efficiency of wind pollination, driving temporal variation in seed production in some large-seeded pines.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083{[}3508:MIADPF]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, EISSN = {{1939-9170}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000180318200026}}, } @article{ ISI:000178391700077, Author = {Tewksbury, JJ and Levey, DJ and Haddad, NM and Sargent, S and Orrock, JL and Weldon, A and Danielson, BJ and Brinkerhoff, J and Damschen, EI and Townsend, P}, Title = {{Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{20}}, Pages = {{12923-12926}}, Month = {{OCT 1}}, Abstract = {{Among the most popular strategies for maintaining populations of both plants and animals in fragmented landscapes is to connect isolated patches with thin strips of habitat, called corridors. Corridors are thought to increase the exchange of individuals between habitat patches, promoting genetic exchange and reducing population fluctuations. Empirical studies addressing the effects of corridors have either been small in scale or have ignored confounding effects of increased habitat area created by the presence of a corridor. These methodological difficulties, coupled with a paucity of studies examining the effects of corridors on plants and plant-animal interactions, have sparked debate over the purported value of corridors in conservation planning. We report results of a large-scale experiment that directly address this debate. In eight large-scale experimental landscapes that control for patch area and test alternative mechanisms of corridor function, we demonstrate that corridors not only increase the exchange of animals between patches, but also facilitate two key plant-animal interactions: pollination and seed dispersal. Our results show that the beneficial effects of corridors extend beyond the area they add, and suggest that increased plant and animal movement through corridors will have positive impacts on plant populations and community interactions in fragmented landscapes.}}, DOI = {{10.1073/pnas.202242699}}, ISSN = {{0027-8424}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Brinkerhoff, Jory/I-9364-2012 Damschen, Ellen/E-4919-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178391700077}}, } @article{ ISI:000179091400004, Author = {Ornelas, JF and Ordano, M and Hernandez, A and Lopez, JC and Mendoza, L and Perroni, Y}, Title = {{Nectar oasis produced by Agave marmorata Roezl. (Agavaceae) lead to spatial and temporal segregation among nectarivores in the Tehuacan Valley, Mexico}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{52}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{37-51}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{We investigated temporal and spatial segregation of nectarivores at Agave marmorata inflorescences in Tehuacan, Mexico. Using survival analysis, a technique in which data are treated as censored, we found temporal segregation among insects, hummingbirds, and perching birds during the most nectar-limited time. Survivorship curves of hummingbirds and orioles were not significantly different from each other, however, temporal segregation was observed within hummingbirds according to body size and territorial behavior. Temporal segregation among hummingbirds is interpreted as a way to reduce risk of injury. This way hummingbirds meet their short-term energy demands and co-existence may be facilitated in a nectar oasis. In contrast, survivorship curves of oriole species were not statistically different with each other, but spatial segregation is suspected Scott's Orioles segregate by visiting agaves with taller inflorescences sooner than visiting those with shorter inflorescences. These results along with those of foraging behavior and floral shifts suggest that orioles are the legitimate pollinators of this century plant. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/jare.2002.0971}}, ISSN = {{0140-1963}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Perroni, Yareni/E-8097-2010 Ornelas, Juan Francisco/A-2250-2014 }}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Perroni, Yareni/0000-0003-4607-821X Ordano, Mariano/0000-0003-0962-973X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179091400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000176523300014, Author = {Stout, JC and Kells, AR and Goulson, D}, Title = {{Pollination of the invasive exotic shrub Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae) by introduced bees in Tasmania}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{106}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{425-434}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Exotic plant invasions threaten ecological communities world-wide. Some species are limited by a lack of suitable pollinators, but the introduction of exotic pollinators can facilitate rapid spread. In Tasmania, where many non-native plants are naturalised, exotic honeybees (Apis mellifera) and bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) have become established. We determined how these species affect the pollination of Lupinus arboreus, an invasive, nitrogen-fixing shrub, which is rarely visited by native pollinators. The proportion of flowers setting seed and the number of ovules fertilised per flower were positively related to the visitation rates of both exotic bee species. There was no effect of bee visitation rates on the proportion of seeds aborted prior to maturity, possibly due to postfertilisation environmental constraints. We conclude that the spread of B. terrestris may not alter the fecundity of L. arboreus because of the pollination service provided by A. mellifera, and discuss potential interactions between these two bee species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00046-0}}, Article-Number = {{PII S0006-3207(02)00046-0}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Stout, Jane /B-1631-2010 Goulson, Dave/A-2462-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Stout, Jane /0000-0002-2027-0863 Goulson, Dave/0000-0003-4421-2876}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176523300014}}, } @article{ ISI:000176210800017, Author = {Gokce, AF and McCallum, J and Sato, Y and Havey, MJ}, Title = {{Molecular tagging of the Ms locus in onion}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{127}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{576-582}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) is used to produce hybrid onion (Allium cepa L.) seed. For the most widely used source of onion CMS, male sterility is conditioned by the interaction of the male-sterile (S) cytoplasm and the homozygous recessive genotype at a nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). Maintainer lines are used to seed propagate male-sterile lines, possess normal (N) male-fertile cytoplasm, and are homozyous recessive at the Ms locus. Due to the biennial nature of onion, it takes 4 to 8 years of crossing and scoring of progeny phenotypes to establish if maintainer lines can be extracted from an uncharacterized population or family. Identification of nuclear markers tightly linked to the Ms locus would allow for molecular-facilitated selection of maintainer lines. We evaluated testcross progenies from a segregating family for nuclear restoration of male fertility over at least three environments. Although segregations in the F, family fit the expected 1:2:1 ratio (P = 0.973), the proportion of male-sterile testcross progenies showed significant (P < 0.01) year effects and it is therefore imperative to score male-fertility restoration over environments. Too many male-sterile testcross progenies were often observed, indicating that the dominant allele conditioning male-fertility restoration for S cytoplasm may not show complete penetrance. Segregations of amplified fragment length polymorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) revealed RFLPs flanking the Ms locus at 0.9 and 8.6 cM. An onion cDNA showing highly significant homology to the aldehyde dehydrogenase conditioned by the rf2 locus of maize was identified and mapped to linkage group 1, independent of the Ms locus. A sample of commercial onion germplasm was evaluated for putative allelic diversity at the RFLP loci linked to Ms. The genomic region corresponding to the cDNA (AOB272) revealing the closest RFLP to Ms was sequenced to reveal numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms. Single-stranded conformational polymorphisms and single nucleotide extensions were developed that revealed genomic variation at AOB272-EcoRI. The use of these molecular markers to select maintainer lines in onion is discussed.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176210800017}}, } @article{ ISI:000176653800018, Author = {Raju, AJS and Rao, SP}, Title = {{Pollination ecology and fruiting behaviour in Acacia sinuata (Lour.) Merr. (Mimosaceae), a valuable non-timber forest plant species}}, Journal = {{CURRENT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{82}}, Number = {{12}}, Pages = {{1466-1471}}, Month = {{JUN 25}}, Abstract = {{Acacia sinuata shows leaf-fall, flushing and flowering during dry season. The flowers are small, massed into globose heads and function as units of reproduction. The plant is self-incompatible and exhibits synchronous flowering to facilitate cross-pollination. The flowers are hermaphroditic and monostylous, offering both pollen and nectar as floral rewards. Foragers included bees, wasps, flies, butterflies and thrips. Thrips acted as mere foragers, while all others acted as pollinators while foraging different conspecific flowers in succession. Additionally, sunbirds made occasional visits for feeding on extra-floral nectaries located at the base of leaf petioles. The pod-set rate was 2\% only. The low pod-set rate is attributed to a variety of factors. The study suggests that pod and seed yields may be enhanced by introducing manageable bees together with their nesting requirements.}}, ISSN = {{0011-3891}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176653800018}}, } @article{ ISI:000178098900009, Author = {Neel, MC}, Title = {{Conservation implications of the reproductive ecology of Agalinis acuta (Scrophulariaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{972-980}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Reproductive ecology of Agalinis acuta was investigated by examining potential for self-fertilization heroic and at anthesis, reproductive output from outcrossed vs, selfed matings. and effects, of browsing, plant size, and conspecific plant density on seed quid fruit production. These features of a plant species can provide indirect information pertinent to conservation such is patterns and maintenance of genetic diversity, risk associated with inbreeding depression, and changes in pollinator abundance or effectiveness. The species is self-compatible, with 97\% of selfed flowers setting fruits pollinators were not required for reproduction. However, seed set in self-pollinated fruits averaged 17-20\% less than that in open-pollinated fruits. Geitonogamous and facilitated selling are possible throughout anthesis and autonomous selfing is possible late in anthesis as corollas abscise. Delaying;elf-pollination until after outcrossing opportunities likely limits selfing rates and thus reduces risks associated with inbreeding but allows reproduction in absence of pollinators, Supplementing pollen on open-pollinated flowers yielded no additional seed set over controls, Neither early-season browsing of primary stems nor conspecific plant density had significant effects, on number of fruit,, per Plant, on fruit size, or on number of seeds from open-pollinated flowers. Currently, reproduction appears, to be high (about 2400 seeds/plant), and future risks due to lack of genetic diversity are likely low.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.89.6.972}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178098900009}}, } @article{ ISI:000177683800004, Author = {Olesen, JM and Eskildsen, LI and Venkatasamy, S}, Title = {{Invasion of pollination networks on oceanic islands: importance of invader complexes and endemic super generalists}}, Journal = {{DIVERSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONS}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{8}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{181-192}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The structure of pollination networks is described for two oceanic islands, the Azorean Flores and the Mauritian Ile aux Aigrettes. At each island site, all interactions between endemic, non-endemic native and introduced plants and pollinators were mapped. Linkage level, i.e. number of species interactions per species, was significantly higher for endemic species than for non-endemic native and introduced species. Linkage levels of the two latter categories were similar. Nine types of interaction may be recognized among endemic, non-endemic native and introduced plants and pollinators. Similar types had similar frequencies in the two networks. Specifically, we looked for the presence of `invader complexes' of mutualists, defined as groups of introduced species interacting more with each other than expected by chance and thus facilitating each other's establishment. On both islands, observed frequencies of interactions between native (endemic and non-endemic) and introduced pollinators and plants differed from random. Introduced pollinators and plants interacted less than expected by chance. Thus, the data did not support the existence of invader complexes. Instead, our study suggested that endemic super-generalist species, i.e. pollinators or plant species with a very wide pollination niche, include new invaders in their set of food plants or pollinators and thereby improve establishment success of the invaders. Reviewing other studies, super generalists seem to be a widespread island phenomenon, i.e. island pollination networks include one or a few species with a very high generalization level compared to co-occurring species. Low density of island species may lead to low interspecific competition, high abundance and ultimately wide niches and super generalization.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1472-4642.2002.00148.x}}, ISSN = {{1366-9516}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177683800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000175839600007, Author = {Burns, KC}, Title = {{Seed dispersal facilitation and geographic consistency in bird-fruit abundance patterns}}, Journal = {{GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{253-259}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Avian seed dispersal mutualisms are characterized frequently by stochastic interactions between birds and fruits; however, many studies report coarse-scale correlations in annual abundances of birds and fruits at particular locales (i.e. `phenological synchrony'). This study tested the geographical consistency of phenological synchrony in a meta-analysis of data from 14 biogeographic locations. Data from a single site in British Columbia, Canada, were then used to test the dispersal facilitation hypothesis, which postulates that synchronous bird-fruit abundance patterns result from deterministic seed dispersal processes (i.e. avian fruit consumption). Results showed that phenological synchrony is a geographically consistent pattern. However, fruit production occurred after peak periods of bird abundances in British Columbia. Although phenological patterns were asynchronous at this site, observational and experimental fruit removal patterns supported the dispersal facilitation hypothesis. Avian fruit consumption covaried with bird abundances, suggesting selection may favour earlier fruit production and increased phenological synchrony. Environmental data suggest that earlier fruit production is constrained by cold spring temperatures, which inhibit the activity of pollinators and earlier dates of fruit maturation. Overall, the results show that phenological synchrony is a geographically consistent pattern in seed dispersal mutualisms. However, decoupled bird-fruit abundance patterns may occur despite deterministic processes favouring phenological synchrony.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1466-822X.2002.00277.x}}, ISSN = {{0960-7447}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000175839600007}}, } @article{ ISI:000178098300001, Author = {Jaffe, MJ and Leopold, AC and Staples, RC}, Title = {{Thigmo responses in plants and fungi}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{375-382}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Thigmo mechanisms are adaptations that permit a plant to alter growth rates, change morphology, produce tropisms, avoid barriers, control germination, cling to supporting structures, infect a host plant, facilitate pollination, expedite the movement of pollen, spores, or seeds, and capture prey. Through these varied functions, plant thigmo systems have evolved impressive controls of cell differentiation, localized growth rates, regulated synthesis of novel products, and some elegant traps and projectile systems. For most thigmo events, there will be a dependence upon transmission of a signal from the cell wall through the plasmalemma and into the cytoplasm. We propose the possible involvement of integrin-like proteins, Hechtian strands, and cytoskeletal structures as possible transduction components. Many thigmo mechanisms may use some modification of the calcium/calmodulin signal transduction system, though the details of transduction systems are still poorly understood. While transmission of thigmo signals to remote parts of a plant is associated with the development of action potentials, hormones may also play a role. Thigmo mechanisms have facilitated an enormous array of plant and fungal adaptations that make major contributions to their success despite their relatively sessile or immobile states.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.89.3.375}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178098300001}}, } @article{ ISI:000178098100008, Author = {Kopp, RF and Maynard, CA and de Niella, PR and Smart, LB and Abrahamson, LP}, Title = {{Collection and storage of pollen from Salix (Salicaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{248-252}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Genetic improvement of willows through traditional breeding can be facilitated by pollen collection and storage so that female flower receptivity need not be synchronized with pollen shed for breeding Two experiments were completed to test the effectiveness of various organic solvents for willow pollen collection In the first experiment. seven pollen collection treatments and an untreated control were tested with two willow clones The other experiment tested three treatments that showed promise in the initial experiment and an untreated control with eight willow clones Toluene and carbon tetrachloride were effective for pollen extraction, with average pollen germination percentages that were >15\%, but both chemicals reduced pollen viability by 10-20\% compared with an untreated control based on in vitro germination tests. Pollen extracted with carbon tetrachloride or toluene was successfully used in controlled pollination, and >100 new families were produced with this technique. Pollen viability remained high after 18 mo of storage at -20degreesC. Based on our results, toluene is the preferred solvent for future willow pollen extractions because it is as effective as carbon tetrachloride, is not a known carcinogen, and is less expensive.}}, DOI = {{10.3732/ajb.89.2.248}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Smart, Lawrence/0000-0002-7812-7736}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000178098100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000173982300003, Author = {Johnson, SD and Edwards, TJ and Carbutt, C and Potgieter, C}, Title = {{Specialization for hawkmoth and long-proboscid fly pollination in Zaluzianskya section Nycterinia (Scrophulariaceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{138}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{17-27}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The evolution of pollination systems has been investigated in Zaluzianshya section Nycterinia (Scrophulariaceae), a group characterized by very long-tubed flowers (up to 60 mm) that open either only at night (19 species) or during the day (one species). Field observations of three species: Z. natalensis, Z. elongata and Z. pulvinata, revealed that their flowers are pollinated shortly after dusk by hawkmoths. Further observations showed that Z. microsiphon, the sole species to have flowers that open only during the day, is pollinated exclusively by long-proboscid flies belonging to the family Nemestrinidae. A phylogenetic analysis of Z. sect. Nycterinia based on morphological characters indicates that Z. rnicrosiphon evolved within a clade of night-flowering species. The shift from hawkmoth to long-proboscid fly pollination in Zaluzianshya was probably facilitated because long corolla tubes, white petals and dilute nectar in hawkmoth-pollinated flowers are pre-adaptations for pollination by long-proboscid flies. However, the autapomorphic features of Z. microsiphon, such as zygomorphy, diurnal flower anthesis and lack of scent, can be regarded as adaptations for long-proboscid fly pollination. Breeding system experiments on Z. natalensis and Z. microsiphon revealed the existence of genetic self-incompatibility. (C) 2002 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1095-8339.2002.00005.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173982300003}}, } @article{ ISI:000179386900005, Author = {Sanzol, J and Herrero, M}, Title = {{Identification of self-incompatibility alleles in pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.)}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{128}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{325-331}}, Abstract = {{Self and cross-incompatibility determination by means of fruit and seed set experiments or pollen tube growth observations in the style has been frequently reported to be unclear in pear ( Pyrus communis L.). Thus, in order to develop a reliable in vivo method to test pollen-pistil incompatibility in pear, pollen tube performance has been studied along the pistil following self and cross-pollinations. Results show that, while pollen tube growth in the style may be an unclear test, ovule observation at the microscope for the presence of pollen tube in the nucellus is a proper method to test incompatibility in this crop. With this analysis we could identify S-alleles of `Williams' (S1S2) and `Coscia' (S3S4), and three of the four possible S-genotypes resulting from the `Williams' x `Coscia' cross, as represented by `Butirra Precoz Morettini' (S1S3), `Santa Maria Morettini' (S2S3) and `Tosca' (S1S4). This result demonstrates that `Williams' and `Coscia' cultivars do not share any allele in common. We also established two new inter-incompatibility groups in pear. Furthermore, the presence of a common allele between `Williams' and `Agua de Aranjuez', and `Coscia' and `Agua de Aranjuez', three apparently unrelated old cultivars, may indicate a narrower genetic base than expected for European pear. This finding together with the fact that 40\% of new released cultivars have direct or indirect parental relationship with the cultivars `Coscia' and/or `Williams', anticipates the possibility of new cases of cross-incompatibility for this crop in the future. Both the method described and the determination of the S-genotypes will facilitate the characterisation of self and cross-incompatibility relationships in this species.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1021213905461}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Sanzol, Javier/B-1152-2010 Herrero, Maria/B-7978-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Herrero, Maria/0000-0002-3499-1602}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179386900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000176865700005, Author = {Ferdy, JB and Smithson, A}, Title = {{Geitonogamy in rewarding and unrewarding inflorescences: modelling pollen transfer on actual foraging sequences}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{16}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{155-175}}, Abstract = {{Many orchid species are unusual in that they provide no nectar or pollen rewards for their pollinators. Absence of reward is expected to have a fundamental effect on pollinator visitation patterns. In particular the number of flowers visited per inflorescence is expected to be affected in both unrewarding and co-flowering rewarding species. We used arrays of artificial inflorescences, which could be either rewarding or unrewarding and were differentiated by their colour, to test how many flowers bumblebees visit in each type of inflorescence. The frequency of the two colours was varied, thus modelling the case where different frequencies of both an unrewarding and rewarding species were present in a patch. We found that bumblebees visited more flowers per rewarding inflorescence after they have experienced unrewarding or partially emptied rewarding inflorescences. We used these results to simulate pollen transfer and thus predict selfing rates on rewarding inflorescences. We found these increased when nectar depleted or when there was a greater proportion of unrewarding inflorescences in the patch. Conversely, we found that the number of flowers bumblebees visited on each unrewarding inflorescence did not significantly change through experiments. Selfing rates for unrewarding inflorescences were predicted to depend principally on the number of these inflorescences bumblebees visited rather than on the number of flowers they visit per inflorescence. This was because most visitors to orchids are supposed to be naive, and pollinators that commence foraging carrying no pollen will necessarily self any flower they pollinate on the first inflorescence they visit. Thus the average selfing rate is expected to increase as the sequence of inflorescences visited decreases in length.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1016353025378}}, ISSN = {{0269-7653}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Smithson, Ann/B-5368-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176865700005}}, } @article{ ISI:000179598700002, Author = {Shimano, K}, Title = {{Regeneration dynamics, causal factors, and characteristics of Pacific Ocean-type beech (Fagus crenata) forests in Japan: A review}}, Journal = {{FOLIA GEOBOTANICA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{37}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{275-296}}, Abstract = {{This paper reviews the differences in the distribution and regeneration of Fagus crenata between two types of Japanese beech forests, the Japan Sea (JS)-type and the Pacific Ocean (PO)-type, and discusses the causal factors and characteristics of these forests, particularly the PO-type. F. crenata in PO-type forests regenerates sporadically rather than constantly, whereas regeneration in the JS-type forests is relatively constant with gap dynamics. F crenata has dominated in snowy areas both in the past, after the last glacial age, when there was less human disturbance, and in the present. Snow accumulation facilitates beech regeneration in snowy JS-type forests, but not in the less snowy PO-type. Snow protects beechnuts from damage caused by rodents, desiccation, and freezing. In addition, snow suppresses dwarf bamboo in the spring, thus increasing the amount of sunlight available for beech seedlings on the forest floor. Snow also supplies melt water during the growing season and limits the distribution of herbivores. Moreover, snow reduces the number of forest fires during the dry winter and early spring seasons. The low densities of F crenata impede its regeneration, because disturbed wind pollination lowers seed fertility and predators are less effectively satiated. In snowy JS-type beech forests, F. crenata dominates both at the adult and the juvenile stages because it regenerates well, while other species are eliminated by heavy snow pressure. On the less snowy PO-side, deciduous broad-leaved forests with various species are a primary feature, although F. crenata dominates because of its large size and long lifespan.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02805212}}, ISSN = {{0015-5551}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179598700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000173912100011, Author = {Parker, IM and Haubensak, KA}, Title = {{Comparative pollinator limitation of two non-native shrubs: do mutualisms influence invasions?}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{130}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{250-258}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{While interactions between invaders and resident species have received a great deal of attention recently, the role of mutualists in facilitating or constraining invasions is rarely considered. We investigated the reproductive ecology of two closely related, woody legumes. Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom) and Genista monspessulana (French broom). invading the same sites. Both species are considered noxious non-native weeds in California. and are considered to be ecologically similar. but Genista has much smaller flowers than Cytisus. Neither species showed appreciable levels of autogamous selfing. When experimentally self-pollinated, Genista demonstrated less depression of fruit set and seed set relative to outcrossed flowers than did Cytisus. At two sites on the Marin peninsula. Calif., Genista flowers were consistently less likely to be pollinated than Cytisus flowers. Genista was significantly pollen limited at both sites. while Cytisus was pollen limited at only the site with lower visitation rates. In the three populations with demonstrable pollen limitation. we found a significant relationship between fruit production and natural pollinator visitation at the level of the individual plant. However. we did not find that overall patterns of fecundity were strongly predicted by differences in pollen limitation between species or between sites. While a previous study found a tight link between patterns of pollinator visitation and patterns of reproduction in Cytisus in Washington State. we conclude that a more complex and variable environment (in terms of resources. herbivores. and florivores) on the Marin Peninsula de-coupled the relationship between pollinators and fruit production in these invaders. Our results suggest that the role of mutualisms in promoting or constraining invasions is likely to vary considerably among invaded communities.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004420100799}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173912100011}}, } @article{ ISI:000179981900004, Author = {Steiner, KE and Whitehead, VB}, Title = {{Oil secretion and the pollination of Colpias mollis (Scrophulariaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{235}}, Number = {{1-4}}, Pages = {{53-66}}, Abstract = {{Colpias mollis is a perennial lithophyte that secretes non-volatile oil as a pollinator reward. Its white to yellow flowers bear two narrow pouches lined with glandular oil-secreting trichomes. The pollinating bee, Rediviva albifasciata (Melittidae), collects oil with its forelegs and midlegs by rubbing them against the gland patches within the flower. The presence of specialised hairs on these legs facilitates oil-collection. The strongly congruent geographic distributions of C. mollis and R. albifasciata and their close morphological fit suggest a long and close association between plant and pollinator. Although C. mollis appears dependent on R. albifasciata for pollination, R. albifasciata is not always dependent on C. mollis for oil. It can also obtain and utilise oil from flowers of the annual herb Hemimeris racemosa (Scrophulariaceae). At the main study site, fruit set of C. mollis was high (75.7\%; N=202 flowers) in a dry year when H. racemosa was rare and relatively low (11.4\%; N = 184 flowers) in a wet year when H. racemosa was common.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s00606-002-0216-y}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000179981900004}}, } @article{ ISI:000177150800006, Author = {Wendt, T and Canela, MBF and Klein, DE and Rios, RI}, Title = {{Selfing facilitates reproductive isolation among three sympatric species of Pitcairnia (Bromeliaceae)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2002}}, Volume = {{232}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{201-212}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of three sympatric species Pitcairnia flammea, P. corcovadensis and P. albiflos (Bromeliaceae) was studied on Corcovado Mountain in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Controlled pollination experiments were also conducted using plants transplanted to a greenhouse. The three species are self-compatible and interspecifically cross compatible, Pitcairnia corcovadensis was principally an autonomous self-pollinator, having scarce pollinator activity, anthers and stigmas at the same level, and absence of nectar. In P. flammea, many flowers opened per day. the stigma and anther were close to each other, and its nectar was regularly consumed by hummingbirds, all factors that promote geitonogamy in this species. Although fully self-compatible. P. albiflos always opened a few flowers per days showing an adaptation to cross-pollination. Observations during two flowering seasons showed that despite different times for peak flowering, blooming of these three species overlapped in April. They grow in mixed clumps that may facilitate promiscuous pollination between them but no intermediate forms were observed under natural conditions. The absence of temporal isolation, geographic isolation and isolation via post-pollination reproduction suggests that evolution toward selfing was important to avoid hybridization between these sympatric species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s006060200043}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/I-6110-2012 Iglesias-Rios, Ricardo/C-1794-2013 Klein, Denise/C-6880-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wendt, Tania/0000-0001-6411-0354 }}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177150800006}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000177999500029, Author = {Atanassova, B and Georgiev, H}, Editor = {{Paroussi, G and Voyiatzis, D and Paroussis, E}}, Title = {{Using genic male sterility in improving hybrid seed production in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND BALKAN SYMPOSIUM ON VEGETABLES AND POTATOES}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Number = {{579}}, Pages = {{185-188}}, Note = {{2nd Balkan Symposium on Vegetables and Potatoes, THESSALONIKI, GREECE, OCT 11-15, 2000}}, Organization = {{Hellen Minist Agr; N AG RE F Agr Res Ctr Macedonia \& Thrace; Minist Macedonia \& Thrace; Afg Bank Greece; Hellen Sugar Indu S A; Elga; Bios AgrSyst; Municipal Thermi; Geotherm Greenhouses - Equipment; Scientact S A; Rockwool Grodan MED S A; Plastika Kritis; Psyllakis Nikolaos; Ypsilon; Rigas Labs; Agribous; Asteriadis S A; Ferror Plast}}, Abstract = {{Male sterility in tomato is recognized as a useful trait in breeding programs that address facilitation and improvement of the process of hybrid seed production. In Bulgaria, during the last 10 years the use of positional sterile 2 (ps 2)-sterile seed parents in tomato hybrid seed production is not any more merely a theory, but a theory that is applied in practice. Up to now no problems concerning their seed production and hybridity have been reported. Comparative study on the time necessary for the emasculation of floral buds, (as practiced when using fertile seed parent) and flowers at anthesis, (as practiced when using a ps 2-line as seed parent), made it clear that emasculation during anthesis was easier and almost two times more rapid than emasculation applied on the floral buds. However, the easier and more rapid anther emasculation is not the only criterion for an efficient hybrid seed production. Hybrid seed yield and the percentage of hybridity of the seed obtained are also of great importance. The study was therefore designed to compare the hybrid seed yield and hybridity of the seed obtained from four ps 2-sterile lines as depending on the developmental stage in which stamen emasculation and pollination took place and on the environmental conditions. The results obtained provided evidence that the introduction of ps 2-sterile seed parents in breeding tomato hybrids was not only a way for facilitating hybrid seed production but also a way to ensure 1.5-2.0 times higher hybrid seed yield, and this regardless of the genotype and alterations in the climatic conditions. These data were confirmed by production figures. The percentage of hybridity of the seed obtained in all variants was 100\%. During the last 10 years based on the lines included in the study, as well as based on other ps 2-lines, a number of tomato hybrids were developed and released: Balkan, Kom, Geo 12, Rila, Dorina, Precoce, Kamena, Elina, Odysseus.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-925-7}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000177999500029}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000176993200021, Author = {Spiers, JM and Stringer, SJ and Draper, AD and Gupton, CL}, Editor = {{Hepp, RF}}, Title = {{`Biloxi' southern highbush blueberry}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VACCINIUM CULTURE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2002}}, Number = {{574}}, Pages = {{153-155}}, Note = {{7th International Symposium on Vaccinium Culture, TERMAS DE CHILLAN, CHILE, DEC 04-09, 2000}}, Organization = {{Vital Berry Mkt}}, Abstract = {{`Biloxi' tetraploid southern highbush blueberry is a new cultivar developed and released by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture breeding programs in Beltsville, MD, and Poplarville MS. Plants of ``Biloxi' are upright, vigorous and productive. The fruit ripens early, has medium size, with good color, firmness, stem scar, and flavor. Although `Biloxi' is predominantly a tetraploid southern highbush in parentage, adaptation to the southern US environment was obtained from two diploid and one hexaploid Vaccinium species. This relatively low-chill cultivar was released in 1998 for production in the coastal plains of the Southeastern United States, and should be planted with other southern highbush cultivars to facilitate pollination. `Biloxi' blooms early, about the same time as ``Climax{''} rabbiteye blueberry, but fruit ripening precedes the earliest ripening rabbiteye cultivars by about 14 to 21 days. Thus, while providing Southern blueberry growers with a cultivar to aid in exploiting early-fruit markets, `Biloxi' may require protection from spring frosts.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-855-2}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000176993200021}}, } @article{ ISI:000173456300011, Author = {Cotton, PA}, Title = {{The Behavior and interactions of birds visiting Erythrina fusca flowers in the Colombian Amazon}}, Journal = {{BIOTROPICA}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{33}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{662-669}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{I observed 22 species of birds visiting flowering Erythrina fusca trees at Matamata, Amazonas, Colombia. The large orange flowers of E. fusca are adapted for pollination by birds and are protected from illegitimate visits by a petal that covers the nectaries and anthers until displaced by a Foraging bird. Experiments with Rowers bagged to exclude potential pollinators demonstrated that the Rowers do not open without assistance. At Matamata, patrols are the most frequent visitors to flowering E. fusca, and two species, Dusky-headed Parakeet (Aratinga weddellii) and Cobalt-winged Parakeet (Brotogeris cyanoptera), appear to be the main pollinators. This is only die fourth report of Neotropical parrots acting a, pollinating agents. At least five other parrot species fed on the nectar or flowers of E. fusca but destroyed the Rowers in the process. Orange-backed Troupials (Icterus jamacaii) were the only other species observed opening E. fusca flowers nondestructively and are likely to be pollinators. Hummingbirds were common visitors to E. fusca flowers and some species were found to carry E. fusca pollen; however, hummingbirds were unable to open the flowers themselves and relied on other visitors to open the flowers for them. The number of hummingbird visits to a flowering E. fusca tree was positively correlated with the number of visits by parrots and icterids, but nut with the number of mature Rowers, indicating that legitimate visitors facilitate access by hummingbirds.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00223.x}}, ISSN = {{0006-3606}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173456300011}}, } @article{ ISI:000173646200001, Author = {Washitani, I}, Title = {{Plant conservation ecology for management and restoration of riparian habitats of lowland Japan}}, Journal = {{POPULATION ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{43}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{189-195}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Conservation ecology is a new paradigm of ecology that aims at scientific contributions to maintaining earth's biodiversity and is committed to ecosystem management indispensable to intergenerational long-term sustainability. Population ecology plays a central role in conservation ecology. Persistence of the metapopulation rather than that of each local population should be pursued in species conservation management. Biological interactions essential to reproduction and soil seed bank components of the population should be investigated and applied to planning for the conservation of a plant population. Gravelly floodplains and moist tall grasslands are among typical riparian habitats containing many threatened plants in Japan. These riparian habitats are now subjected not only to heavy fragmentation but also to intensive invasion of highly competitive alien (normative) plants. Extreme habitat isolation may result in reproductive failure or fertility selection in a plant population without pollinators, as exemplified by a nature reserve population of Primula sieboldii. Biological invasions, which are facilitated by extensive changes in the river environment including decreased seasonal flooding, abandonment of traditional vegetation management, eutrophication, and extensive clearing of the land for recreational use, threaten endemic riparian species. To preserve safe sites and growing conditions for threatened plants such as Aster kantoensis, active management to suppress the dominance of alien invader plants is necessary. Population management and habitat restoration should be based on sound information on the population ecology of both threatened and alien invader plants, designed as an ecological experiment to clarify effective ways for management.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s10144-001-8182-8}}, ISSN = {{1438-3896}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173646200001}}, } @article{ ISI:000173321900005, Author = {Shanahan, M and Harrison, RD and Yamuna, R and Boen, W and Thornton, IWB}, Title = {{Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. V. Colonization by figs (Ficus spp.), their dispersers and pollinators}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{28}}, Number = {{11-12}}, Pages = {{1365-1377}}, Month = {{NOV-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Aim This study considered the colonization of disturbed island ecosystems by Ficus species (Moraceae). Specifically, we examined the extent of colonization (compared with source areas), differential roles of seed dispersing birds and mammals, and the Ficus fruit characters influencing mode of colonization. Location Research was conducted on Long Island (5degrees20'S; 147degrees10'E), a volcanic island 55 km from Papua New Guinea, which erupted catastrophically in c. 1645 with probable extirpation of all life. Renewed volcanic activity in the early 1950s produced a series of temporary islands in the volcano's caldera lake. One island, Motmot, present since 1968 has persisted. Methods Long Island and Motmot were surveyed over 15 days for Ficus species and their vertebrate dispersers and pollinating wasps. The Ficus community was compared with that of mainland sources areas and Ficus species present were characterised according to their figs' size, colour, crop size and height. Observations of frugivory and literature records were used to determine Ficus dispersal guild membership. Results At least 31 Ficus species have colonized Long Island since its eruption. Evidence of pollinator wasp colonisation was found for all sixteen Ficus species observed fruiting. Thirty-six vertebrate species occurring on Long Island are identified as potential seed dispersers. Of these, fruit bats and pigeons are likely to have been instrumental in the island's early colonization with subsequent spread being facilitated by these frugivores as well as a number of smaller birds, and an introduced cuscus. Comparisons of fruit characters and frugivore, attraction between Ficus species reveal two broad dispersal guilds. Members of the first guild produce relatively large, green figs in the lower strata of the forest and attract fruit bats. The second guild includes species, that attract both birds and fruit bats with generally smaller, red figs produced throughout the vertical structure of the forest. Eight Ficus species have colonized Motmot, a 31-year-old emergent island in the volcano's crater lake. However, only one furgivore species was recorded alive on the island. Fig seeds are likely to have arrived during rare over-flights or roosting visits by frugivores, or in the bodies of prey brought to Motmot by raptors. We found no evidence of pollinator presence on Motmot. Most Ficus individuals on Motmot remain immature and the figs of the only three individuals observed with crops had not been pollinated.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00638.x}}, ISSN = {{0305-0270}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173321900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000171664500005, Author = {Johnson, SD and Pauw, A and Midgley, J}, Title = {{Rodent pollination in the African lily Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{10}}, Pages = {{1768-1773}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Field studies in the semiarid Succulent Karoo region of South Africa showed that flowers of Massonia depressa (Hyacinthaceae) are visited at night by at least four rodent species. including two gerbil species. Live-trapped rodents were found to carry Massonia pollen on their snouts: they also had large quantities of Massonia pollen in their feces as a result of grooming their fur. Visits by insects to the flowers were infrequent at one site and apparently absent at another site. Plants enclosed in large-mesh wire cages, which excluded rodents but not insects, set very few seeds relative to open controls. Our initial hypothesis of rodent-pollination in M. depressa was based on the striking similarity of its flowers to those of unrelated. rodent-pollinated Protea species. Convergent traits include dull-colored and very robust flowers situated at ground level, a strong yeasty odor, and secretion of copious amounts of sucrose-dominant nectar during the evening when rodents are active. Despite having a low sugar concentration (similar to 20\%), the nectar of M. depressa is almost 400 times as viscous as an equivalent sugar solution. The jelly-like constituent in the nectar may discourage robbing by insects, while also facilitating lapping by rodents. Our findings illustrate the utility of floral syndromes for generating testable predictions about pollination systems.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3558351}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Pauw, Anton/A-6126-2008 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171664500005}}, } @article{ ISI:000171584600009, Author = {Ishii, HS and Sakai, S}, Title = {{Implications of geitonogamous pollination for floral longevity in Iris gracilipes}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{15}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{633-641}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{1. We analysed the longevity of individual flowers with respect to the effects of the floral display size of a plant (number of flowers open at one time) and spatial arrangement of flowers in Iris gracilipes (A. Gray). We found that the actual floral longevity of this species (about 2 days) was much shorter than that predicted by the model of Schoen and Ashman (about 7-10 days). 2. A large display size and an overlap of flowering periods within a shoot facilitated successive pollinator probes within a plant, though the frequency of pollinator visits per flower was independent of display size. Consequently, the cost of geitonogamous selfing increased with an increase in display size and an overlap of flowering periods within a shoot. The short floral longevity of this species would be effective in such situations because shorter floral longevity leads to a smaller display size and a smaller overlap of flowering periods within a shoot. 3. A small display size and small overlap of flowering periods within a shoot could also be realized by the strategy that staggers the flowering period of each flower without floral longevity being shortened (extended blooming). However, a mutant plant with an extended blooming schedule would be unlikely to invade the population because of the stabilizing selection pressure on the flowering date. This may be why such a short floral longevity, rather than extended blooming, has evolved in this species.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.0269-8463.2001.00560.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, EISSN = {{1365-2435}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ishii, Hiroshi/G-6179-2012 Ishii, Hiroshi/J-9660-2014}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171584600009}}, } @article{ ISI:000171325500004, Author = {Brown, BJ and Mitchell, RJ}, Title = {{Competition for pollination: effects of pollen of an invasive plant on seed set of a native congener}}, Journal = {{OECOLOGIA}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{129}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{43-49}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Competition for pollination can be an important factor in plant reproduction, but little attention has been given to the effect of the growing number of invasive plant species on pollination of native species. As a first step in understanding this threat, we used hand pollination to investigate the effects of pollen from an invasive species (Lythrum salicaria) on seed set in a sympatric and co-flowering native congener (L. alatum). Dispersal of fluorescent dyes in the field confirms that pollinators (bumble bees and honey bees) transfer pollen between species. To determine the potential effect of such interspecific pollen transfer on seed set of the native, we pollinated 773 flowers on 20 plants with one of three treatments: legitimate conspecific pollen, a mixture of conspecific and foreign pollen, and foreign pollen. The mixed-pollen treatment resulted in 28.8\% lower seed set relative to conspecific pollination. Foreign crosses resulted in extremely low seed set. Observations of pollen germination indicate that events at the stigmatic surface contribute to the reduction in seed set for mixed pollination. Our results indicate that the impacts of invasive species may extend beyond vegetative competition to include competition for pollination.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004420100700}}, ISSN = {{0029-8549}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/G-6380-2010}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Mitchell, Randall/0000-0001-7961-3560}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171325500004}}, } @article{ ISI:000171173200010, Author = {Caruso, CM}, Title = {{Differential selection on floral traits of Ipomopsis aggregata growing in contrasting environments}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{94}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{295-302}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{Interactions for pollination between co-flowering plant species have been hypothesized to shape the evolution of their floral traits, but this hypothesis has rarely been tested. I tested the prediction that the presence of a co-flowering plant species influences the strength and/or direction of pollinator-mediated selection on floral traits. I measured phenotypic selection via female fitness on four floral traits of Ipomopsis aggregata in five populations. Three contained only conspecifics (I only) and two also contained the co-flowering species Penstemon barbatus (P+I). Directional selection via fruits/plant on corolla length and width differed in both strength and direction between P+I and I only populations. On average, selection on corolla length and width (1) was stronger in P+I than I only populations and (2) was consistently negative in P+I populations, but consistently positive in I only populations. However, these differences in selection on I. aggregata between P+I and I only populations were not caused by interactions for pollination with P. barbatus. Although plants in P+I populations received approximately 31\% less conspecific pollen/flower than plants in I only populations, this difference in pollination did not translate into differences in reproductive success, which indicates that P. barbatus and 1. aggregata do not strongly compete for pollination. In addition, selection via fruits/plant and conspecific pollen deposited/flower was not congruent. For example, selection on corolla length via pollen/flower was uniformly positive and did not differ between P+I and I only populations. These data suggest that the presence of P. barbatus does influence selection on floral traits of 1. aggregata, but not by influencing pollination. Instead, differences in selection between P+I and I only populations appear to be the result of post-pollination modification of selection by a factor correlated with the presence of P. barbatus.}}, DOI = {{10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.940210.x}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Caruso, Christina/0000-0001-7069-9572}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171173200010}}, } @article{ ISI:000170012400008, Author = {Neel, MC and Ross-Ibarra, J and Ellstrand, NC}, Title = {{Implications of mating patterns for conservation of the endangered plant Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum (Polygonaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{1214-1222}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Mating patterns have direct application to: conservation because of their influence on structuring genetic diversity within and among populations and on maintaining that diversity over time. We measured population and family outcrossing rates, biparental inbreeding correlation of outcrossed paternity, and inbreeding coefficients in six populations from throughout the ecological range of the endangered plant Eriogonum ovalifolium var, vineum using naturally pollinated families. The taxon was primarily outcrossed: population outcrossing rates averaged 0.80 (SE 0.03) and family outcrossing rates averaged 0.88 (SE 0.03); neither rate varied among populations. Five population rates were significantly different from 1 while family rates differed from 1 in only one population. We found high correlated outcrossed paternity and evidence for biparental inbreeding in five populations each. As expected from the predominantly outcrossed mating system, levels of diversity were high and inbreeding coefficients among maternal individuals were low (averaging -0.05, SE 0.12). Differences-between inbreeding coefficients of progeny (average 0.21, SE 0.06) and mothers indicated selection against homozygous offspring. These results indicate that it is important to maintain large populations to prevent increases in inbreeding and to maintain pollinator communities to facilitate outcrossing.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3558332}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey/D-7782-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ross-Ibarra, Jeffrey/0000-0003-1656-4954}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000170012400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000169583600009, Author = {Borba, EL and Semir, J and Shepherd, GJ}, Title = {{Self-incompatibility, inbreeding depression and crossing potential in five Brazilian Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{89-99}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Intra- and interspecific experimental pollinations were made to determine the mating systems and the interspecific crossing potential in individuals from 24 populations of five Pleurothallis species. Pleurothallis johannensis, P. ochreata and P. teres show weak or partial self-incompatibility while P. adamantinensis and P, fabiobarrosii are more strictly self-incompatible. We found no differences in Fruit set between intra- and interpopulation intraspecific crosses, and there was no correlation between Fruit set and genetic variability or inbreeding in these species. All species are interfertile and showed no correlation between genetic similarity and crossing potential. We scored fruits for seed viability and observed a strong inbreeding depression in all populations: however, there was no difference in seed viability among intrapopulation, interpopulation intraspecific and interspecific cross-pollinations. These species are pollinated by flies with a behavioural pattern that facilitates self-pollination. Self-incompatibility and inbreeding depression are apparently important in the maintenance of the unusually high levels of genetic variability found in these species. As generally observed in other orchid species, barriers to hybridization between these Pleurothallis species are at the level of pollination. (C) 2001 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.2001.1435}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, EISSN = {{1095-8290}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Borba, Eduardo/B-6101-2011}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169583600009}}, } @article{ ISI:000173695000001, Author = {Bernardello, G and Anderson, GJ and Stuessy, TF and Crawford, DJ}, Title = {{A survey of floral traits, breeding systems, floral visitors, and pollination systems of the angiosperms of the Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{67}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{255-308}}, Month = {{JUL-SEP}}, Abstract = {{A survey of the reproductive features of the angiosperm flora of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Chile) is presented to provide a species-based review of reproduction and pollination, to identify generalizations associated with these systems, to understand the evolution of these features, and to utilize these data to promote conservation. The collection of original data was extensive, based on our own fieldwork, and was combined with data from existing literature. Data recorded include habit, sexual system, flower size, shape, and color, and the hypothesized pollination system of the first colonizers. In addition, the data on compatibility, presence and type of dichogamy, observed floral visitors, presence of floral rewards, and currently known pollination systems are summarized. Pairwise comparisons of different features are tested for statistical association. The flora is typically composed of perennials. The majority of the species have very small or small flowers. Inconspicuous flowers (i.e., a shape character describing flowers with no optical attraction) are widespread, as are dish-shaped flowers. Green is the most frequent flower color, followed by white and yellow. Most species are hermaphroditic, 9\% are dioecious, and 9\% are monoecious. Some 30\% of the species are protandrous and 7\% protogynous. Detailed studies of compatibility of about 14\% of the flora indicate that 85\% of these species are self-compatible (SC). Although most species studied are SC, their level of autogamy is low. Nevertheless, selfing mediated via geitonogamy is the most frequent mechanism of pollen transfer. Outcrossing is mainly achieved through dioecy and self-incompatibility (SI), promoted by dichogamy in the hermaphroditic flowers, and facilitated by wind pollination. About 55\% of the species offer nectar rewards, and only 2\% offer pollen rewards. Floral visitors are rare to uncommon: Two hummingbird species, one of them endemic, are considered as pollinators for 14 plant species. Flies, moths, and beetles are the native insect visitors to flowers, but they have been documented on only 1 I plant species (7\%). Even insect visits to these few species were rarely observed. Given the infrequent, irregular, and imprecise nature of native insect association with flowers, there is no certainty that any of the species are truly insect pollinated. Two species of introduced ants and a new endemic bee were recorded as well; however, neither is likely currently important to the pollination of the native flora species. About 9\% of the extant flora is currently bird pollinated; and we hypothesize that 47\% is wind pollinated. However, we propose that most of the colonizers were ancestrally either insect or wind pollinated. There is association between a number of current floral features and the hypothesized pollination of colonizers. Therefore; to a large extent the flower color, shape, and size of the extant flora may express the pollination syndromes of colonizers rather than representing extant pollination. In addition, the presence of nectar in many species of extant flora does not necessarily indicate biotic pollination. Thus, studies of the reproductive biology on oceanic island plants need to be conducted species by species before broad generalizations can be made, because the observed features can be misleading. Possible changes in the pollination system were assessed by comparison of species for which there are reliable data with the hypothesized pollination of their colonist progenitors. The wind-or bird-pollinated species have retained the pollination system of the colonizers: In other instances, species seem to bear a different pollination system: from ancestral insect systems to current hummingbird- or wind-pollination systems. The lack of alternative means of biotic pollination seems to have led in a number of instances to anemophily-in essence a default pollination system. The lack of strong selection pressure for wind pollination and the relative youth of the archipelago may help explain why the features associated with wind pollination in these species are not so obvious. Because there are many recorded extinctions of vascular plants from islands versus those from continental areas, it is imperative to invest additional effort in protecting the remaining island species. Conservation or restoration programs cannot be effective without a deep and broad understanding of the reproductive biology of the plants. In order to conserve these plants, programs must involve a combination of reproductive and environmental measures. The ultimate fate of some species may depend on preserving the plant-hummingbird relationship, including the web of organisms that affect both plant and pollinator. The populations of introduced animals and weeds must be controlled. Experimentally produced allogamous seeds would enhance diversity in restoration programs. In addition, the preservation of habitat seems to be the central challenge to indirectly protect the unique island species.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02858097}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000173695000001}}, } @article{ ISI:000169419600006, Author = {De Clavijo, ER}, Title = {{The role of dimorphic achenes in the biology of the annual weed Leontodon longirrostris}}, Journal = {{WEED RESEARCH}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{275-286}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Various aspects of the reproductive biology and dimorphism of achenes from the annual heterocarpic weed Leontodon longirrostris (Finch \& PD Sell) Talavera were studied in the laboratory and field. The species is self-incompatible, pollinated by generalist insects and produces two different types of achene in the capitula: peripheral and central achenes. Peripheral achenes are heavier (1.63 mg) and exhibit virtually no pappus and short-range dispersal, whereas central achenes are lighter (0.45 mg), possess a well-developed pappus and are produced in greater numbers. The morphological differences between the two types of achene result in differences not only in dispersal, but also in germination, seedling vigour and the ability of seedlings to emerge from different achene burial depths. Central achenes germinate more rapidly and in higher proportions under a broad spectrum of conditions. On the other hand, germination in peripheral achenes is much more restricted, partly as a result of their thick pericarp; a high proportion of this type of achene does not germinate and remains in a dormant state on the ground, forming a temporary seedbank. Because of the increased size of the embryo, seedlings from peripheral achenes can emerge from greater depths and are initially more vigorous than those from central achenes. Central achenes represent a strategy that facilitates settling in new areas; peripheral achenes represent a strategy that ensures in situ persistence. These biological characteristics are advantageous for colonizing species.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-3180.2001.00237.x}}, ISSN = {{0043-1737}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ruiz de Clavijo, Emilio/K-5114-2014}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ruiz de Clavijo, Emilio/0000-0003-3518-4498}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000169419600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000168627200006, Author = {Huang, SQ and Guo, YH and Robert, GW and Shi, YH and Sun, K}, Title = {{Mechanism of underwater pollination in Najas marina (Najadaceae)}}, Journal = {{AQUATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{70}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{67-78}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Najas is the largest of the 18 hydrophilous angiosperm genera, however, study of pollination biology in the genus is largely ignored. In this study, the pollination mechanism of Najas marina L. was observed in two freshwater lakes as well as in aquaria. A unique mechanism of rapid pedicel elongation and curvature in the male flower of N. marina that brings the anther to lie opposite to the branches is reported for the first time. This process occurs before anther dehiscence and facilitates dispersal of pollen by water currents. A large number of pollen grains are dispersed in dense ``clouds{''} for 5-10 min after anther dehiscence. Microscopic examination of pollen grains revealed the presence of numerous starch grains in the cytoplasm. These increase the gravity of the pollen grains and provide energy for pollen tube growth to a length of 2 mm in the water. The development of pollen tubes before contact with the stigma enhances the chances of the pollen to be captured by the branched stigmas. In addition, the pollen grains undergo a marked elongation of their polar axes just prior to release. The relatively long period of viability of both precocious and ungerminated pollen grains further enhances pollination. The high pollen loads observed on stigmas could account for the high seed yield in this submerged plant. The precocious pollen grains may be functionally equivalent to the filiform pollen occurring in submarine-pollinated seagrasses. This provides an example of convergent evolution in response to the pollination environment created by strong water currents. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0304-3770(00)00141-8}}, ISSN = {{0304-3770}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168627200006}}, } @article{ ISI:000168434100006, Author = {Li, QJ and Xu, ZF and Xia, YM and Zhang, L and Deng, XB and Gao, JY}, Title = {{Study on the flexistyly pollination mechanism in Alpinia plants (Zingiberaceae)}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{43}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{364-369}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Temporal dioecy, a no flowering mechanism of synchronous alternation of pistillate and staminate phases in hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers or monoecious individuals, decreases the probability of self-fertilization in self-compatible (SC) species. The authors report the prevalence of flexistyly in native species of Alpinia Roxb. in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China, resulted in dimorphism with two temporal dioecious floral phenotypes that facilitates out-crossing. Populations of ginger plants Alpinia have two specific phenotypes that differ in flowering behavior: (1) ``cataflexistyle'' individuals with the stigma held erect beyond dehiscent anther when anthesis begins in the morning and becoming decurved under the anther at noon; (2) ``hyperflexistyle{''} individuals with the receptive stigma decurved under the indehiscent anther first and moving into a reflexed superior position above the anther as it begins to shed pollen at midday. The stigmatic movements in the two floral phenotypes, which occur in a ratio of 1:1 in natural populations, are synchronous and pollination is effected only between floral forms. Field experiments indicate that species of Alpinia are self-compatible and insect dependent fertilization plants.}}, ISSN = {{0577-7496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168434100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000167595000007, Author = {Borba, EL and Felix, JM and Solferini, VN and Semir, J}, Title = {{Fly-pollinated Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species have high genetic variability: Evidence from isozyme markers}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{419-428}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{We conducted an isozyme study in 22 populations of five Pleurothallis (Orchidaceae) species (12 loci in nine enzymatic systems). The genetic variability in all populations is surprisingly high (P = 58-83\%, A = 2.1-3.8, H-e = 0.25-0.43) in spite of the fact that the five species are pollinated by small flies whose behavior enables self-pollination. We suggest that self-incompatibility, inbreeding depression, and mechanical barriers that prevent self-pollination in these species are responsible for the maintainance of the high genetic variability. These traits are uncommon in Orchidaceae, but have been observed in these and some other species pollinated by flies or other pollinators with behavior that facilitates self-pollination The genetic similarity among conspecific populations is also high for species with very shea-range flying pollinators. Only one population of P. teres presented values of genetic similarity lower than usually observed in allopatric conspecific populations. Morphology, however, does not support its segregation as a new taxon. Ail species can be recognized by their enzymatic patterns, and the results agree with recently proposed taxonomic realignments. Conversely, the supposed affinities among these species based on floral morphology are not supported, and we hypothesize that it may be due to convergence in species with similar pollinators.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2657106}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Borba, Eduardo/B-6101-2011 Solferini, Vera/E-9121-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Solferini, Vera/0000-0001-6582-1449}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000167595000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000168134800004, Author = {Walker-Larsen, J and Harder, LD}, Title = {{Vestigial organs as opportunities for functional innovation: The example of the Penstemon staminode}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{55}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{477-487}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Vestigial organs arise commonly during morphological evolution, but they need not be destined for elimination. Instead, vestigial organs may facilitate functional innovation because their freedom from functional constraints allows them to assume novel roles that their functional progenitor could not perform. We illustrate this vestigial transition between functions with an experimental study of the staminode of Penstemon flowers. Previous phylogenetic and developmental studies indicate that this staminode represents a stamen that was lost phenotypically, but not genetically, and then reappeared in the tribe Cheloneae, to which Penstemon belongs. To assess whether the Penstemon staminode has adopted a novel function(s), we compared pollination of flowers with and without staminodes for two bee-pollinated species, P. ellipticus and P. palmeri, and two hummingbird-pollinated species, P. centranthifolius and P. rostriflorus. The staminode acts differently in the two bee-pollinated species. For P. ellipticus, which represents the basal Penstemon lineage, the staminode hinders pollinator access to nectar, which increases visit duration and pollinator contact with sexual organs, thereby increasing pollen receipt by stigmas and controlling pollen removal from anthers. In contrast, in P, palmeri, the staminode acts as a lever that enhances stigma contact with the pollinator, so that staminode removal reduced pollen receipt, but did not affect pollinator attraction, visit duration, or pollen removal. Unlike in bee-pollinated species, staminode removal from hummingbird-pollinated species did not affect any measured aspect of pollination, indicating that the staminode serves no function in this derived pollination system. These results illustrate several features of vestigial organs: loss of function can be temporary; loss of function facilitates the evolution of novel roles; and functional reinvention will often involve only a single role, thus increasing the chance of both secondary loss of function (bird-pollinated penstemons) and functional switches (P. palmeri).}}, DOI = {{10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055{[}0477:VOAOFF]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Harder, Lawrence/H-9715-2012}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Harder, Lawrence/0000-0002-2303-5076}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168134800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000168179800012, Author = {Kynast, RG and Riera-Lizarazu, O and Vales, MI and Okagaki, RJ and Maquieira, SB and Chen, G and Ananiev, EV and Odland, WE and Russell, CD and Stec, AO and Livingston, SM and Zaia, HA and Rines, HW and Phillips, RL}, Title = {{A complete set of maize individual chromosome additions to the oat genome}}, Journal = {{PLANT PHYSIOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{125}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{1216-1227}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{All 10 chromosomes of maize (Zea mays, 2n = 2x = 20) were recovered as single additions to the haploid complement of oat (Avena sativa 2n = 6x = 42) among F-1 plants generated from crosses involving three different- lines of maize to eight different lines of oat. In vitro rescue culture of more than 4,300 immature F, embryos resulted in a germination frequency of 11\% with recovery of 378 F-1 plantlets (8.7\%) of moderately vigorous growth. Some F-1 plants were sectored with distinct chromosome constitutions among tillers of the same plant and also between root and shoot cells. Meiotic restitution facilitated development of un-reduced gametes in the F-1. Self-pollination of these partially fertile F-1 plants resulted in disomic additions (2n = 6x + 2 = 44) for maize chromosomes 1, 2,, 4, 6, 7, and 9. Maize chromosome 8 was recovered as a monosomic addition (2n = 6x + 1 = 43). Monosomic additions for maize chromosomes 5 and 10 to a haploid complement of oat (n = 3x + 1 = 22) were recovered several times among the F-2 plants. Although partially fertile, these chromosome 5 and 10 addition plants have not yet transmitted the added maize chromosome to F-2 offspring. We discuss the development and general utility of this set of oat-maize addition lines as a novel tool for maize genomics and genetics.}}, DOI = {{10.1104/pp.125.3.1216}}, ISSN = {{0032-0889}}, EISSN = {{1532-2548}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168179800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000167665500002, Author = {Patra, NK and Tanveer, H and Khanuja, SPS and Shasany, AK and Singh, HP and Singh, VR and Kumar, S}, Title = {{A unique interspecific hybrid spearmint clone with growth properties of Mentha arvensis L. and oil qualities of Mentha spicata L.}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{102}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{471-476}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Crossing blocks of Mentha arvensis cv Kalka (menthol mint without carvone) and Mentha spicata cv Neera (carvone mint without menthol) in alternate rows (2:1::Kalka:Neera), and pollination of florets of Kalka with that from Neera, yielded a carvene-rich variant among the open-pollinated seedlings. The variant possesses the hybrid phenotype, including the vigorous M. arvensis growth habit and the synthesis of rich oil aroma supplemented with a menthol tinge (carvone 64\%-76\% against 58\% for the normal carvone mint cv Neera), and thus a novel combination of the essential oil. Chromosome counts and random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis confirmed that this spearmint variant, designated as the variety Neerkalka, is a unique interspecific hybrid (2n=5x=60) of M. arvensis cv Kalka (2n=8x=96) and M. spicata cv Neera (2n=2x=24). Vegetative multiplication of the hybrid was facilitated by its underground sucker-reproducing ability which is otherwise absent in spearmints. The per cent improvement in the variant ranged from 31-97 for herbage yield and 95-317 for oil yield over the standard spearmint varieties (MSS-5, Arka and Neera), with per hectare oil yields of 125.0 kg, 139.0 kg and 65.0 kg, respectively.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s001220051669}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000167665500002}}, } @article{ ISI:000171408600002, Author = {Strauss, SY}, Title = {{Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests}}, Journal = {{AUSTRAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{26}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{447-457}}, Note = {{Symposium on Insect-Eucalypt Interactions, CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA, FEB 07-08, 2000}}, Abstract = {{Australia is unique in having two highly diverse plant genera, Eucalyptus and Acacia, that dominate the vegetation on a continent-wide scale. The recent shift in plantation forestry away from exotic Pinus radiata to native Eucalyptus species has resulted in much more extensive exchange of biota between native forest and plantation ecosystems than exchange in the past with plantations of exotic species. Growing numbers of hectares are being planted to Eucalyptus globulus across Australia, and plantations are providing resources and corridors for native biota. The present paper focuses on both the benefits and risks of having large-scale forestry plantations of native species that are closely related to dominant native taxa in local forests. At least 85 species of insects have been recorded as pests of Eucalyptus plantations around Australia; the vast majority of these have been insects using the same host species, or closely related taxa, in native forests. Plantations of native species may also benefit from closely related local forests through the presence of: (i) the diverse array of ectomycorrhizal fungi favourable for tree growth; (ii) natural enemies harboured in native habitats; and (iii) recruitment of other important mutualists, such as pollinators. Exchanges work in two directions: plantations are also likely to influence native forests through the large amount of insect biomass production that occurs in outbreak situations, or through the introduction or facilitation of movements for insects that are not native to all parts of Australia. Finally, older plantations in which trees flower may exchange genes with surrounding forest species, given the high degree of hybridization exhibited by many Eucalyptus species. This is an aspect of exchange for which few data have been recorded. In summary, because of Australia's unique biogeography, plantation forestry using eucalypt species entails exchanges with natural habitats that are unparalleled in scale and diversity in any other part of the world. More exchanges are likely as plantations occupy greater area, and as the time under cultivation increases.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01136.x}}, ISSN = {{1442-9985}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Strauss, Sharon /J-1827-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171408600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000168240800003, Author = {Vander Wall, SB}, Title = {{The evolutionary ecology of nut dispersal}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{2001}}, Volume = {{67}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{74-117}}, Month = {{JAN-MAR}}, Abstract = {{A variety of nut-producing plants have mutualistic seed-dispersal interactions with animals (rodents and corvids) that scatter hoard their nuts in the soil. The goals of this review are to summarize the widespread horticultural, botanical, and ecological literature pertaining to nut dispersal in Juglans, Carya, Quercus, Fagus, Castanae, Castanopsis, Lithocarpus, Corylus, Aesculus, and Prunus; to examine the evolutionary histories of these mutualistic interactions; and to identify the traits of nut-bearing plants and nut-dispersing rodents and jays that influence the success of the mutualism. These interactions appear to have originated as early as the Paleocene, about 60 million years ago. Most nuts appear to have evolved from ancestors with wind-dispersed seeds, but the ancestral form of dispersal in almonds (Prunus spp.) was by frugivorous animals that ingested fruit. Nut-producing species have evolved a number of traits that facilitate nut dispersal by certain rodents and corvids while serving to exclude other animals that act as parasites of the mutualism. Nuts are nutritious food sources, often with high levels of lipids or proteins and a caloric value ranging from 5.7 to 153.5 kJ per propagule, 10-1000 times greater than most wind-dispersed seeds. These traits make nuts highly attractive food items for dispersers and nut predators. The course of nut development tends to reduce losses of nuts to insects, microbes, and nondispersing animals, but despite these measures predispersal and postdispersal nut mortality is generally high. Chemical defenses (e.g., tannins) in the cotyledons or the husk surrounding the nut discourage some nut predators. Masting of nuts (periodic, synchronous production of large nut crops) appears to reduce losses to insects and to increase the number of nuts dispersed by animals, and it may increase cross-pollination. Scatter hoarding by rodents and corvids removes nuts from other sources of nut predation, moves nuts away from source trees where density-dependent mortality is high (sometimes to habitats or microhabitats that favor seedling establishment), and buries nuts in the soil (which reduces rates of predation and helps to maintain nut viability). The large nutrient reserves of nuts not only attract animal dispersers but also permit seedlings to establish a large photosynthetic surface or extensive root system, making them especially competitive in low-light environments (e.g., deciduous forest) and semi-arid environments (e.g., dry mountains, Mediterranean climates). The most important postestablishment causes of seedling failure are drought, insufficient light, browsing by vertebrate herbivores, and competition with forbs and grasses. Because of the nutritional qualities of nuts and the synchronous production of large nut crops by a species throughout a region, nut trees can have pervasive impacts on other members of ecological communities. Nut-bearing trees have undergone dramatic changes in distribution during the last 16,000 years, following the glacial retreat from northern North America and Europe, and the current dispersers of nuts (i.e., squirrels, jays, and their relatives) appear to have been responsible for these movements.}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000168240800003}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000171524700009, Author = {Havey, MJ and King, JJ and Bradeen, JM and Bark, O and Sato, Y and Gokce, AF}, Editor = {{Armstrong, J}}, Title = {{A low-density genetic map of onion (Allium cepa L.) and its use for marker-facilitated selection of maintainer lines}}, Booktitle = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EDIBLE ALLIACEAE}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{2001}}, Number = {{555}}, Pages = {{87-89}}, Note = {{2nd International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae, ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA, NOV 10-13, 1997}}, Organization = {{Edp Packing \& Handling Syst; Field Fresh Tasmania; Hort Res \& Dev Corp; Bejo; Magnus Kahl Seeds; de Groot \& Slot; Moratis Grp; Yates; Asgrow; Australian Onion Ind Assoc Inc; Australian Garlic Ind Assoc; Int Soc Hort Sci}}, Abstract = {{Genetic markers are useful indirect selection tools when close linkages are detected with economically important traits. We have developed a low-density genetic map of onion (Allium cepa L.) comprised primarily of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We and others have identified polymorphisms distinguishing normal fertile (N) and sterile (S) cytoplasms of onion. Presently, we are identifying RFLPs and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) flanking the nuclear locus (Ms) conditioning restoration of male fertility in plants possessing S cytoplasm. Testcross progenies were generated and scored over at least two environments for male fertility to establish genotypes at the Ms locus. We observed good agreement between expected and observed numbers of plants maintaining cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Linkage analyses revealed RFLPs flanking the Ms locus. AFLPs were also evaluated and linkage of one to Ms was detected. We are presently determining the prevalence of these molecular markers among onion populations and assessing their efficacy to quickly and confidently establish genotypes at the Ms locus without laborious testcrosses.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-904-4}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000171524700009}}, } @article{ ISI:000166060400008, Author = {Miedaner, T and Glass, C and Dreyer, F and Wilde, P and Wortmann, H and Geiger, HH}, Title = {{Mapping of genes for male-fertility restoration in `Pampa' CMS winter rye (Secale cereale L.)}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{101}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{1226-1233}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Hybrid rye breeding and seed production is based on the cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)-inducing Pampa (P)-cytoplasm. For restoring male fertility in the hybrids, dominant, nuclear restorer genes are necessary. However, current pollinator lines are only partial restorers. Effective restorers were recently detected in the German inbred line L18 and in materials originating from the Argentinian rye cultivar Pico Gentario and an Iranian primitive rye accession called IRAN IX. F-2 populations were developed for each of these three restorer sources to map the responsible genes by means of RFLP instriction fragment length polymorphism markers. For this purpose, homo- and heterologous DNA probes were used leading to 101 polymorphic marker loci in total. For phenotypic evaluation, 100 to I34 randomly chosen plants From each of the populations were cloned and grown at two or three locations with two plants each. Segregation ratios of pollen fertility in the F-2 populations with L18 and IRAN IX were in accordance with a monogenic dominant inheritance. The segregation pattern for Pico Gentario indicated complementary gene action. Major dominant restorer genes were detected on chromosomes 1RS (L18) and 4RL (Pico Gentario, IRAN IX). The gene on 1RS explained 54\% of the phenotypic variation and that on 4 RL 59\% and 68\% in the Pico Gentario and IRAN IX populations, respectively. Additionally, three minor genes from L18 were identified on chromosomes 3RL, 4RL and 5R. In the Pico Gentario population, a dominant modifier gene contributed by the female parent was found on chromosome 6R. This gene significantly enhanced the expression of the major restorer gene but on its own was not able to restore any degree of fertility. The map-distances between the major restorer loci and at least one flanking marker were small in all three F-2 populations (5-6 cM). In Pico Gentario an unfavorable linkage exists between the major restorer gene and a QTL for plant height. Since highly effective restorers are scarce in actual breeding populations, the major restorer genes detected on chromosomes I RS and 4RL should be introgressed into actual restorer lines. This is facilitated by using the closely linked molecular markers described.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s001220051601}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Miedaner, Thomas/0000-0002-9541-3726}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000166060400008}}, } @article{ ISI:000165668700002, Author = {Huang, SQ and Song, N and Wang, Q and Tang, LL and Wang, XF}, Title = {{Sex expression and the evolutionary advantages of male flowers in an andromonoecious species, Sagittaria guyanensis subsp lappula (Alismataceae)}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{42}}, Number = {{11}}, Pages = {{1108-1114}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Sex expression in Sagittaria guyanensis H.B.K. subsp. lappula (D. Don) Bojin is typically andromonoecious while the other species in the same genus are basically monoecious. The evolutionary advantages of male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers in S. guyanensis subsp. lappula were assessed by measuring sex allocation and pollen movements in two wild populations of the species. Two cultivated populations served as controls. The percentage of male flowers was very low in the two wild populations in Dongxiang, Jiangxi Province and Wuyishan, Fujian Province, viz., 2.48\% and 0.96\% respectively. In the two cultivated populations, male newer percentage significantly increased when the soil was of higher nutrient content. This indicates that the allocation to male versus female reproduction might change in response to environmental factors. Pollen production per male newer was 4.1 times higher than that of a hermaphrodite flower. The floral shape and size of male and hermaphrodite flowers were similar. No difference was observed between these dimorphological flowers in pollen germination rate in vitro and in the speed of pollen tube growth in, vivo. Anthesis was only 4-5 h. Male flowers usually opened 0.5 h earlier than hermaphrodite flowers. An unexpected finding was that no pollen from the male flowers was found on the stigmas of the hermaphrodite flowers, in spite of the occasional visits by insects to both types of flowers in both wild and control populations. A consistent pattern of fruit development was found to exist in open pollinated flowers as well as in flowers that had been bagged. The sex ratios did not have significant influence on fruit set. Approximately 25\% of the pistils in a gynoecium failed to develop into fruits because no pollen was deposited on them, indicating that the fruit set of this andromonoecious plant is mainly affected by pollen limitation rather than resource limitation. Reproduction in S. guyanensis subsp. lappula in the habitats was dependent on self-pollination in hermaphrodite flowers. The male flowers in this species might be a potential source of additional pollination and may facilitate cross-pollination. The fact that the flowers of monoecious species in Sagittaria pollinated by a wide diversity of insect visitors may contribute enormously to the diversification of sex expression in this genus.}}, ISSN = {{0577-7496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000165668700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000089658200006, Author = {Pellmyr, O and Leebens-Mack, J}, Title = {{Reversal of mutualism as a mechanism for adaptive radiation in yucca moths}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{156}}, Number = {{S}}, Pages = {{S62-S76}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{Species interactions are a major source of adaptive radiation. In mutualisms, such diversification can take the form of evolution of parasites that exploit the resources needed for maintenance of the mutualism. Mutualistic associations often have associated parasitic species, and in some cases, parasitic species have indeed evolved from the mutualists. For example, obligate mutualisms, such as those involving seed-eating pollinators, have on a few occasions given rise to nonmutualist species. These systems are relatively simple and provide models for identifying factors that facilitate the stable reversal of a mutualistic interaction. We used ecological data in a phylogenetic framework to analyze the origins of two nonmutualist cheater yucca moths. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that the evolution of cheating may be preceded by a change in oviposition behavior. Two different modes of oviposition among math species cause density-dependent moth egg mortality through flower abscission in one case (locule-ovipositing species) but density-independent mortality in the other (superficially ovipositing species). A mtDNA-based phylogeny indicated that cheating and superficial oviposition have evolved twice each and that the cheater clades are sisters to the superficially ovipositing species clades. Consideration of the fitness consequences of two trait changes-loss of pollination and phenological delay in oviposition-in which cheaters have diverged from ancestral pollinators suggest that the shift to oviposition into fruit may have occurred first and that loss of pollination behavior was a secondary event. We suggest that secondary coexistence of two pollinator species of opposite oviposition modes may facilitate the shift to fruit oviposition and cheating and that this is applicable in the best documented of the cheater lucca moths. Superficially ovipositing species suffer dual sources of egg mortality when in coexistence with locule-ovipositing species. Shift to fruit oviposition under this circumstance can be facilitated by access to a seed resource not available to the copollinator, preadaptations in ovipositor morphology, and pollinator phenology late relative to the copollinator. Thus the adaptive radiation of nonmutualists from mutualists may have taken place in specific ecological contexts through few trait changes, and the reversal of mutualism would be a by-product of a shift to reliance on a previously inaccessible seed resource.}}, DOI = {{10.1086/303416}}, ISSN = {{0003-0147}}, EISSN = {{1537-5323}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089658200006}}, } @article{ ISI:000089599600014, Author = {Manetas, Y and Petropoulou, Y}, Title = {{Nectar amount, pollinator visit duration and pollination success in the Mediterranean shrub Cistus creticus}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{815-820}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{We have re-examined the nectar status of Cistus creticus, a plant that was previously thought to be an almost exclusive pollen donor. Although attempts to extract nectar with the microcapillary method failed, rinsates of the flower interior yielded considerable amounts of sugar, yet with high interplant variation. Enzymatic microassays revealed that secreted sugar is adsorbed onto the surfaces of the numerous filaments surrounding the nectary, on the dense pubescence of the ovary surrounded by the nectary and on the yellow base of the purplish-pink, free, obovate petals. The conclusion that C. creticus is an efficient nectar donor was further strengthened by video recording the behaviour of bees and by the high frequency of nectar thieves. We propose that the shallow flower shape and the overheating caused by solar tracking facilitate evaporative concentration of nectar. Alternatively (or in addition), the morphological proximity of the nectary to the filaments and the ovary pubescence facilitates adsorption and the capillary action of the cell walls works antagonistically to glass microcapillaries precluding nectar collection. Addition of artificial nectar in the field had no effect on bee visit frequency but it increased visit duration significantly and decreased abortion rates, in addition, seed yield was increased, especially under insect-limited conditions. We conclude that C. creticus is a nectar donor, and that nectar variation in the field may modify pollinator behaviour and affect pollination success and the fitness of the plant. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.2000.1241}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089599600014}}, } @article{ ISI:000090101600001, Author = {Olsson, M and Shine, R and Ba'k-Olsson, E}, Title = {{Lizards as a plant's `hired help': letting pollinators in and seeds out}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{71}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{191-202}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{It is well-known that plants utilize many different kinds of animals for pollination and dispersal of their seeds, but an alternative kind of evolutionary relationship has attracted less attention: animals can facilitate pollen and seed transport without acting as a vector. We studied interactions between an epacridaceous plant (the honey bush, Richea scoparia) and a lizard (the snow skink, Niveoscincus microlepidotus) near the summit of Mount Wellington, Tasmania. The lizards gain access to the plant's nectar by tearing the fused petals (the calyptra) from the flower, thus exposing the plant's reproductive organs. Snow skinks forage selectively on flowers with higher-than-average nectar content, suggesting that this behaviour has evolved in response to plant characteristics. Lizard foraging may benefit R. scoparia, because calyptra remain attached unless a lizard tears the flower open. Our experiments demonstrated that the lizard's calyptra removal dramatically increased the plant's seed release. In 60 fruits from flowers with their calyptra intact, no seeds at all were released. However, 57 out of 60 (87\%) fruits from flowers with their calyptra removed by the lizards successfully released their seeds. This system appears to involve reciprocal evolutionary changes in the interacting species (behaviour in the lizards and reproductive morphology in the plant). Thus the system seems to provide an unusual case of coevolution. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01253.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Shine, Richard/B-8711-2008}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000090101600001}}, } @article{ ISI:000090118700012, Author = {Marais, GF and Botes, WC and Louw, JH}, Title = {{Recurrent selection using male sterility and hydroponic tiller culture in pedigree breeding of wheat}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{119}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{440-442}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{A procedure for recurrent selection based on the male sterility gene, Ms3. was implemented. To facilitate the production of large numbers of hybrid progeny, a simple hydroponic system was developed in which male-sterile tillers cut at the flowering stage can be pollinated and maintained for about 8 weeks - long enough to produce a large quantity of viable hybrid seeds. The recurrent selection steps were integrated with a pedigree breeding programme employing different selection cycles for male and female plants. F-1 female plants are subjected to a single screening for seedling resistance. In addition to F-1 seedling screening, F-2-F-4 male families are field-selected for disease resistance, agrotype and quality in a pedigree programme before being used in crosses.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00529.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000090118700012}}, } @article{ ISI:000089385100006, Author = {Schmidt-Adam, G and Young, AG and Murray, BG}, Title = {{Low outcrossing rates and shift in pollinators in New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa; Myrtaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{9}}, Pages = {{1265-1271}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{New Zealand pohutukawa (Metrosideros excelsa), a member of the Myrtaceae, is a large, mass-flowering tree endemic to northern New Zealand coastlines. Mainland populations have been reduced to fragmented stands, and the original suite of bird pollinators has been largely replaced by introduced species. The native pollinator fauna on several offshore islands is largely intact and includes three species of the New Zealand honeyeaters (Meliphagidae) and native, solitary bees. We estimated multilocus outcrossing rates for three mainland and two island populations and found that they were among the lowest in the Myrtaceae (t(m) = 0.22-0.53). The shift in pollinators had no measurable effect on the mating system. Mass-flowering facilitates geitonogamous selfing, and inbreeding depression in seedling height was detectable at 6 mo of growth. F-s {[}Wright's (1965) Fixation Index] was consistently higher than F-m in all populations, indicating that selection may eliminate selfed offspring from populations prior to achieving reproductive maturity. Results suggest that increased selfing in mainland populations due to pollinator changes is not responsible for current patterns of poor regeneration of this species.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656719}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Young, Andrew/J-8111-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089385100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000088941200013, Author = {Husband, BC and Schemske, DW}, Title = {{Ecological mechanisms of reproductive isolation between diploid and tetraploid Chamerion angustifolium}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{88}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{689-701}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{1 Theoretical models indicate that coexistence of diploid and polyploid individuals in sympatric populations is unlikely when mating is random among cytotypes and hybrids are inviable. However, coexistence may be facilitated by prezygotic isolating mechanisms that reduce intercytotype mating and increase assortative mating. 2 We examined the ecological factors regulating intercytotype mating in Chamerion (formerly Epilobium) angustifolium by measuring floral morphology, flowering synchrony and insect foraging preferences in a mixed population within a diploid-tetraploid contact zone. We also calculated the minimum rate of between-cytotype mating from estimates of the frequency of triploid offspring. 3 Diploids had significantly shorter and narrower petals as well as shorter styles than tetraploids. Inflorescences were significantly taller in tetraploids than diploids, but the mean number of open flowers per inflorescence did not differ. Diploid and tetraploid flowering periods overlapped by 51\%, with diploid stems flowering earlier. 4 In a plot of 20 diploid and 28 tetraploid stems that were flowering simultaneously, only 26\% of all bee flights were between flowers on different stems. Of the total flights between inflorescences, only 15\% were between different cytotypes. The combined effects of flowering asynchrony and insect foraging reduced the opportunities for intercytotype mating from 49\% expected if mating is random to about 2\% of the total number of pollinator flights. 5 A computer simulation indicated that the deficiency of pollinator flights between cytotypes was due largely to the spatial structure of cytotypes and limited pollinator flight distances within the observation plot. The frequency of triploid offspring produced during the period when both cytotypes were in flower was 6.6\%, similar to the proportion of flights observed between flowers on different cytotypes (4\%). 6 The results indicate that flowering phenology and insect behaviour las influenced by clonal structure) have a significant effect on prezygotic mating isolation and triploid production, and may contribute to the maintenance of mixed cytotype populations in Chamerion angustifolium.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00481.x}}, ISSN = {{0022-0477}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000088941200013}}, } @article{ ISI:000087671700001, Author = {Manktelow, M}, Title = {{The filament curtain: a structure important to systematics and pollination biology in the Acanthaceae}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{133}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{129-160}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{The filament curtain is a complex structure found in canthaceae inside the corolla. It usually divides the corolla into two compartments, enclosing the main nectar bulk behind two adjacent filament bands. Four independent floral characters are involved in the structure of the filament curtain: a fusion of the filaments, decurrent filaments along the corolla wall, a slanting border between the synstapetal and apostapetal corolla regions (i.e. stamen corolla tube and corolla tube s.s.), and geniculale lower, lateral corolla lobe traces at this border. The distribution of a filament curtain within Acanthaceae suggests an enlarged tribe Ruellieae s.l., including Louteridieae and Trichanthereae, excluding subtribe Barleriinae, and raises a question mark as to the systematic position of the genera Calacanthus, Glossochilus, Lankesteria and Whitfieldia. The evolutionary origin of the filament curtain is probably connected with its functions in pollination biology, which are proposed to be those of restricted nectar access, prevention of nectar evaporation, lever arm function facilitating dorsal pollen deposition, and stabilizing of posticous position of anthers and style. Four types of filament curtains are distinguished: phaulopsoid, corolla fold, reduced and strobilanthoid. Variation in the filament curtain structure appears to be related to different pollination syndromes of the flowers. Mapping of this variation on to an existing phylogeny shows an evolution from a phaulopsoid type diverging into the other three types, possibly a development responding to shifts of pollinators. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8339.2000.tb01539.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4074}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000087671700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000087120700006, Author = {Kittelson, PM and Maron, JL}, Title = {{Outcrossing rate and inbreeding depression in the perennial yellow bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus (Fabaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{652-660}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Little is known about the breeding systems of perennial Lupinus species. We provide information about the breeding system of the perennial yellow bush lupine, Lupinus arboreus, specifically determining self-compatibility, outcrossing rate, and level of inbreeding depression. Flowers are self-compatible, but autonomous self-fertilization rarely occurs: thus selfed seed are a product of facilitated selfing. Based on four isozyme loci from 34 maternal progeny arrays of seeds we estimated an outcrossing rate of 0.78. However, when we accounted for differential maturation of selfed seeds, the outcrossing rate at Fertilization was lower, similar to 0.64. Fitness and inbreeding depression of 11 selfed and outcrossed families were measured at four stages: seed maturation, seedling emergence, seedling survivorship, and growth at 12 wk. Cumulative inbreeding depression across all four life stages averaged 0.59, although variation existed between families fur the magnitude of inbreeding depression. Inbreeding depression was not manifest uniformly across all four life stages. Outcrossed flowers produced twice as many seeds as selfed flowers, but the mean performance of selfed and outcrossed progeny was not different for emergence, seedling survivorship, and size at 12 wh. Counter to assumptions about this species, L. arboreus is both self-compatible and outcrosses similar to 78\% of the time.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656851}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000087120700006}}, } @article{ ISI:000087271400015, Author = {Apiolaza, LA and Gilmour, AR and Garrick, DJ}, Title = {{Variance modelling of longitudinal height data from a Pinus radiata progeny test}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{30}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{645-654}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{Variance components were estimated using alternative structures for the additive genetic covariance matrix (G(0)), for height (m) of trees measured at 10 unequally spaced ages in an open-pollinated progeny test. These structures reflected unstructured, autoregressive, banded correlation and random regressions models. The residual matrix (R-0) was unstructured, and the block and plot strata matrices were autoregressive. The best model for G(0) considering the likelihood value and number of parameters was the autoregressive correlation form with age-specific variances and time on a natural logarithm basis. The genetic correlation between successive measures ranged from 0.93 at age 1 to 0.99 at age 14 years. Heritability increased with age from 0.09 (age 1) to 0.24 (age 7) and then declined to 0.13 at age 15. Heritabilities from the unstructured model were similar, while heritabilities assuming banded correlations were lower after age 7. The covariance structure implicit in the random regressions model was considered unsatisfactory. Using structures in G(0) facilitated model fitting and convergence of the likelihood maximisation algorithm. Fitting a structured matrix that reflects the relationships present in repeated measures may overcome problems of nonpositive definiteness of unstructured matrices from longitudinal data, especially when genetic variation is small.}}, DOI = {{10.1139/cjfr-30-4-645}}, ISSN = {{0045-5067}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Apiolaza, Luis/0000-0003-0958-3540 Garrick, Dorian/0000-0001-8640-5372}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000087271400015}}, } @article{ ISI:000086316900005, Author = {Cheung, AY and Wu, HM and Di Stilio, V and Glaven, R and Chen, C and Wong, E and Ogdahl, J and Estavillo, A}, Title = {{Pollen-pistil interactions in Nicotiana tabacum}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{A}}, Pages = {{29-37}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Pollination involves a series of interactions between the surface of the male gametophyte and the extracellular matrix of several distinct sporophytic tissues in the pistil. Pollen germinates on the stigmatic surface and develops a tube that elongates in the transmitting tract of the style to transport the male gametes to the embryo sac inside the ovary. Pollen tube growth is fuelled by cytosolic activities within the pollen, but female tissues facilitate this process to ensure that pollen tubes arrive at the ovary when the ovules are the most receptive for maximum reproductive success. interactions between pollen and pistil factors. probably both physical and biochemical. must be transmitted to the pollen cytosol to elicit the appropriate pollen cellular activities. Our research focuses on identifying the molecules that are involved in these interactions, understanding their biochemical and cellular bases, transmittal of these interactive signals into the pollen cytosol and the pollen cellular responses. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.1999.1016}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Di Stilio, Veronica/0000-0002-6921-3018}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086316900005}}, } @article{ ISI:000086077500003, Author = {Richardson, DM and Allsopp, N and D'Antonio, CM and Milton, SJ and Rejmanek, M}, Title = {{Plant invasions - the role of mutualisms}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL REVIEWS}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{75}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{65-93}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Note = {{Conference of the INTECOL, FLORENCE, ITALY, JUL, 1998}}, Organization = {{INTECOL}}, Abstract = {{Many introduced plant species rely on mutualisms in their new habitats to overcome barriers to establishment and to become naturalized and, in some cases, invasive. Mutualisms involving animal-mediated pollination and seed dispersal, and symbioses between plant roots and microbiota often facilitate invasions. The spread of many alien plants, particularly woody ones, depends on pollinator mutualisms. Most alien plants are well served by generalist pollinators (insects and birds), and pollinator limitation does not appear to be a major barrier for the spread of introduced plants (special conditions relating to Ficus and orchids are described). Seeds of many of the most notorious plant invaders are dispersed by animals, mainly birds and mammals. Our review supports the view that tightly coevolved, plant-vertebrate seed dispersal systems are extremely rare. Vertebrate-dispersed plants are generally not limited reproductively by the lack of dispersers. Most mycorrhizal plants form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi which, because of their low specificity, do not seem to play a major role in facilitating or hindering plant invasions (except possibly on remote islands such as the Galapagos which are poor in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). The lack of symbionts has, however, been a major barrier for many ectomycorrhizal plants, notably for Pinus spp. in parts of the southern hemisphere. The roles of nitrogen-fixing associations between legumes and rhizobia and between actinorhizal plants and Frankia spp. in promoting or hindering invasions have been virtually ignored in the invasions literature. Symbionts required to induce nitrogen fixation in many plants are extremely widespread, but intentional introductions of symbionts have altered the invasibility of many, if not most, systems. Some of the world's worst invasive alien species only invaded after the introduction of symbionts. Mutualisms in the new environment sometimes re-unite the same species that form partnerships in the native range of the plant. Very often, however, different species are involved, emphasizing the diffuse nature of many (most) mutualisms. Mutualisms in new habitats usually duplicate functions or strategies that exist in the natural range of the plant. Occasionally, mutualisms forge totally novel combinations, with profound implications for the behaviour of the introduced plant in the new environment (examples are seed dispersal mutualisms involving wind-dispersed pines and cockatoos in Australia; and mycorrhizal associations involving plant roots and fungi). Many ecosystems are becoming more susceptible to invasion by introduced plants because: (a) they contain an increasing array of potential mutualistic partners (e.g. generalist frugivores and pollinators, mycorrhizal fungi with wide host ranges, rhizobia strains with infectivity across genera); and (b) conditions conducive for the establishment of various alien/alien synergisms are becoming more abundant. Incorporating perspectives on mutualisms in screening protocols will improve (but not perfect) our ability to predict whether a given plant species could invade a particular habitat.}}, DOI = {{10.1017/S0006323199005435}}, ISSN = {{1464-7931}}, EISSN = {{1469-185X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Richardson, David/A-1495-2008}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086077500003}}, } @article{ ISI:000086315700014, Author = {Burke, JM and Bulger, MR and Wesselingh, RA and Arnold, ML}, Title = {{Frequency and spatial patterning of clonal reproduction in Louisiana iris hybrid populations}}, Journal = {{EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{54}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{137-144}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{The plant genera in which natural hybridization is most prevalent tend to be outcrossing perennials with some mechanism for clonal (i.e., asexual) reproduction. Although clonal reproduction in fertile, sexually reproducing hybrid populations could have important evolutionary consequences, little attention has been paid to quantifying this parameter in such populations. In the present study, we examined the frequency and spatial patterning of clonal reproduction in two Louisiana iris hybrid populations. Allozyme analysis of both populations revealed relatively high levels of genotypic diversity. However, a considerable amount of clonality was apparent. Nearly half of all genets (47\%) in one population and more than half (61\%) in the other had multiple ramets. Furthermore, both populations exhibited relatively high levels of genetic structuring, a pattern that resulted from the aggregation of clonal ramets. The occurrence of clonal reproduction in hybrid populations could not only facilitate introgression through an increase in the number of flowering ramets per genet and/or the survivorship of early generation hybrids, but might also influence the mating system of such populations. Any potential increase in the selling rate due to cross-pollination among ramets of the same genet may, in turn, increase the likelihood of homoploid hybrid speciation.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb00014.x}}, ISSN = {{0014-3820}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wesselingh, Renate/F-4240-2011 Burke, John/A-3502-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wesselingh, Renate/0000-0003-0241-2255 Burke, John/0000-0002-1412-5539}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086315700014}}, } @article{ ISI:000085343500030, Author = {Wenslaff, TF and Lyrene, PM}, Title = {{The use of mentor pollination to facilitate wide hybridization in blueberry}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{35}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{114-115}}, Month = {{FEB}}, Abstract = {{Two diploid yellowleaf Vaccinium elliottii Chapmn. clones were pollinated with pollen from the tetraploid southern highbush cultivar `Misty' (largely V, corymbosum L). These interspecific crosses, which normally yield few hybrids because of a triploid block, were made with and without the use of V. elliottii mentor pollen mixed with V, corymbosum pollen. Mentoring had no effect on the number of hybrids produced when V, elliottii `Silverhill' was the seed parent, but when V, elliottii `Oleno' was the seed parent, no hybrids were produced unless mentor pollen was utilized. The difference was postulated to be a greater ability to produce one-seeded berries in `Silverhill' than in `Oleno'.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000085343500030}}, } @article{ ISI:000084837600006, Author = {Pfunder, M and Roy, BA}, Title = {{Pollinator-mediated interactions between a pathogenic fungus, Uromyces pisi (Pucciniaceae), and its host plant, Euphorbia cyparissias (Euphorbiaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{48-55}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The plant Euphorbia cyparissias is commonly infected by rust fungi of the species complex Uromyces pisi. When infected, E. cyparissias is unable to flower. but instead is induced by the fungus to form pseudoflowers. Pseudoflowers are rosettes of yellow leaves upon which the fungus presents its gametes in a sweet-smelling fungal nectar. We hypothesized that the fungi, as they are heterothallic, are dependent on insect visitation to cross-fertilize their mating types. We confirmed that insects are required with an insect exclusion experiment. We further hypothesized that pseudoflowers of U. pisi interact with uninfected true host Rowers through insects during their period of co-{''}flowering{''} in early spring. We conducted artificial array experiments in the field to test whether the two species share insects and whether they influenced each other's insect visitation. Insects moved between true Bowers and pseudoflowers, but true flowers received more visits over all. Pseudoflowers and true Rowers did not influence each other's visitation rates in mixtures. However, shorter visits were observed on pseudoflowers in mixtures than monocultures, suggesting that true flowers might be competitors for pseudoflowers. Further experiments are needed to determine whether the similarity of pseudoflowers to true Bowers is adaptive.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656684}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084837600006}}, } @article{ ISI:000089464500001, Author = {Dos Santos, IA and Wittmann, D}, Title = {{Legitimate pollination of the tristylous flowers of Eichhornia azurea (Pontederiaceae) by Ancyloscelis gigas bees (Anthophoridae, Apoidea)}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{223}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{127-137}}, Abstract = {{Eichhornia azurea is a tristylous species of Pontederiaceae. Moderate self-incompatibility accompanies the floral heteromorphism of this species. Eichhornia azurea is almost exclusively visited by one bra species, Ancyloscelis gigas (anthophoridae), in South Brazil. This species has an extremely long proboscis covered with recurved hairs. Bees use these hairs to collect pollen from the anthers placed inside the narrow perianth tube of E. azurea. Analyses of the pollen load of A. gigas females show that they are flower constant and carry pollen from all three anther levels. The behavior of A. gigas and its proboscis morphology make this bee species narrowly adapted and an effective pollinator for facilitating legitimate pollination of E. azurea flowers in southern Brazil.}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Alves-dos-Santos, Isabel/C-7624-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000089464500001}}, } @article{ ISI:000085197500010, Author = {Chetelat, RT and Meglic, V}, Title = {{Molecular mapping of chromosome segments introgressed from Solanum lycopersicoides into cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)}}, Journal = {{THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS}}, Year = {{2000}}, Volume = {{100}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{232-241}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{The wild nightshade Solanum lycopersicoides (accession LA2951) was backcrossed to the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv `VF36'), then inbred through single-seed descent for several generations. Over 300 backcross-inbred families thereby derived were genotyped at 139 marker loci, consisting of RFLPs, allozymes, and monogenic morphological markers, to identify introgressed S. lycopersicoides chromosomes and segments thereof. The pattern of genotypes observed in the lines indicated a high degree of overall synteny between the S. lycopersicoides genome and that of tomato. Two putative single-copy RFLP probes revealed secondary loci in this wide cross. Recovery of the L. esculentum genome was more rapid than expected, with an average value in the BC, generation of 97.8\%, versus the expected value of 87.5\%. This was due to widespread segregation distortion that favored L. esculentum alleles as well as a tendency for plants homozygous for introgressed segments to be partially or completely male-sterile, thereby preventing the fixation of S. lycopersicoides markers in many lines. Despite these difficulties, nearly every S. lycopersicoides marker tar approximately 98\% of the genome, measured in centi Morgans) was represented in at least I backcross-inbred line, with only a region on chromosome 4L missing from the population as a whole. Although the extent of transmission and fixation of introgressed segments varied according to chromosome, overall approximately 66\% of the S, lycopersicoides genome was represented by homozygous introgressions with sufficient fertility to reproduce by self-pollination. An excess of terminal (vs. interstitial) segments was noted, and putative heterozygous substitutions for chromosomes 6, 7, 8, and 10 were found. Recombination within certain introgressed regions was reduced over 100-fold. These backcross-inbred Lines are expected to facilitate the genetic analysis of traits identified in S. lycopersicoides and their transfer into horticultural tomatoes.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s001220050031}}, ISSN = {{0040-5752}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000085197500010}}, } @article{ ISI:000084776600012, Author = {Wesselingh, RA and Witteveldt, M and Morissette, J and den Nijs, HCM}, Title = {{Reproductive ecology of understory species in a tropical montane forest in Costa Rica}}, Journal = {{BIOTROPICA}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{31}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{637-645}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive ecology of nine hermaphroditic understory species in a tropical montane Quercus forest was studied at two sites (2300 and 2600 m elev.) in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Flower life span, studied in six species, averaged 4.4 d. This is longer than flower life spans found in the Monteverde cloud forest (2.7 d) and comparable co flower life spans found for arctic and alpine species. We studied the breeding system in five species and found no self-incompatible species. Four species proved self-compatible, and three: of these showed autogamy. The main diurnal insect pollinator was the bumblebee Bombus ephippiatus. Natural fruit set was low (8-32\%) in six species with few seeds per fruit, while two many-seeded species showed a high rare of fruit set (90 and 96\%). The incidence of pre-dispersal seed predation was high; the percentage of seeds infested in four species ranged from 8 to 56 percent.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1744-7429.1999.tb00412.x}}, ISSN = {{0006-3606}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Wesselingh, Renate/F-4240-2011}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Wesselingh, Renate/0000-0003-0241-2255}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084776600012}}, } @article{ ISI:000084048400018, Author = {Groman, JD and Pellmyr, O}, Title = {{The pollination biology of Manfreda virginica (Agavaceae): relative contribution of diurnal and nocturnal visitors}}, Journal = {{OIKOS}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{87}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{373-381}}, Month = {{NOV}}, Abstract = {{Many plants show obvious floral adaptations to attract and facilitate pollination by nocturnal visitors. Many of these flowers also receive frequent diurnal visits, yet little is known about how these different visitors contribute to plant reproductive success. We studied the pollination biology of Manfreda virginica to measure the relative contribution of nocturnal and diurnal visitors to seed set, and test to what extent floral characters and visitation rates predict contribution to seed set. The pattern of nectar and pollen production indicated that M. virginica is adapted primarily to nocturnal pollination. Our observations of natural populations of M. virginica during two field seasons indicated nocturnal visitors consisted of medium sized moths and larger hawkmoths. The primary diurnal visitors were large bees. The results of exclusion experiments showed that diurnal pollination resulted in significantly less seed set than nocturnal and open pollination despite the frequency of diurnal visits. Visitor behavior and timing of anthesis appear to contribute to the reduced impact of diurnal visits to plant reproduction. These results suggest that while diurnal pollination contributes less to plans reproduction in some years, it may be important when considering the evolution of nocturnal pollination systems.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/3546753}}, ISSN = {{0030-1299}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084048400018}}, } @article{ ISI:000084172300005, Author = {Wyllie-Echeverria, S and Cox, PA}, Title = {{The seagrass (Zostera marina {[}Zosteraceae]) industry of Nova Scotia (1907-1960)}}, Journal = {{ECONOMIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{53}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{419-426}}, Month = {{OCT-DEC}}, Abstract = {{Wild gathering of the leaves of the submerged marine monocotyledon Zostera marina L. once formed the basis of a vigorous insulation industry in North America. Since European colonization, fishing communities used detached leaves, deposited on the beach by tide and wind as green manure and domestic insulation, but beginning in the late 1800s, these leaves were utilized in a commercial insulating product. Two companies manufactured seagrass ``quilts{''} that were installed in many buildings of the period including some of the first skyscrapers. We here describe the importance of seagrass gathering for the coastal community of Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia, Canada. Interviews with older residents and analysis of county and company archives facilitate the reconstruction of what was once a seasonally important activity. Our findings have direct application to global seagrass protection initiatives.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02866721}}, ISSN = {{0013-0001}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084172300005}}, } @article{ ISI:000082127200022, Author = {Huang, SQ and Guo, YH}, Title = {{Measuring pollen flow in entomophilous plants by pollen grain dyeing}}, Journal = {{ACTA BOTANICA SINICA}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{41}}, Number = {{7}}, Pages = {{788+}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{Various methods have been tried to estimate directly the transferring of pollen grains among flowers by pollinators. Though the approach to search marker gene specific in the parental population is popular today, using fluorescent dyes as pollen surrogates is also charming for its simplicity and inexpensiveness in nature. However, another decoration method of staining pollen wall with dyes though seldom used will be described. Pollen grains in dehisced anthers were stained with safranine or methyl green in five entomophilous plants, including Sagittaria trifolia L., Hibiscus mutabilis L., Zephyranthes candida Herb., Salvia splendens Ker. Gawl., Tagetes patula L. The results indicated that pollen grain dyeing, an easily operated decoration method, could be used in various taxa with diversity floral traits, especially facilitates the work in field populations. It could also be used directly to observe pollen carryover and mixed pollen loads on stigmas.}}, ISSN = {{0577-7496}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000082127200022}}, } @article{ ISI:000078819000006, Author = {Walker, LR and Powell, EA}, Title = {{Regeneration of the Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense (Asteraceae) in Hawaii}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{89}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{61-70}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The Mauna Kea silversword Argyroxiphium sandwicense is an endangered plant endemic to the high elevation cinder deserts of Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawaii. Restoration efforts have increased the total naturally occurring population of ca. 50 adult plants by ca. 500 individuals, primarily by the outplanting of silverswords initially grown under controlled conditions. We evaluated the direct sowing of seeds into field sites as an alternative to outplanting. Gravel-covered surfaces enhanced germination and growth of seedlings and increased soil moisture. The presence of shrubs and trees was associated with increased silversword germination but decreased silversword growth and reproduction. The best environment for silverswords varied throughout the life cycle of the plant, but critical stages are pollination, seed production, germination, and seedling survival. Sowing and outplanting each have unique advantages. High elevation, moist, gravel surfaces that can be protected from ungulate browsing should be the focus of future sowing and outplanting efforts to maximize restoration success. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00132-3}}, ISSN = {{0006-3207}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078819000006}}, } @article{ ISI:000080977800004, Author = {Horskins, K and Turner, VB}, Title = {{Resource use and foraging patterns of honeybees, Apis mellifera, and native insects on flowers of Eucalyptus costata}}, Journal = {{AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{24}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{221-227}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Introduced honeybees have become well established throughout Australia and concerns have been raised about their impact on the native flora and fauna. Such concerns include the possible depletion of nectar resources by honeybees to the detriment of native animals and the ability of honeybees to pollinate Australian plants. The foraging patterns and resource utilization of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and native insects on flowers of yellow Mallee (Eucalyptus costata) (Behr \& F. Muell, ex E Muell.) were studied in Wyperfeld National Park during spring 1994. Seventy-four insect species visited the flowers with the most prevalent being honeybees, native bees (Lasioglossum and Hylaeus) and ants (Iridiomyrmex). Honeybees began foraging at lower temperatures than native bees and hence had initial access to the nectar supply that was primarily produced overnight by E. costata. However, the majority (90\%) of early morning visits to flowers by honeybees involved the collection of pollen. Honeybees did not forage for nectar in substantial numbers until after native insects were active. Despite both consumption and evaporation, nectar supplies remained available at midday and at one site remained available for consumption at dusk. Honeybees regularly made contact with the receptive stigmata while foraging for pollen and hence had pollen loads consisting of numerous E. costata grains present on their body. These activities are indicative of the behaviour required by insects to facilitate pollination. Given the unique morphology of many native flowers and the contrasting findings from studies to date, it is critical that generalisations about the effect of honeybees in the Australian environment are not made from studies on a limited number of native plant species.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1442-9993.1999.00965.x}}, ISSN = {{0307-692X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080977800004}}, } @article{ ISI:000081239700002, Author = {Norberg, J}, Title = {{Linking Nature's services to ecosystems: some general ecological concepts}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{29}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{183-202}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{I present a selected review of ecological concepts that are important for understanding how nature's services are linked to their support system, the ecosystem. The paper is mainly aimed at an audience of non-biologists to facilitate cooperation among disciplines. A list of services compiled from the literature is classified according to ecological criteria that relate to the properties of the services. These criteria are: (1) if the goods or services are produced and maintained within the ecosystem or shared with other ecosystems; (2) if the goods or object of the service are living or inorganic material; and (3) what biological unit is associated with production and maintenance, i.e. an individual, a species, a group of species, an entire community, the ecosystem, the landscape or on a global scale. Using these criteria I have identified and selected three major groups of ecosystem services for which some common ecological concepts apply. These are: (1) the maintenance of populations; (2) the use of ecosystems as filters of externally imposed compounds; and (3) the property of biological units to create organization through selective processes. These three categories are examined and exemplified in detail. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00011-7}}, ISSN = {{0921-8009}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000081239700002}}, } @article{ ISI:000079619000036, Author = {Gradziel, TM and Weinbaum, SA}, Title = {{High relative humidity reduces anther dehiscence in apricot, peach, and almond}}, Journal = {{HORTSCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{34}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{322-325}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{The regulation of anther dehiscence by relative humidity (RW) was assessed for detached anthers and detached whole flowers from a limited selection of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.),peach {[}P.persica (L.) Batsch], and almond {[}P. dulcis (Mill.) D,A, Webb, syn. P, anygdalus Batsch; P, communis (L.) Arcangeli, non Huds.] genotypes, as well as an almond X peach F-2 progeny. Dehiscence was evaluated, at 33, 64, 87, 93 and 97\% RH for detached anthers, and at 33, 64 and 97\% RW for whole detached flowers, Anther dehiscence was suppressed with increasing RH for all genotypes. Apricot anthers showed the greatest dehiscence at low RE and measurable dehiscence at high RE even when detached. Anther dehiscence In almond appeared more suppressed than in apricot at all RH levels tested, being completely suppressed by high RE in detached anthers, Peach genotypes exhibited the full range of variability between apricot and almond patterns. Evidence for transgressive segregation of RH-controlled anther dehiscence was observed in the occurrence of cleistogamy in an almond x peach F-2 progeny. Rates of anther dehiscence were approximately linear with change in RH in detached anthers but exhibited a more buffered, step-wise response when detached whole flowers were tested. Results are consistent with field observations, and highlight the low but measurable risk of cleistogamy in these species, as well as opportunities to modify the breeding systems and crossing environments to facilitate controlled hybridization, and to reduce pollination vulnerability to adverse environments.}}, ISSN = {{0018-5345}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000079619000036}}, } @article{ ISI:000080364100008, Author = {Kranz, E and Kumlehn, J}, Title = {{Angiosperm fertilisation, embryo and endosperm development in vitro}}, Journal = {{PLANT SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{142}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{183-197}}, Month = {{MAR 29}}, Abstract = {{The application of micromanipulation techniques enables the isolation and in vitro fusion of female and male angiosperm gametes. In combination with tissue culture methods, which are adapted for the culture of single cells, these techniques allow individual development of zygotes and endosperm. Both in vitro produced zygotes and zygotes which are isolated after in vivo pollination develop into embryos and fertile plants in culture. Zygotes and endosperm are able to self-organise in culture independently from maternal tissue. Many steps of early development in vitro of both the embryo and endosperm are comparable to the situation in planta, making this system a useful model for studies of embryogenesis and endosperm development. Because of access to single gametes and zygotes, these tools will also facilitate studies of gamete interaction and gametic hybridisation under defined conditions. The use of these techniques together with biochemical and molecular methods, adapted to the analysis of single cells, allows one to analyse early developmental events, precisely timed after fertilisation. Recent advances in the biotechnology of fertilisation and of zygote culture are discussed as well as prospects for future studies. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00002-3}}, ISSN = {{0168-9452}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Kumlehn, Jochen/0000-0001-7080-7983}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080364100008}}, } @article{ ISI:000079231800012, Author = {Ushimaru, A and Kikuzawa, K}, Title = {{Variation of breeding system, floral rewards, and reproductive success in clonal Calystegia species (Convolvulaceae)}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{86}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{436-446}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The reproductive biology of four Japanese Calystegia species (Convolvulaceae) was studied to examine the effects of clonality and population structure on reproductive success. Calystegia soldanella, C. hederacea, and C. japonica are self-incompatible, while C. sepium is self-compatible but needs pollinator services for self-pollination. The showy, bisexual flowers of Calystegia offer pollen and nectar that attract many kinds of insects such as bees and syrphid flies. Clones of C. soldanella often formed mats just above the high tide line on beaches and produced a great number of seeds. Calystegia hederacea and C. japonica were distributed as patches of separate clones and often failed to transfer pollen grains among clones. Fruit and seed sets in C. hederacea and C. japonica were not limited by pollinators but by the number of compatible pollen grains, Although C. sepium clones were also distributed in patches, high and stable fecundity was achieved by self-compatibility and pollinator attraction. We suggest that self-compatibility in C. sepium has evolved under fertilization limitation caused by geitonogamy or facilitated selfing.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2656764}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/D-7036-2013}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Ushimaru, Atushi/0000-0002-2051-1233}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000079231800012}}, } @article{ ISI:000082382300012, Author = {Chmielewski, JG}, Title = {{Consequences of achene biomass, within-achene allocation patterns, and pappus on germination in ray and disc achenes of Aster umbellatus var. umbellatus (Asteraceae)}}, Journal = {{CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{77}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{426-433}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{A familiar floral dimorphism that may have an associated seed heteromorphism, that is, the production of seeds with variable morphologies and ecological strategies, is the presence of both ray and disc florets in the capitula of most Asteraceae. Achenes of Aster umbellatus var. umbellatus Mill. were separated into the ray or disc type with either the pappus remaining attached and intact, or removed. Differential allocation of biomass between ray and disc achenes or heavy and light achenes was not observed. Germination was relatively low (disc achenes with pappus removed, 16.7\%; ray achenes with pappus removed, 22.9\%; disc achenes with pappus intact, 7.3\%; and ray achenes with pappus intact, 7.2\%) for each. Although achene weight did not affect the likelihood of germination, germination was 2.5-3 times greater among disc and ray achenes, respectively, for which the pappus was removed as opposed to intact. These results do not conform with previous thoughts relative to the advantageous role of the pappus in germination. As such, I suggest that in this species of Aster the key role of the pappus is to facilitate dispersal as opposed to encourage germination. Furthermore, the production of morphologically and ecologically indistinguishable ray and disc achenes by A. umbellatus var. umbellatus would suggest that the significance of heterogamous capitula, specifically the production of ray florets, rests in their attractiveness of pollinators.}}, ISSN = {{0008-4026}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000082382300012}}, } @article{ ISI:000078681600002, Author = {Alcala, J and Pike, LM and Giovannoni, JJ}, Title = {{Identification of plastome variants useful for cytoplasmic selection and cultivar identification in onion}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{124}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{122-127}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{The relatively low evolution rate of the chloroplast DNA has made it an ideal tool to study evolutionary processes in plants above the species levels. However, recent studies have demonstrated that intraspecific variation in the chloroplast DNA is also common. This variation has provided useful insights into population level evolutionary processes, The polymerase chain reaction and sequencing of a noncoding chloroplast region used to classify onion lines for cytoplasmic type facilitated the identification of one sterile and two normal plastome variants in onion (Allium cepa L,), Sequence comparison revealed that differences between plastome variants included the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with cytoplasmic type and variable numbers of tandem repeats, possibly resulting from slipped-strand mispairing. Our observations support the use of chloroplast-specific markers to assist in the selection of specific cytoplasmic types, suggest the potential to facilitate genotype determination, and demonstrate the presence of additional variation within cytoplasm type which gives insight into plastome evolution and may facilitate more accurate genotyping and selection.}}, ISSN = {{0003-1062}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078681600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000078573000001, Author = {Shilton, LA and Altringham, JD and Compton, SG and Whittaker, RJ}, Title = {{Old World fruit bats can be long-distance seed dispersers through extended retention of viable seeds in the gut}}, Journal = {{PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{266}}, Number = {{1416}}, Pages = {{219-223}}, Month = {{FEB 7}}, Abstract = {{Seed dispersal and pollination by animals play a crucial role in the maintenance of forest ecosystems worldwide. Frugivorous bats are important pollen and seed dispersers in both the Palaeo- and Neotropics, and at least 300 plant species are known to rely on Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae) for their propagation. However, rapid food transit times (generally less than 30 minutes) in frugivorous bats have been thought to limit their ability to disperse seeds to just a few tens of kilometres. Here we demonstrate regular daytime (>12 hours) retention of food and viable fig seeds (Ficus, Moraceae) in the gut of the Old World fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx : a behaviour not previously reported for any frugivorous bat. Field observations indicate that this behaviour also occurs in other genera. Old World fruit bats are highly mobile and many species undertake considerable foraging and migration flights. Our findings indicate that Old World fruit bats have the potential to disperse small seeds hundreds of kilometres. This necessitates a reappraisal of their importance in transporting zoochorous seeds to remote areas and facilitating gene flow between isolated populations of plants, both within mainlands and across ocean barriers.}}, ISSN = {{0962-8452}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Whittaker, Robert/H-1548-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Whittaker, Robert/0000-0001-7775-3383}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078573000001}}, } @article{ ISI:000084000900012, Author = {Grabas, GP and Laverty, TM}, Title = {{The effect of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L,; Lythraceae) on the pollination and reproductive success of sympatric co-flowering wetland plants}}, Journal = {{ECOSCIENCE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{6}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{230-242}}, Abstract = {{This study investigated the effect of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) on the pollination and reproductive success of co-flowering plant species (Impatiens capensis Walt., Eupotorium perfoliatum L. and Eupatorium maculatum L.). Pollinator visits, heterospecific and conspecific stigmatic pollen loads, fruit and seed set were measured and compared among experimental plots of low, medium, and high densities of Lythrum salicaria. Honey bees accounted for over 90\% of the visits to Lythrum salicaria. In medium-density plots, in one of the two study sites. there was 19\% reduction in seed production in Eupatorium perfoliatum and more than 58\% increase in the amount of Lythrum salicaria pollen on Eupatorium maculatum stigmas. In high-density plots at one site, 30\% fewer fruit set in Impatiens capensis. These data indicate that Lythrum salicaria can have a negative impact on wetland plant communities.}}, ISSN = {{1195-6860}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084000900012}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000084757800019, Author = {Viteri, PF and Leon, JF and Ortega, C}, Editor = {{VanDamme, V and VanDamme, P and Scheldeman, X}}, Title = {{Evaluation of shoot inducers in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) in Tababela, Ecuador}}, Booktitle = {{FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CHERIMOYA}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Number = {{497}}, Pages = {{347-350}}, Note = {{1st International Symposium on Cherimoya, LOJA, ECUADOR, MAR 16-19, 1999}}, Organization = {{Flemish Assoc Dev Cooperat \& Tech Assistance; Flemish Interuniv Council; European Commiss; Natl Univ Loja; AECI; AGCD; CATER; Ecociencia; Univ Gent}}, Abstract = {{Shoot inducers were evaluated in cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.) in Tababela, Ecuador in 1998, with the aim of regulating and increasing shoot percentage and facilitating essential crop activities (pruning, phytosanitary measures, hand pollination, harvesting), and improving productivity. Dormer (alzodef) at 1 and 2 \% and Dropp (tidiazuron (TDZ)) at 200 and 300 ppm were applied with and without oil (O) after manual defoliation. At 20 days after treatment (DAT), treatments T5 (200 ppm TDZ) and T4 (2 \% Dormer + 2 \% O) showed more than 70 \% of buds with shoots, compared to the control with 50 \%. Fruit set was evaluated at 115 DAT, with treatment T3 (2 \% Dormer) standing out with 34.5 \% while the control showed 18 \%. In general, the chemical treatments had a positive effect on shoot growth and fruit set, and the technique may be a valid alternative.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-961-3}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084757800019}}, } @article{ ISI:000084475900008, Author = {Grundt, HH and Borgen, L and Elven, R}, Title = {{Aspects of reproduction in Cerastium alpinum on calcic and ultramafic soils in Central Norway}}, Journal = {{NORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{19}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{447-453}}, Abstract = {{Cerastium alpinum is one of several species of Caryophyllaceae able to grow on soils of deviating chemical composition, including ultramafic soils. To compare mating systems between plants growing on calcic and ultramafic soils, pollination experiments were performed in one ultramafic and four calcic sites in Central Norway. Two populations on calcic soils were classified as ssp. lanatum and two as ssp. alpinum. The results suggest that C. alpinum is a highly self compatible mixed mater with a large proportion of facilitated selfing. Plants on different soils showed no significant difference in mating system. However, relative seed set and number of initial ovules differed. The population on ultramafic soil produced a significantly lower number of initial ovules than those on calcic soils. Relative seed set was also lower on ultramafic soil. The difference in number of initiated ovules, along with known differences in various morphological traits, i.e. plants on ultramafic soils display a mon dwarfed stature, suggest that plants on ultramafic soils allocate more resources to survival than to reproduction and growth compared to plants on calcic soils. In addition, on calcic soils a higher relative seed set was found in ssp. lanatum than in sap. alpinum, probably caused by habitat differences between the investigated populations rather than by genetic differences between the two taxa. The obvious success of C. alpinum on ultramafic soils may partly be ascribed to easy establishment in this scarcely vegetated habitat.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1756-1051.1999.tb01228.x}}, ISSN = {{0107-055X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084475900008}}, } @article{ ISI:000084647800001, Author = {Ellis, AG and Johnson, SD}, Title = {{Do pollinators determine hybridization patterns in sympatric Satyrium (Orchidaceae) species?}}, Journal = {{PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION}}, Year = {{1999}}, Volume = {{219}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{137-150}}, Abstract = {{The breakdown of species integrity was studied in three sympatric Satyrium (Orchidaceae) species at a site in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Hybrids with intermediate morphology were identified using multivariate analysis. Satyrium erectum x S. bicorne and S. erectum x S. coriifolium hybrids were common, while only one S. bicorne x SI coriifolium hybrid was found (a new record). Reciprocal artificial crossing experiments confirmed that genetic compatibility exists between all three species. However, the species have different pollinators: moths in S. bicorne, bees in S. erectum and sunbirds in S. coriifolium. Pollinators, rather than genetic factors, therefore, appear to be responsible for reproductive isolation between these species. Breakdown in pollinator specificity results in interspecific pollen transfer and the formation of hybrids. Overlap in floral signals, including nocturnal scent in both S. erectum and S. bicorne, and bright coloration in both S. erectum and S. coriifolium, facilitates the formation of hybrids between these species pairs. The brown, scented flowers of S. bicorne, on the other hand, share no obvious floral signals with the bright orange, unscented flowers of S. coriifolium, accounting for the rarity of hybrids between this species pair. Differences in floral morphology also result in mechanical isolation between these two species. Since the three species are sympatric in a very small part of their geographic ranges, it is unlikely that avoidance of hybridization has been an important selective factor in the evolution of specialized pollination systems.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF00985575}}, ISSN = {{0378-2697}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Ellis, Allan/H-1105-2011 Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000084647800001}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000080608600016, Author = {Dehgan, B}, Editor = {{Ruano, M}}, Title = {{Propagation and culture of Cycads: A practical approach}}, Booktitle = {{SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORNAMENTAL PALMS AND OTHER MONOCOTS FROM THE TROPICS}}, Series = {{ACTA HORTICULTURAE}}, Year = {{1999}}, Number = {{486}}, Pages = {{123-131}}, Note = {{2nd International Symposium on Ornamental Palms and Other Monocots from the Tropics, TENERIFE, SPAIN, FEB 03-06, 1997}}, Organization = {{ISHS; SECH; ICIA; CajaCanarias; Colgio Oficial Ingenieros Agronomos Centro y Canarias; Desarrollo Serv Proyectos; Excmo. Ayuntamiento Puerto de la Cruz; Excmo. Cabildo Insular de La Gomera; Excmo. Cabildo Insular de Tenerife; Gines Navarro S A; Ingenieria Medioambiental Canarias; Loro Parque S A; Vivers Ter}}, Abstract = {{Cycads are a geologically primitive group of threatened or endangered gymnosperms whose ancestors were widespread when dinosaurs were still roaming the earth. Today, the +/-180 remaining species are restricted to specific tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and the New Worlds. Recent recommendations of the International Conservation Union (IUCN) include encouraging extensive propagation and culture of these magnificent ancient plants. Through our original research and publications in the past two decades, we have made long strides towards facilitating their commercial production. Methods of artificial pollination to ensure seed production and proper treatments to expedite seed germination have been reported. Mechanical removal of the fleshy seed coat (sarcotesta), scarification of the bony layer (sclerotesta) with sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and breakdown of physiological dormancy and promotion of rapid embryo development by soaking in the growth regulator gibberellic acid (GA(3)), collectively have increased germination of several species. Root growth and branching has been enhanced significantly by severing the original seedling tap root and dipping the cut end in Indolebutyric acid (lBA). Appropriate irrigation frequency and applications of liquid and slow-release fertilizers which contain micronutrients have resulted in exceptionally rapid growth and elimination of deficiencies. And finally, in what may be the most significant contribution towards cycad conservation, vegetative propagation has been made possible by forcing plants to branch profusely, despite absence of any lateral buds homologous to that of angiosperms and conifers. This has allowed their multiplication through division of ``side shoots{''} or ``pups{''}. To the best of our knowledge, protocols for commercially feasible micropropagation of cycad has not been reported.}}, ISSN = {{0567-7572}}, ISBN = {{90-6605-831-5}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080608600016}}, } @article{ ISI:000078306500006, Author = {Ortega-Olivencia, A and Paredes, JAL and Rodriguez-Riano, T and Devesa, JA}, Title = {{Modes of self-pollination and absence of cryptic self-incompatibility in Drosophyllum lusitanicum (Droseraceae)}}, Journal = {{BOTANICA ACTA}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{111}}, Number = {{6}}, Pages = {{474-480}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{We show experimentally that several types of selfing occur simultaneously in Drosophyllum lusitanicum: prior, competitive, insect-facilitated, delayed and geitonogamous. In addition, we report evidence of cleistogamy in the flower bud. All types of selfing were successful in producing fruits and seeds; however, geitonogamy did not occur uniformly throughout the flowering period in this species. We also report the absence of cryptic self-incompatibility: the germination rate and pollen tube growth rate of cross pollen were no greater than those of self pollen when both types were placed on stigmas of the same flower (mixed pollination). There was a tendency for self pollen to be more vigorous than cross pollen but it just failed to reach significance.}}, ISSN = {{0932-8629}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Rodriguez-Riano, Tomas/K-2413-2014 Devesa, Juan Antonio/K-2816-2014 Ortega-Olivencia, Ana/F-6234-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Devesa, Juan Antonio/0000-0003-0487-4090 Ortega-Olivencia, Ana/0000-0002-5954-0226}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078306500006}}, } @article{ ISI:000077501000017, Author = {Stone, GN and Willmer, P and Rowe, JA}, Title = {{Partitioning of pollinators during flowering in an African Acacia community}}, Journal = {{ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{79}}, Number = {{8}}, Pages = {{2808-2827}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Competition for pollination is an important factor structuring flowering in many plant communities. We examined mechanisms reducing interspecific pollen flow in a community of 10 Acacia species in a highly seasonal savannah habitat in Tanzania. Partitioning is achieved, in part, through separation of flowering in space and seasonal time, and through interspecific differences in pollinator guilds. Nevertheless, coflowering Acacia species shared several pollinators; this means that interspecific pollen transfer Is possible. We analyzed daily patterns of pollinator activity and pollen release in 10 Acacia assemblages containing a total of 10 Acacia species. Pollinator activity was scored using counts at flowers over constant time intervals throughout the day. Fallen availability was assessed using a simple method which allows quantification of pollen exposed on the surface of the Acacia inflorescence. Sympatric co-flowering Acacia species each show high intraspecific synchrony but release their pollen at different rimes of day. Pollinators rapidly harvest available pollen and move from one Acacia species to the next, following the daily sequence of pollen release. The activity of shared pollinators is structured throughout the day as a result of temporal patterns of pollen release across Acacia species. The observed temporal structuring of pollen release is compatible with patterns predicted to result from competitive displacement. Additional support or a competition-based explanation for this patterning comes from the observation that an Acacia species flowering without competitors shows no synchronized peak of pollen availability at any time of day.}}, DOI = {{10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079{[}2808:POPDFI]2.0.CO;2}}, ISSN = {{0012-9658}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000077501000017}}, } @article{ ISI:000076272800018, Author = {Oostermeijer, JGB and Luijten, SH and Krenova, ZV and Den Nijs, HCM}, Title = {{Relationships between population and habitat characteristics and reproduction of the rare Gentiana pneumonanthe L.}}, Journal = {{CONSERVATION BIOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{1042-1053}}, Month = {{OCT}}, Abstract = {{We investigated the relationships among a number of population and site characteristics and the ovule and seed production and seed set in 17 populations of the rare, self-compatible, bumblebee-pollinated perennial Gentiana pneumonanthe L. in the Netherlands. Population size and offspring heterozygosity were used as population properties; grass and heath cover, soil concentrations of various ions, soil acidity (pH), and soil moisture were used as habitat characteristics. Our aim was to find out how important population size and genetic variation are for the seed production of a rare plant, when accounting for a number of habitat parameters that might also be important for successful reproduction. Correlation coefficients between population and habitat characteristics showed that sites with low soil moisture and higher concentration of most nutrients have a higher cover of grasses and a low cover of heath species. At such sites the population size of G. pneumonanthe was small and offspring heterozygosity was low. The number of ovules per fruit (a component of reproductive effort) was negatively associated with heterozygosity, phosphorus, and pH and positively associated with calcium, potassium, SO(4), NH(4), and electric conductivity. Total vegetation cover correlated positively with the variation in ovule production among individuals. Seed set and number of viable seeds per fruit, indicators of the success of fertilization and seed maturation, correlated positively with population size, the cover of co-flowering heath species, and the same group of nutrients that (independently) had a positive effect on ovule on ovule production. A high NO(2) concentration might be toxic because it had a negative effect on the number of viable seeds. Seed weight seemed to be independent of any population or habitat parameter. Besides lower mean values, we also found more variation in reproductive success among individuals in smaller populations. We conclude that plants in small populations of G. pneumonanthe have a similar reproductive potential per flower but have lower seed production and a higher uncertainty of successful reproduction than plants in large populations. Genetic variation was apparently not very important. In addition to population size, habitat characteristics also seemed to be important for seed production and seed set. The most important factors were the facilitating effect of the presence of other insect-pollinated species and the concentrations of specific nutrients in the soil. To restore small populations, we advise small-scale sod cutting around the remaining reproductive individuals. This simultaneously allows germination and seedling establishment of G. pneumonanthe, removes soil nutrients, and restores the cover of pollinator-attracting heath species at the cost of grasses.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1523-1739.1998.97090.x}}, ISSN = {{0888-8892}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Oostermeijer, Johannes/N-8909-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000076272800018}}, } @article{ ISI:000076173400004, Author = {Bleiweiss, R}, Title = {{Origin of hummingbird faunas}}, Journal = {{BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{65}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{77-97}}, Month = {{SEP}}, Abstract = {{Ecological studies of hummingbird communities have emphasized die importance of local conditions and contemporary interactions in the development of these varied faunas. A time-calibrated, DNA hybridization-based phylogeny of the principal hummingbird lineages was used to examine historical aspects of hummingbird faunas in the species-rich tropical lowlands and Andes, and the relatively depauperate West Indies and temperate regions of Central and North America. Parsimony reconstructions of ancestral distributions indicate that these faunas are polyphyletic in origin, comprising several to many independent lineages. Based on the timing of geologic and cladogenic events, hummingbird faunas appear to have arisen more often by colonization than by large-scale vicariance, with multiple dispersals across water gaps, elevational gradients, and latitude. The extent to which particular lineages colonized different regions depended, however, on lineage ecology as well as on the habitat and age of the fauna. In general, the oldest extant trochilofauna, which today occupies the tropical lowlands, was the principal source of colonizing taxa. However, all regions except possibly the West Indies contributed taxa now found elsewhere, including in the tropical lowlands. The Andean fauna comprises several lineages with lowland origin (hermits, Mangoes, Brilliants, Coquettes? Emeralds) as well as at least one that arose in temperate regions outside South America (Bees). At least two lineages that colonized the West Indies gave rise to endemic genera (Mangoes to Eulampis, and Emeralds to Orthorhyncus). Even groups that diversified in the highlands (Brilliants and Bees) Save rise to taxa that subsequently reinvaded the tropical lowlands. As the result of these varied histories, hummingbird communities cannot be arranged easily with respect to organizational complexity and coevolution with nectar sources. Although the physically insular faunas in the Andes and West Indies differ markedly in diversity, both were more strongly affected by colonization than the other faunas. A high potential for coevolution between hummingbirds and plants probably facilitated the successful establishment and radiation of the several Andean-associated lineages. However, coexistence between the two most diverse Andean clades may have been favoured initially through different habitat preferences by their extra-Andean ancestors. In the tropical lowlands, by comparison, the basic separation between the forest-dwelling hermits and canopy and edge-dwelling nonhermits appears to have evolved in situ. The low species and morphologic diversity of hummingbirds breeding north of Mexico reflects the predominance there of a single relatively recent lineage. The regional coexistence of numerous unrelated lineages implies that patterns of ancestry, colonization, and extinction contribute to the make-up of contemporary species-rich hummingbird faunas and serves to qualify the view that hummingbird communities are coadapted assemblages that resist change. (C) 1998 The Linnean Society of London.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00352.x}}, ISSN = {{0024-4066}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000076173400004}}, } @article{ ISI:000076276900011, Author = {Brunet, J and Eckert, CG}, Title = {{Effects of floral morphology and display on outcrossing in Blue Columbine, Aquilegia caerulea (Ranunculaceae)}}, Journal = {{FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{12}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{596-606}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{1. The effect of variation in floral morphology and display on the level of outcrossing was investigated in a Rocky Mountain population of the self-compatible protandrous, perennial herb, Aquilegia caerulea. ANOVA revealed substantial variation among 36 plants in floral traits including herkogamy (CV = 35\%), protandry (23\%), pollen production (12\%), flower size (8\%), the daily number of flowers in male phase (58\%) and autofertility, seed production in the absence of pollinators (192\%). 2. Whether this floral variation affected the outcrossing rates of individual plants was assessed using both a categorical analysis, in which outcrossing rates were estimated separately for groups of plants that differed with respect to floral features, and a correlation analysis involving outcrossing rates estimated for individual plants from large progeny arrays (n greater than or equal to 40). Both analyses indicated significant positive correlations between the outcrossing rate and herkogamy (r = + 0.71) and protandry (+ 0.54), negative correlations with the number of flowers in male phase during each day of female phase (- 0.42) and autofertility (- 0.36), but no correlation with flower size or pollen production. 3. Partial correlation indicated that both herkogamy and dichogamy, although weakly intercorrelated, were positively correlated with the outcrossing rate and that these effects were only partly mediated by their negative correlation with autofertility. 4. The extent to which floral features and the outcrossing rate covaried across the flowering sequence within plants was also examined in this study. As expected for a plant with strong protandry and sequential blooming, the number of flowers in male phase decreased strongly with flowering sequence position. However, categorical analysis did not support the prediction that the first flowers to open on an inflorescence outcrossed at a lower rate than later-opening flowers. 5. These results suggest that self-fertilization in A. caerulea is the result of all three major modes: autonomous and facilitated autogamy as well as geitonogamy. Although the geitonogamous component of selfing cannot be selected for directly, autogamy may be selected if it provides reproductive assurance.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2435.1998.00231.x}}, ISSN = {{0269-8463}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000076276900011}}, } @article{ ISI:000075518400014, Author = {Metcalf, RL and Lampman, RL and Lewis, PA}, Title = {{Comparative kairomonal chemical ecology of diabroticite beetles (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Galerucinae : Luperini : Diabroticina) in a reconstituted tallgrass prairie ecosystem}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{91}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{881-890}}, Month = {{AUG}}, Abstract = {{The olfactory response to volatile semiochemicals was determined for Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, the spotted cucumber beetle, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith \& Lawrence, the northern corn rootworm, and Diabrotica cristata (Harris), a nonpest species in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem and adjacent corn and cucurbit agroecosystems in Illinois. The results indicate that the divergence in response to plant volatiles by these Diabrotica species can be correlated with currently accepted phylogenetic groupings between the virgifera and fucata groups, as well as within the virgifera group. For example, cinnamaldehyde is most attractive to D. u. howardi (fucata group), whereas 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde is a specific attractant for D. u. virgifera (virgifera group). The 2 closely related species D. barberi and D. cristata (virgifera group) were both attracted to eugenol, cinnamyl alcohol, and 4-methoxyphenethanol on one or more test dates. Although D. cristata is not normally found in cucurbit blossoms, adults were attracted to traps containing shredded blossoms of Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Poir. Furthermore, all 4 Diabrotica species responded to a multicomponent synthetic lure (a cucurbit blossom mimic), suggesting a commonality of response to cucurbit blossom aroma. A review of the literature on Diabroticite chemical ecology suggests cucurbit volatiles acted evolutionarily as synomones, providing a primitive means of pollination for cucurbits. For several Diabrotica species, the olfactory response to these volatiles also may have facilitated the finding of noncucurbitaceous pollen sources.}}, ISSN = {{0022-0493}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075518400014}}, } @article{ ISI:000075128600010, Author = {Zebrowska, J}, Title = {{Influence of pollination modes on yield components in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch)}}, Journal = {{PLANT BREEDING}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{117}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{255-260}}, Month = {{JUL}}, Abstract = {{The effects of self, wind and open pollination on yield components were investigated in five strawberry genotypes, the cultivars `Dukat','Paula', `Redgauntlet', `Senga Sengana' and the breeding clone B-302. Investigations were also conducted to look for additional plant characteristics associated with strawberry yield components after various modes of pollination. Such characteristics would facilitate the indirect selection of highly self-compatible strawberry genotypes. The greatest effect of self pollination was observed in B-302 and `Redgauntlet', while the least effect of autogamy was shown in `Paula'. Conversely, the last cultivar revealed the greatest effect of entomophily, whereas the greatest effect of wind pollination was observed in `Dukat'. Relationships between yield components and some flower and pollen characteristics after various pollinations indicated that the degree of self compatibility in strawberry can be predicted from the pollen grain length and the pollen size index. Genotypes producing long pollen grains with large size indices exhibited the greatest effect of autogamy. Anther size, especially length, which correlated more strongly with yield components than width, could also be used as an index of autogamy in the strawberry. Pollen yield per flower and pollen viability were less important for estimating self compatibility.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01935.x}}, ISSN = {{0179-9541}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075128600010}}, } @article{ ISI:000074422500001, Author = {Smith-Ramirez, C and Armesto, JJ and Figueroa, J}, Title = {{Flowering, fruiting and seed germination in Chilean rain forest myrtaceae: ecological and phylogenetic constraints}}, Journal = {{PLANT ECOLOGY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{136}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{119-131}}, Month = {{JUN}}, Abstract = {{Phenological studies in plant communities have generally focused on taxonomically heterogeneous species assemblages, and have only occasionally examined the evolutionary and ecological constraints on the phenological patterns of species within a single family or a genus. Here, we determine relative importance of phylogenetic versus other constraints on the flowering and fruiting periods of 12 species and the germination ecology of 10 species of Myrtaceae sympatric to the temperate rainforest of Isla Grande de Chiloe (42 degrees 30' S), in southern Chile. We found that, for most species in the family Myrtaceae, flowering was strongly aggregated in January and February. Although this pattern is consistent with the expectation of the `facilitation' hypothesis (i.e., interspecific overlaps are maximized to attract pollinators), available evidence suggests that pollinators, mainly hymenopterans and dipterans, do not limit fruit production in these species of Myrtaceae in the temperate rainforest. In contrast to flowering, fruiting occurred all-year-round, showing greater segregation in time among the species. According to the their temporal patterns of fruit ripening, two functional groups were defined within the Myrtaceae: those that ripen their fruits immediately after flowering (species in the subtribe Myrtinae) and those in which green fruit develops slowly for several months before ripening (subtribe Myrciinae). Seed germination in the field occurred mainly between August and October. Lab assays showed that the species of Myrtaceae, subtribe Myrtinae, exhibited a long seed dormancy (>40 days), while the seeds of species in the subtribe Myrciinae often germinated within one week after harvesting. The analysis of the phenology of reproductive events in the species of Myrtaceae in this rainforest suggests that: (1) flowering periods patterns are constrained mainly by phylogenetic inertia at the family level, and (2) differences in fruiting patterns and dormancy periods are determined mainly by fruit and seed size, which in turn are associated primarily with phylogenetic closeness within the family, and secondarily with the activity of vertebrate seed dispersers.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1009730810655}}, ISSN = {{1385-0237}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000074422500001}}, } @article{ ISI:000073907600008, Author = {Sornsathapornkul, P and Owens, JN}, Title = {{Pollination biology in a tropical Acacia hybrid (A-mangium Willd. x A-auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.)}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{81}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{631-645}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Floral biology and pollination mechanism of the Acacia hybrid (A. mangium Willd. x A. auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.) growing in Thailand are investigated using light and electron microscopy. The hybrid is andromonoecious. A floral spike consists of about 150 loosely arranged flowers. Flowers are cream coloured, fragrant and have no floral nectaries. The pistil has a solid style with a smooth, wet stigma and amphitropous ovules with immature integuments. The anther consists of eight loculi, each bearing only one 16-grain polyad. The flowers are weakly protogynous. Anthesis is complete at 0500-0600 h but peak female receptivity begins at 0200-0300 h and is completed that day. The stigmatic exudate is of the lipophilic type and is secreted from the stigmatic cells by a holocrine mechanism. Pollen is the main floral reward for the insect pollinators. There are several floral characteristics which facilitate pollen transfer from anthers and deposition on stigmas. Apis mellifera and Ceratina sp. are the most effective pollinators because they are the most common visitors and carry a heavy load of hybrid polyads. However, their behaviour in foraging for pollen in the same tree and weak protogynous dichogamy may promote self-pollination in the hybrid. The hybrid has low pollination success due to low pollinator number. An increase in exposure time of flowers to pollinators or pollinator number may increase pollination success but may not affect the rate of pollen deposition on stigmas due to the relatively small size of the stigma in relation to the polyad. (C) 1998 Annals of Botany Company.}}, DOI = {{10.1006/anbo.1998.0607}}, ISSN = {{0305-7364}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073907600008}}, } @article{ ISI:000208471800007, Author = {Kwak, Manja M. and Velterop, Odilia and van Andel, Jelte}, Title = {{Pollen and gene flow in fragmented habitats}}, Journal = {{APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{1}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{37-54}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{. Habitat fragmentation affects both plants and pollinators. Habitat fragmentation leads to changes in species richness, population number and size, density, and shape, thus to changes in the spatial arrangement of flowers. These changes influence the amount of food for flower-visiting insects and the quantity and quality of pollinations. Seed set in small populations is often reduced and genetic variation is expected but not always found to be low. The majority of studies show that low flower densities have reduced pollination success and higher inbreeding. Density effects are stronger than size effects. Most studies concluded that species richness in flower-visiting insects is directly related to richness in plant species. However, the consequences of low insect species richness for pollination are not always clear, depending on the studied pollinator-plant relationship. The effects of the presence of simultaneously flowering species are highly dependent on the circumstances and may range from competition to facilitation. Other flowering plant species may play a role as stepping stones or corridor in the connection between populations. In the absence of stepping stones even short distances between populations act as strong barriers for gene flow. We illustrate the present review paper with own data collected for three plant species, rare in The Netherlands: Phyteuma spicatum ssp. nigrum (Campanulaceae), Salvia pratensis (Labiatae) and Scabiosa columbaria (Dipsacaceae). The species differ in their breeding systems and in the assemblage of visitor species. Data are shown on the effects of population size on species richness with consequences for seed set. Effects of flower density and isolation on pollen exchange are given. Since plant reproduction depends on the behaviour of individual insects and not on the overall behaviour of the species, the examples all point to individual insects and extrapolate to effects at the species level.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/1479084}}, ISSN = {{1402-2001}}, EISSN = {{1654-109X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000208471800007}}, } @article{ ISI:000073952600002, Author = {Gold, WG}, Title = {{The influence of cryptogamic crusts on the thermal environment and temperature relations of plants in a high Arctic polar desert, Devon Island, NWT, Canada}}, Journal = {{ARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{30}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{108-120}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{The thermal microenvironment and leaf temperatures of two plants (Saxifraga caespitosa and S. oppositifolia) were studied in a high arctic polar desert over four summers. Surface and plant temperatures exceeded air temperatures by 5 to 15 degrees C during sunny periods, with smaller effects on soil temperature in plant rooting zones. Midday plant temperatures of 20 to 30 degrees C measured during good weather are favorable for physiological activity, but the number of such days is restricted by a short snow-free period (16-45 d). Surfaces in polar deserts are dominated by sorted stones and bare mineral soil with sparse vascular plant cover (usually <5\%). Infrequent snowflush sites are scattered within this landscape, containing greater plant cover and a cryptogamic crust on the mineral soil surfaces. The potential role of this black dust in facilitating greater plant cover by enhancing the thermal relations of plants was investigated in this cold environment. Reduced albedo of crusted surfaces led to higher surface (8-12 degrees C) and soil (4-5 degrees C) temperatures than in noncrusted areas. However, adult plants did not differ in tissue temperature on cryptogamic and bare surfaces. Root growth and survival of seedlings, which were thermally coupled to the surface by their small mass, are more likely to be highly influenced by the presence of crusted surfaces in this high arctic polar desert ecosystem.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/1552125}}, ISSN = {{0004-0851}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073952600002}}, } @article{ ISI:000073608500012, Author = {Jones, TA}, Title = {{Viewpoint: The present status and future prospects of squirreltail research}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{51}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{326-331}}, Month = {{MAY}}, Abstract = {{Squirreltail's {[}Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey = Sitanion hystrix (Nutt.) J.G. Smith] ready germination, rapid reproductive maturity, capacity for cool-temperature growth, self-pollinated mating system, excellent seed dispersal mechanisms, fire tolerance, and genetic diversity make it a promising candidate for assisting ecological restoration of rangelands dominated by exotic weedy annual grasses such as medusahead wildrye {[}Taeniatherum caput-medusae (L.) Nevski] and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.), Squirreltail is a short-lived perennial and generally early seral in successional status. It comprises a complex of several subspecies whose ecological amplitudes are poorly understood. Wildfire or prescribed burning may provide opportunities for seeding squirreltail or augmenting existing populations. Grazing deferment is important for a successful transition from an annual to a perennial-dominated grassland, Reduction in frequency of annuals may facilitate natural or artificial establishment of desirable mid-or late-seral grasses, forbs, and shrubs. Currently, squirreltail seed supplies originate from wildland harvests, Reduced cost, dependable supply, and improved quality of seed will require development of efficient commercial seed production practices. Experience in restoration may reveal the suitability of squirreltail plant material for assisted succession as well as expose its weaknesses. Such information will allow researchers to improve plant materials and methods for increased future success.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/4003419}}, ISSN = {{0022-409X}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073608500012}}, } @article{ ISI:000073134000007, Author = {Leebens-Mack, J and Milligan, BG}, Title = {{Pollination biology in hybridizing Baptisia (Fabaceae) populations}}, Journal = {{AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{500-507}}, Month = {{APR}}, Abstract = {{In their classic study, Alston and Turner (American Journal of Botany, vol. 50. 159-173. 1963) documented extensive hybridization among four morphologically distinct Baptisia species native to East Texas. While Alston and Turner found putative F-1 hybrids in great numbers, ther found no evidence of backcrossing. In this study prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers between two of these species, B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa, were investigated and found to be quite weak. Flowering times overlap and bumble bees were observed visiting both species and intermediate hybrids. While pollinator constancy in flights between B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa was moderately strong. significant levels of constancy were not observed in flights involving hybrids and either parental species. Thus, backcrossing was not impeded by pollinator behavior. Further, hybrid pollen was highly stainable (93.5\%) and able to effectively set seed in crossing experiments with both parental species. Pollinator behavior was compared in experimental populations with and without hybrid ramets and found to differ between these two treatments. Hybrids were found to facilitate pollinator movement between specie. In total, these results suggest that reproductive isolation is not responsible for the rarity of backcrossing in naturally hybridizing B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa populations.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2446433}}, ISSN = {{0002-9122}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000073134000007}}, } @article{ ISI:000075203700001, Author = {Brokaw, NVL}, Title = {{Cecropia schreberiana in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico}}, Journal = {{BOTANICAL REVIEW}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{64}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{91-120}}, Month = {{APR-JUN}}, Abstract = {{Cecropia schreberiana Mig. (Cecropiaceae) is a common tree in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico because it is a pioneer that establishes abundantly after recurrent hurricanes that damage Luquillo forests. In these forests C. schreberiana typically reaches about 20 m in height and 60 cm dbh and has few branches, these bearing large, deeply Iobed leaves. The wood is light and weak. Unlike most of its congeners, C. schreberiana in Puerto Rico does not have symbiotic ants. It is dioecious and produces wind-pollinated flowers in spikes and abundant minute seeds broadly dispersed by birds and bats. Forest soils contain a high density of its seeds, which lie dormant until canopy opening stimulates germination. With adequate nutrients C, schreberiana grows fast in high light, while nondominant individuals suffer heavy mortality. An individual of the species is thought to live 30 to 50 years. Cecropia schreberiana is uncommon in abandoned pastures in the Luquillo Mountains. It colonizes road cuts, landslides, and infrequent, large treefall gaps. Yet these disturbances provide only a limited ``background regeneration,{''} which is not sufficient to maintain the species' observed high abundance in Luquillo forests. However, there is widespread and abundant C. schreberiana regeneration after hurricane damage opens the forest canopy. Despite high mortality among these post-hurricane colonizers, enough survive and grow so that C. schreberiana is generally among the ten most common canopy trees in the widespread ``tabonuco{''} forest type. Post-hurricane colonizers mature, senesce, an decline in number, but C. schreberiana remains abundant as seeds in the soil ready to form tree cohorts after disturbance. The status of the C. schreberiana population indicates the developmental status of the forest as a whole. Moreover C. schreberiana performs a key function in the reorganization of Luquillo forest ecosystems after disturbance, when its abundant regeneration and rapid growth capture and store nutrients. Also, its colonizing saplings may facilitate succession to mature forest by excluding grasses, herbs, and vines that hinder forest development. The biology of this species both reflects and helps drive the dynamics of forests in the Luquillo Mountains.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/BF02856580}}, ISSN = {{0006-8101}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075203700001}}, } @article{ ISI:000072783500014, Author = {Young, AG and Brown, AHD}, Title = {{Comparative analysis of the mating system of the rare woodland shrub Daviesia suaveolens and its common congener D-mimosoides}}, Journal = {{HEREDITY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{80}}, Number = {{3}}, Pages = {{374-381}}, Month = {{MAR}}, Abstract = {{Controlled pollinations and allozyme markers were used to compare mating system parameters among three populations of the rare woodland shrub Daviesia suaveolens Crisp. and five populations of its common relative D. mimosoides R. Br. Pollination results show that both species require a vector to facilitate pollination and have strong self-incompatibility mechanisms. Multilocus estimates of outcrossing rates confirm this, with all populations being highly outcrossed (D. suaveolens t(m) = 0.78-1.0; D. mimosoides t(m) = 0.71-0.96). Smaller and less dense D. mimosoides populations had higher correlations of outcrossed paternity than larger ones. The divergence of pollen pool allele frequencies from population frequencies was greater in smaller populations than in larger ones, in keeping with a lower effective size of the male source. Regression analyses generally failed to show effects of either plant size or local flowering environment on estimates of single-plant outcrossing rates. Most variation in these rates probably reflects the combined effects of sampling error, correlated mating and the influence of marker diversity on outcross detectability.}}, DOI = {{10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00304.x}}, ISSN = {{0018-067X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Young, Andrew/J-8111-2012}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000072783500014}}, } @article{ ISI:000075782200002, Author = {Johnson, SD and Steiner, KE and Whitehead, VB and Vogelpoel, L}, Title = {{Pollination ecology and maintenance of species integrity in co-occurring Disa racemosa L.f. and Disa venosa Sw. (Orchidaceae) in South Africa}}, Journal = {{ANNALS OF THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{85}}, Number = {{2}}, Pages = {{231-241}}, Abstract = {{The orchid Disa racemosa was found to be pollinated by xylocopine and anthophorine bees (Xylocopa and Amegilla spp.) at several sites in the Cape Floral Region of South Africa. A precise floral mechanism ensures that pollinaria are always attached to the middle pair of legs on the pollinator. Flowers of D. racemosa are nonrewarding, but nevertheless attract bees searching for new food sources. Levels of pollination and fruiting success were low, varying from 4 to 48\% among the eight study populations. Disa racemosa is often sympatric and co-flowering with its very similar, though much rarer, sister species Disa venosa. The only character that is consistently different between the taxa is the width of the sepals. Although the two species appear to have the same pollinators, natural hybrids between them have never been found. The results of experimental crosses indicated that a sterility barrier, rather than ethological or mechanical barriers, is responsible for the maintenance of species integrity in mixed populations.}}, DOI = {{10.2307/2992007}}, ISSN = {{0026-6493}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Johnson, Steven/F-1146-2010}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000075782200002}}, } @inproceedings{ ISI:000086671100006, Author = {Bingham, ET}, Editor = {{Lamkey, KR and Staub, JE}}, Title = {{Role of chromosome blocks in heterosis and estimates of dominance and overdominance}}, Booktitle = {{CONCEPTS AND BREEDING OF HETEROSIS IN CROP PLANTS}}, Series = {{CSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS}}, Year = {{1998}}, Number = {{25}}, Pages = {{71-87}}, Note = {{Plant Breeding Symposium on Concepts and Breeding of Heterosis in Crop Plants, INDIANAPOLIS, IN, NOV 03, 1996}}, Organization = {{Crop Sci Soc Amer; Amer Soc Hort Sci}}, Abstract = {{Chromosome blocks are the genomic units of genetic transmission in sexual reproduction. We work with chromosome blocks, not individual genes in our conventional breeding and genetic research. Thus, chromosome blocks underpin heterosis and estimates of gene action. Chromosome blocks vary in size according to intensity of linkage (frequency of recombination) and the number of sexual generations (the approach to linkage equilibrium); however, all we usually know is the number of sexual generations. Even in the transfer of single gene traits by backcrossing, we usually do not know how much genetic material is linked to the gene of interest. The latter is sometimes referred to as linkage drag. D.F Jones clearly recognized the role of chromosome blocks in 1917 when he proposed dominance of linked factors as a means of accounting for heterosis. The proposition is elegant because it acknowledges the cumulative effect of Linked dominant genes as transmission units. In the years to follow there was much debate about gene action, and heterosis was sometimes interpreted as true overdominance-single loci at which the heterozygous phenotype exceeds that of either homozygote. Maize (Zea mays L.) researchers were careful to point out that estimates of dominance variance exceeding that for straight dominance could be due to either overdominance or linkage disequilibrium of linked loci with favorable alleles in repulsion phase (pseudo-overdominance). Maize researchers went on to compare degrees of dominance in F-2 populations in linkage disequilibrium with populations in F-8 through F-16 in linkage equilibrium. Estimates for degree of dominance were reduced with the approach to linkage equilibrium indicating that the initial heterosis was more likely due to Jones' dominance of linked factors in linkage disequilibrium, than due to true overdominance. In autotetraploid alfalfa, we reached the same conclusion from results indicating dominant linked factors in chromosome blocks, and not multiple allelic interactions, explained improvement and maximum heterosis. Currently, molecular-mark er-facilitated investigations of quantitative trait loci in maize report often finding higher yield in the heterozygote than in either homozygote. Based on past research and the fact that chromosome blocks are the units of sexual transmission, it seems likely that the bulk of these heterozygote effects are due to dominance of linked factors as proposed by Jones. Dominant alleles at different loci complement each other by masking recessive alleles at respective loci. The gene action is nonallelic gene interaction or epistasis. Finally, the cumulative action of genes in chromosome blocks not only explains the breeding behavior of cross-pollinated crops, but also explains the fixation of transgressive traits in self-pollinated crops, and the ability of auto- and allopolyploids to conceal deleterious recessive traits.}}, ISBN = {{0-89118-546-1}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000086671100006}}, } @article{ ISI:000071957800008, Author = {Naess, SK and Swartz, HJ and Bauchan, GR}, Title = {{Ploidy reduction in blackberry}}, Journal = {{EUPHYTICA}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{99}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{57-73}}, Abstract = {{Polyploidy in blackberries and ploidy differences between Rubus species are obstacles to the efficient introduction of valuable germplasm, both intra-and interspecific, into blackberry breeding programs. Expansion of the germplasm base would be facilitated by reducing the ploidy level of blackberry cultivars to the diploid level. In this report selection of twin seed, interspecific hybridization, and pollen irradiation were compared as methods in the recovery of dihaploids from tetraploid blackberry cultivars. One dihaploid was obtained through selection of twin seed and several were obtained following interspecific hybridization. The infrequency of twinning and difficulty in detecting twin seed in Rubus reduced the efficiency of this method. The efficiency with which dihaploids could be obtained following interspecific hybridization varied with the pollen parent. Reduced seed set and seed quality following pollinations with respectively R. parvifolius and R. hirsutus could be used to advantage in the recovery of dihaploids from blackberries. Ploidy reduction in several tetraploid blackberry cultivars was obtained following pollinations with 100 and 150 kR gamma irradiated pollen. Most of the seedlings obtained at the 50 kR dosage were aneuploid. Pollen irradiation at 150 kR was the most efficient method of obtaining dihaploids from tetraploid blackberries. Twenty percent of the seedlings obtained following this treatment were dihaploid.}}, DOI = {{10.1023/A:1018372709235}}, ISSN = {{0014-2336}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071957800008}}, } @article{ ISI:000072030300002, Author = {McArthur, ED and Mudge, J and Van Buren, R and Andersen, WR and Sanderson, SC and Babbel, DG}, Title = {{Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) of Artemisia subgenus Tridentatae species and hybrids}}, Journal = {{GREAT BASIN NATURALIST}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{58}}, Number = {{1}}, Pages = {{12-27}}, Month = {{JAN}}, Abstract = {{Species of Artemisia (subgenus Tridemtatae) dominate much of western North America. The genetic variation that allows this broad ecological adaptation is facilitated by hybridization and polyploidization. Three separate studies were performed in this group using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Fifty-seven 10-mer primers generated nearly 400 markers from genomic DNA obtained from leaf tissue. These studies were (1) a measure of the variability of plants within and between populations and between subspecies using 5 A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis populations, 2 A. cana ssp. cana populations, and 1 A. cana ssp. viscidula population; (2) an examination of the hypothesis that tetraploid (4x) Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana derives de novo from diploid (2x) populations via autopolyploidy; and (3) an examination of the validity of the status of putative hybrids that have been produced by controlled pollination. These latter hybrid combinations-A. tridentata ssp. tridentata x A. t. ssp. vaseyana, A. t. spp wyomingensis x A. tripartita, and A. cana ssp. cana x A. tridentata ssp. wyomingensis-were made to combine traits of parental taxa in unique combinations with possible management application. RAPD marker data were subjected to similarity and UPGMA clustering analyses. RAPD markers were effective in measuring genetic diversity at different systematic levels. Individuals plants within a population were approximately 55\% to >80\% similar to one another, populations within subspecies gave corresponding values of similarity, probably a result of the combined effects of large population sizes and wind pollination. The 2 subspecies of A. cana were approximately 45\% similar. At least some 4x populations of A. tridentata ssp. vaseyana apparently derive de novo from 2x plants based on their being embedded in 2x phenogram groups, thus reinforcing evidence that autopolyploidy plays an important role in Tridentatae population biology. Two (A. tridentata ssp. tridentata x A. t. ssp. vaseyana and A. cana ssp. cana x A. tridentata ssp wyomingenesis) of the 3 putative hybrid combinations were confined to include hybrids. These hybrids may have potential in management applications. Additional use of RAPD technology combined with other techniques may be useful in delimiting genetic characteristics and in guiding artificial selection in the Tridentatae.}}, ISSN = {{0017-3614}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000072030300002}}, } @article{ ISI:000080542900002, Author = {Hatjina, F and Free, JB and Paxton, RJ}, Title = {{Hive-entrance pollen transfer devices to increase the cross-pollination potential of honey bees. I. Examination of six materials}}, Journal = {{JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{37}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{231-237}}, Abstract = {{We evaluated the use of a simple device, attached to the front of the hive entrance, and lined with material, to increase the pollen on the bodies of honey bees departing their colony. The so-called `hive-entrance pollen transfer device' is designed to facilitate bee-to-bee pollen transfer at the hive entrance. Six types of material were used to line the hive-entrance pollen transfer devices in the summer of 1992. The ability of each material to increase the pollen on bees' bodies was compared twice by measuring the amount (absolute number), richness (number of pollen `types') and diversity (expressed as the Shannon Diversity Index) of pollen on bees departing their hive either with or without a pollen transfer device. Of the six materials tested, woollen fabric and felt fabric appeared to be the most efficient in increasing the amount of pollen, the richness and, for the felt, diversity too. By increasing the pollen on bees departing their colony, hive-entrance pollen transfer devices increase the `foreign' pollen adhering to honey bees departing their colony and, thereby, they potentially increase the cross-pollination value of a colony's workforce.}}, ISSN = {{0021-8839}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Paxton, Robert/D-7082-2015}}, ORCID-Numbers = {{Paxton, Robert/0000-0003-2517-1351}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000080542900002}}, } @article{ ISI:000078207600003, Author = {Petanidou, T and Ellis-Adam, AC and den Nijs, JCM and Oostermeijer, JGB}, Title = {{Pollination ecology of Gentianella uliginosa, a rare annual of the Dutch coastal dunes}}, Journal = {{NORDIC JOURNAL OF BOTANY}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{18}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{537-548}}, Abstract = {{The pollination ecology of Gentianella uliginosa, a rare annual in The Netherlands, was studied in three relatively small coastal dune populations. In all populations, the species was fully self-compatible: manual self pollination resulted in a seed set of 92-94\%. Autofertility was also high (seed set of caged, unhandled flowers 80-85\%). The homogamous flowers were visited by Bombus pascuorum, which collected nectar and transported pollen sternotribically. Differences among populations in bumblebee visitation rate did not affect natural seed set. In one plot, seed set following natural pollination was lower than after manual selfing, and as high as after spontaneous selfing. As flowers here were also visited frequently, this might be due to pollen limitation through heterospecific pollen competition. Support for this hypothesis was derived from another population, where seed set after natural pollination was lower in a plot dominated by co-flowering Mentha aquatica than in a plot with few Mentha. However, differences in water availability might also have caused this. In one population, seed sets of the cross pollination and spontaneous selfing treatments were lower than those of the manual selfing and natural pollination treatments. Whether the low outcrossing success can be attributed to small differences in the treatment of the experimental plants or to outcrossing depression remains unclear. We conclude that this annual species is most likely a predominant selfer. Its high autofertility is probably an adaptation to its wet dune slack habitat, where reproductive assurance may be important to cope with unpredictable fluctuations in water table, summer droughts and pollinator service.}}, DOI = {{10.1111/j.1756-1051.1998.tb01534.x}}, ISSN = {{0107-055X}}, ResearcherID-Numbers = {{Petanidou, Theodora/C-9399-2011 Oostermeijer, Johannes/N-8909-2013}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078207600003}}, } @article{ ISI:000077366000005, Author = {Huang, BQ and Sheridan, WF}, Title = {{Actin coronas in normal and indeterminate gametophyte1 embryo sacs of maize}}, Journal = {{SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{11}}, Number = {{5}}, Pages = {{257-264}}, Abstract = {{The actin cytoskeletal organization and nuclear behavior of normal and indeterminate gametophytel (igl) embryo sacs of maize were examined during fertilization. After pollination, during degeneration of one of the synergids and before arrival of the pollen tube, the cytoskeletal elements undergo dramatic changes including formation of the actin coronas at the chalazal end of the degenerating synergid and at the interface between the egg cell and central cell. The actin coronas are present only for a limited period of time and their presence is coordinated with pollen tube arrival and fusion of the gametes; they disappear before the zygote divides. This allows us to estimate the frequency of fertilized ovules along the ear. Up to 88\% of the ovules on an ear contain actin coronas in the embryo sacs when observed 16-19 h after pollination, indicating the high frequency of fertilizing kernels along the ear at this stage. In the ig embryo sacs, two or more degenerated synergids containing actin coronas at their chalazal ends receive multiple pollen tubes for gametic fusion and can consequently give rise to twin or polyembryos. These findings with the monocot maize are consistent with previous reports on the dicots Plumbago and Nicotiana, suggesting that the formation of actin coronas in the embryo sac during fertilization is a universal phenomenon in angiosperms and is part of a mechanism of interaction between gametic signaling and actin cytoskeleton behavior which appears to precisely position and facilitate the access of male gametes to the egg cell and central cell for fusion.}}, DOI = {{10.1007/s004970050151}}, ISSN = {{0934-0882}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000077366000005}}, } @article{ ISI:000078946800006, Author = {Kalko, EKV}, Title = {{Organisation and diversity of tropical bat communities through space and time}}, Journal = {{ZOOLOGY-ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS}}, Year = {{1998}}, Volume = {{101}}, Number = {{4}}, Pages = {{281-297}}, Note = {{91st Annual Meeting of the Deutsche-Zoologische-Gesellschaft, LEIPZIG, GERMANY, JUN 01-04, 1998}}, Organization = {{Deutsch Zool Gesell}}, Abstract = {{Tropical bat communities are characterized by high species diversity and relative abundance. Due to their diverse feeding ecologies, bats play indispensable roles in tropical forests as seed dispersers, pollinators, and predators of arthropods. However, despite of their importance, little is known about factors that promote diversity in this taxon as well as interactions between bats and their environment. First results suggest that Neotropical bat communities are highly structured. I explore factors that may contribute to the observed pattern. Partitioning of resources in space and time facilitates coexistence of species within local species assemblages. I discuss future perspectives for comprehensive studies of species assemblages that combine macroecological (top-down) and microecological (bottom-up) approaches. Foremost, I underline the need for comprehensive inventory techniques. In conclusion, comparative community studies of bats with standardized methodologies are crucial for a better understanding how environmental change may influence these species assemblages and in turn, plants and animals affected by them.}}, ISSN = {{0944-2006}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000078946800006}}, } @article{ ISI:000071747000005, Author = {Lacroix, CR and Kemp, JR}, Title = {{Developmental morphology of the androecium and gynoecium in Ruppia maritima L.: considerations for pollination}}, Journal = {{AQUATIC BOTANY}}, Year = {{1997}}, Volume = {{59}}, Number = {{3-4}}, Pages = {{253-262}}, Month = {{DEC}}, Abstract = {{Ruppia maritima, widgeon grass, is an aquatic angiosperm common in salt marshes. Although previous studies have covered general aspects of pollination and floral development, little information is available on the functional aspects and development of the androecium and gynoecium in relation to pollination. Using the techniques of scanning electron microscopy and thin sectioning, this study focuses on the functional morphology of the gynoecium, anthers, and pollen grains. The funnel-like arrangement of the carpels directing pollen to the stigmatic regions, the buoyancy offered by presence of stomates and underlying spongy tissue in the carpellary outgrowth, the boomerang-like morphology of the pollen grains which facilitates their aggregation, and the sheath enclosing the anther are examined from the perspective of this specialized, hydrophilous pollination system. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.}}, DOI = {{10.1016/S0304-3770(97)00074-0}}, ISSN = {{0304-3770}}, Unique-ID = {{ISI:000071747000005}}, }