21982 results for qubit oscillator frequency
Contributors: Kouji Maeda, Byoung Chul Kim, Young Han Kim, Keisuke Fukui
Date: 2006-02-03
A crystallization monitoring system using a quartz crystal oscillator was implemented in the cooling crystallization of dilute lauric acid solutions for the investigation of the nucleation process of the solute. In addition, the microscopic observation of the oscillator surface was conducted to examine the number and size of yielded nuclei, and the observed results and the resonant frequency variation of the oscillator were analyzed to explain the nucleation process....Measured frequency drops from stearic acid deposition ...Comparison of the estimated masses from SEM photograph and frequency measurement and average mass ratio of SEM to frequency ...Variation of the resonant frequency of oscillator with lowered temperature in ethanol–water solution. ...Magnified plots of frequency variation while oscillator temperature decreases in lauric acid solutions of 0.05g/L (top), 0.15g/L (middle) and 0.25g/L (bottom). ...SEM photographs of bare oscillator (a) and oscillators taken at the coolant temperature of 7°C from 0.05g/L solution (b), 0.15g/L (c) and 0.25g/L (d). ...Quartz crystal Oscillator...Resonant frequency ... A crystallization monitoring system using a quartz crystal oscillator was implemented in the cooling crystallization of dilute lauric acid solutions for the investigation of the nucleation process of the solute. In addition, the microscopic observation of the oscillator surface was conducted to examine the number and size of yielded nuclei, and the observed results and the resonant frequency variation of the oscillator were analyzed to explain the nucleation process.
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Contributors: Tadashi Watanabe
Date: 2009-03-23
Time evolutions of normalized amplitude of rotating–oscillating droplets. ...Dependencies of (a) frequency shift and (b) aspect ratio on rotation rate and amplitude. ...We study the shape oscillations of a rotating liquid droplet numerically. The relation between the aspect ratio of the droplet shape and the frequency shift is made clear, and the large-amplitude oscillations with no frequency shift are demonstrated to be possible. Our results indicate that the accurate measurement of oscillation frequencies, which are not suffered from frequency shift, could be conducted by controlling the rotation rate and the amplitude, and thus more reliable surface tension would be obtained....Oscillation...Relation between frequency shift and aspect ratio. ...Frequency shift ... We study the shape oscillations of a rotating liquid droplet numerically. The relation between the aspect ratio of the droplet shape and the frequency shift is made clear, and the large-amplitude oscillations with no frequency shift are demonstrated to be possible. Our results indicate that the accurate measurement of oscillation frequencies, which are not suffered from frequency shift, could be conducted by controlling the rotation rate and the amplitude, and thus more reliable surface tension would be obtained.
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Contributors: V.J. Law
Date: 2008-02-19
Frequency pulling...Oscillator phase noise...Spectral density of switching frequency as a function flowing afterglow interaction (free space and surface material at 8mm from DBD nozzle). Data acquisition resolution=1Hz. ...Passive radio spectroscopy is employed to examine plasma process instabilities generated by the interaction between the power source oscillator and the plasma load. A fixed frequency of 13.56MHz and a 170–180kHz Flyback transformer are considered. The carrier frequencies are interrogated using a resolution bandwidth that constitutes ∼1/7000–1/580 of the target oscillator frequencies with a sweep time of less than 0.06s across the phase noise disturbance. Within these spectrum analyzer measurement parameters, oscillator phase noise (1/fn=1–3, discrete spurs and raised noise floor) is shown to be linked to plasma load mismatch and periodic instabilities. In the case of the Flyback circuit, it is found that the oscillator frequency pulling and modulation are linked to the plasma reactance. These results indicate that oscillator phase noise can be used as a non-invasive plasma process metrology tool....A typical fixed frequency output from a radio frequency generator coupled to a non-linear plasma load. Oscillator signal, phase noise, ±spurs, and the noise floor. ...Trace of 2N0335 transistor switching frequency and damped oscillation. Data acquisition resolution=0.05μs. ... Passive radio spectroscopy is employed to examine plasma process instabilities generated by the interaction between the power source oscillator and the plasma load. A fixed frequency of 13.56MHz and a 170–180kHz Flyback transformer are considered. The carrier frequencies are interrogated using a resolution bandwidth that constitutes ∼1/7000–1/580 of the target oscillator frequencies with a sweep time of less than 0.06s across the phase noise disturbance. Within these spectrum analyzer measurement parameters, oscillator phase noise (1/fn=1–3, discrete spurs and raised noise floor) is shown to be linked to plasma load mismatch and periodic instabilities. In the case of the Flyback circuit, it is found that the oscillator frequency pulling and modulation are linked to the plasma reactance. These results indicate that oscillator phase noise can be used as a non-invasive plasma process metrology tool.
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Contributors: Atsushi Tomeda, Shogo Morisaki, Kenichi Watanabe, Shigeki Kuroki, Isao Ando
Date: 2003-07-24
The plots of 1H signal width for the crystalline region of polyethylene thin film on the surface of on an piezoelectric oscillator plate against oscillation frequency in the range from 1 Hz to 2 MHz (a) and in the expanded range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz (b) at 40 °C. ...The plots of 1H signal width for the non-crystalline region of polyethylene thin film on the surface of on a piezoelectric oscillator plate against oscillation frequency in the range from 1 Hz to 2 MHz (a) in the expanded range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz (b) at 40 °C. ...A diagram of an NMR glass tube with an piezoelectric oscillator plate. The polyethylene thin film was molten and adhered on the surface of piezoelectric oscillator plate. The oscillation of an piezoelectric oscillator plate is generated by AD alternator. ...The 1H NMR spectrum of polyethylene thin film on an piezoelectric oscillator plate made of inorganic material was observed, which is oscillated with high frequency by application of AD electric current in the Hz–MHz range. From these experimental results, it is shown that dipolar interactions in solid polyethylene are remarkably reduced by high frequency oscillation and then the signal width of the crystalline component is significantly reduced with an increase in oscillation frequency. This means that the introduction of the high frequency oscillation for solids has large potentiality of obtaining the high resolution NMR spectrum. ... The 1H NMR spectrum of polyethylene thin film on an piezoelectric oscillator plate made of inorganic material was observed, which is oscillated with high frequency by application of AD electric current in the Hz–MHz range. From these experimental results, it is shown that dipolar interactions in solid polyethylene are remarkably reduced by high frequency oscillation and then the signal width of the crystalline component is significantly reduced with an increase in oscillation frequency. This means that the introduction of the high frequency oscillation for solids has large potentiality of obtaining the high resolution NMR spectrum.
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Contributors: Satoshi Takahashi, Michio Hori
Date: 2005-08-21
Time series of the lefties in the model with large reproductive susceptibility c. The thin line is the frequency of species x's lefty, xL. The bold line is the frequency of the lefty of species y, yL. Frequencies of the morphs oscillate. While lefty of species x, xL, increases, that of species y, yL, decreases. The reproductive susceptibility c=5. Other parameters and initial values are same to those of Fig. 2. ...Time series of the model with its susceptibility c large. Horizontal axis is time. Vertical axis is fraction of species x, (xL+xR), or species y, (yL+yR). Each curve in the graphs is labeled by x or y. Species x increases with time, while species y decreases in (a), (b), (c), and (f). Lefty–righty frequency in each species oscillates, which affects the coexistence of two competing species (c=5,Ty=6) (a) Tx=4; (b) Tx=5.2; (c) Tx=5.8; (d) Tx=6.2; (e) Tx=7; (f) Tx=9. Other parameter values are same to those in Fig. 2. ...Time series of the lefties in the model with small reproductive susceptibility c. Frequencies of the morphs in each species do not oscillate and tend to a point in the continuum of the equilibria. The thin line is the frequency of species x's lefty, xL. The bold line is the frequency of the lefty of species y, yL. Parameter values are: b=0.75,c=0.5,Tx=4,Ty=6. Initial values are xL(t)=0.2,xR(t)=0.1(-Tx⩽t⩽0),yL(t)=0.6,yR(t)=0.1(-Ty⩽t⩽0). ...Scale-eating cichlids in Lake Tanganyika exhibit genetically determined lateral asymmetry, especially in their mouth-opening. Frequencies of the morphs oscillate due to strong frequency-dependent selection caused by the switching of prey's attention, and its delayed effect by their growth period. Two scale-eaters coexist in similar densities at south shore of the lake, with their morph frequencies oscillating in phase. We investigated the effect of the oscillation in morph frequencies to the coexistence of competing species. If the difference of two species’ growth period is large, the oscillation facilitates the coexistence of the two species, while small difference of growth periods hinders their coexistence. In the latter case, the species with shorter growth period drives the other species to the extinction....Frequency-dependent selection...Oscillation...Frequency of the righty morph in P. microlepis (thin line) and P. straeleni (bold line). The data are plotted for years ’88, ’90, ’92, ’93, ’94 (P. microlepis only), and ’95. ... Scale-eating cichlids in Lake Tanganyika exhibit genetically determined lateral asymmetry, especially in their mouth-opening. Frequencies of the morphs oscillate due to strong frequency-dependent selection caused by the switching of prey's attention, and its delayed effect by their growth period. Two scale-eaters coexist in similar densities at south shore of the lake, with their morph frequencies oscillating in phase. We investigated the effect of the oscillation in morph frequencies to the coexistence of competing species. If the difference of two species’ growth period is large, the oscillation facilitates the coexistence of the two species, while small difference of growth periods hinders their coexistence. In the latter case, the species with shorter growth period drives the other species to the extinction.
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Contributors: Stephan André, Valentina Brosco, Alexander Shnirman, Gerd Schön
Date: 2010-01-01
Superconducting qubits...Recent experiments demonstrated the possibility to realize a single-qubit maser, by coupling an electrical resonator to a superconducting qubit. In the present paper we extend earlier work on single-atom lasers to account for the strong qubit–resonator coupling. We focus in particular on the spectral properties of the lasing radiation and we discuss phase locking induced by an additional ac driving of the resonator....Coherent amplitude versus the qubit–oscillator detuning, Δ, and the driving-oscillator detuning ωdr-ω0. The amplitude of the driving field is E0=κ/2, and the coupling constant is given by g/ω0=0.0045. Other parameters as in Fig. 1. ... Recent experiments demonstrated the possibility to realize a single-qubit maser, by coupling an electrical resonator to a superconducting qubit. In the present paper we extend earlier work on single-atom lasers to account for the strong qubit–resonator coupling. We focus in particular on the spectral properties of the lasing radiation and we discuss phase locking induced by an additional ac driving of the resonator.
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Contributors: Binbin Qiu, Junjie Yan, Jiping Liu, Daotong Chong, Quanbin Zhao, Xinzhuang Wu
Date: 2014-01-01
Dominant frequency...The first and the second dominant frequencies variation with the steam mass flux. ...The first and the second dominant frequencies variation with the water temperature. ...The dominant frequency regime map. ...Pressure oscillation...Frequency spectrums of pressure oscillation at different water temperatures and steam mass flux. ...Experimental investigations and analysis on the dominant frequency of pressure oscillation for sonic steam jet in subcooled water have been performed. It was found that sometimes there is only one dominant frequency for pressure oscillation, and sometimes there is a second dominant frequency for pressure oscillation. The first dominant frequency had been investigated by many scholars before, but the present study mainly investigated the characteristics of the second dominant frequency. The first dominant frequency is mainly caused by the periodical variation of the steam plume and the second dominant frequency is mainly caused by the generating and rupture of the large steam bubbles. A dominant frequency regime map related to the water temperature and steam mass flux is given. When the water temperature and the steam mass flux are low, there is only one dominant frequency of pressure oscillation. When the water temperature or the steam mass flux is high, the second dominant frequency appears for pressure oscillation. The second dominant frequency decreases with the increasing water temperature and steam mass flux. Meanwhile, the second dominant frequency at high steam mass flux and water temperature is lower than the first dominant frequency at low steam mass flux and water temperature. A dimensionless correlation is proposed to predict the second dominant frequency for sonic steam jet. The predictions agree well with the present experimental data, the discrepancies are within ±20%....The dominant frequencies in different measurement points by Qiu et al. [14]. ... Experimental investigations and analysis on the dominant frequency of pressure oscillation for sonic steam jet in subcooled water have been performed. It was found that sometimes there is only one dominant frequency for pressure oscillation, and sometimes there is a second dominant frequency for pressure oscillation. The first dominant frequency had been investigated by many scholars before, but the present study mainly investigated the characteristics of the second dominant frequency. The first dominant frequency is mainly caused by the periodical variation of the steam plume and the second dominant frequency is mainly caused by the generating and rupture of the large steam bubbles. A dominant frequency regime map related to the water temperature and steam mass flux is given. When the water temperature and the steam mass flux are low, there is only one dominant frequency of pressure oscillation. When the water temperature or the steam mass flux is high, the second dominant frequency appears for pressure oscillation. The second dominant frequency decreases with the increasing water temperature and steam mass flux. Meanwhile, the second dominant frequency at high steam mass flux and water temperature is lower than the first dominant frequency at low steam mass flux and water temperature. A dimensionless correlation is proposed to predict the second dominant frequency for sonic steam jet. The predictions agree well with the present experimental data, the discrepancies are within ±20%.
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Contributors: Z.K. Peng, Z.Q. Lang, S.A. Billings, Y. Lu
Date: 2007-11-01
The output frequency response of a nonlinear system. ...The restoring force of a bilinear oscillator. ...The output frequency response of a linear system. ...Bilinear oscillator...The polynomial approximation result for a bilinear oscillator ...Nonlinear output frequency response function...Bilinear oscillator model. ...In this paper, the new concept of nonlinear output frequency response functions (NOFRFs) is extended to the harmonic input case, an input-independent relationship is found between the NOFRFs and the generalized frequency response functions (GFRFs). This relationship can greatly simplify the application of the NOFRFs. Then, beginning with the demonstration that a bilinear oscillator can be approximated using a polynomial-type nonlinear oscillator, the NOFRFs are used to analyse the energy transfer phenomenon of bilinear oscillators in the frequency domain. The analysis provides insight into how new frequency generation can occur using bilinear oscillators and how the sub-resonances occur for the bilinear oscillators, and reveals that it is the resonant frequencies of the NOFRFs that dominate the occurrence of this well-known nonlinear behaviour. The results are of significance for the design and fault diagnosis of mechanical systems and structures which can be described by a bilinear oscillator model. ... In this paper, the new concept of nonlinear output frequency response functions (NOFRFs) is extended to the harmonic input case, an input-independent relationship is found between the NOFRFs and the generalized frequency response functions (GFRFs). This relationship can greatly simplify the application of the NOFRFs. Then, beginning with the demonstration that a bilinear oscillator can be approximated using a polynomial-type nonlinear oscillator, the NOFRFs are used to analyse the energy transfer phenomenon of bilinear oscillators in the frequency domain. The analysis provides insight into how new frequency generation can occur using bilinear oscillators and how the sub-resonances occur for the bilinear oscillators, and reveals that it is the resonant frequencies of the NOFRFs that dominate the occurrence of this well-known nonlinear behaviour. The results are of significance for the design and fault diagnosis of mechanical systems and structures which can be described by a bilinear oscillator model.
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Contributors: Gülnur Birol, Abdel-Qader M Zamamiri, Martin A. Hjortsø
Date: 2000-07-01
Frequency spectra (a), (b) and (c) correspond to the frequency spectra of signals in Fig. 6 (a), (b) and (c), respectively. By construction, frequency spectrum in (a) is equal to the sum of the spectra in (b) and (c). ...Period and amplitude of oscillation versus average dilution rate (h−1) calculated by FFT analysis in intervals of 512 data points of the filtered data shown in Fig. 4. ...Frequency spectra of the exhaust CO2 signal shown in Fig. 1: (a) through (d) correspond to regions 1 through 4 of Fig. 1, respectively; (e) shows the frequency spectrum of the overall signal. ...Autonomous oscillations...Calculated periods of oscillations, in minutes, obtained by FFT analysis of various signals ...Measurements of state variables from oscillating chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed by Fourier transformation. Of the signals tested, carbon dioxide and oxygen in the exit gas stream and dissolved oxygen in the medium, all gave identical results. Analysis of data from reactors operated at fixed conditions showed that after oscillations start, they pass through an extended transient lasting several days, before the oscillation period becomes constant. Under transient operating conditions, Fourier analysis revealed expected qualitative trends in the change of oscillation period with dilution rate....Filtered CO2 signal of the ramp experiment shown in Fig. 3. The filtered signal was obtained by subtracting moving signal averages from the original signal and represents the oscillating part of the signal. ... Measurements of state variables from oscillating chemostat cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed by Fourier transformation. Of the signals tested, carbon dioxide and oxygen in the exit gas stream and dissolved oxygen in the medium, all gave identical results. Analysis of data from reactors operated at fixed conditions showed that after oscillations start, they pass through an extended transient lasting several days, before the oscillation period becomes constant. Under transient operating conditions, Fourier analysis revealed expected qualitative trends in the change of oscillation period with dilution rate.
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Contributors: Yoshihiro Maegaki, Imad Najm, Kiyohito Terada, Harold H Morris, William E Bingaman, Norimasa Kohaya, Atsumi Takenobu, Yoko Kadonaga, Hans O Lüders
Date: 2000-01-01
Cortical distributions of SEPs and high-frequency oscillations to median nerve stimulation in Patient 5. (A) Typical high-frequency oscillation potential recorded at electrode A5. (B) The location of recording electrodes. (C) Cortical distributions of the SEPs and high-frequency oscillations. P20/N20 are distributed diffusely around the primary hand sensorimotor area, while P25 is elicited in a restricted cortical area. Most oscillation potentials show a cortical distribution similar to that of P20/N20. Two later oscillations (n21 and p22) are elicited in a restricted cortical area similar to P25. ...Typical examples of high-frequency oscillations to median nerve stimulation recorded with a restricted bandpass filter of 500–2000 Hz compared with SEPs recorded with a wide bandpass filter of 30–2000 Hz. The SEPs and high-frequency oscillations were recorded at the same precentral electrodes (A1 in Patient 2 and A5 in Patient 5). Note the better isolated oscillation potentials on restricted filtering as a result of the attenuation of slower SEP components. Most of the oscillation potentials can be identified with both bandpass filters. p22 can only be seen on restricted bandpass filtering in Patient 2. The latencies of oscillations differed by 0.11 ms for the two different bandpass filters. ...Clinical and imaging characteristics of 8 patients for whom high-frequency oscillations were evaluateda ...Cortical distributions of SEPs and high-frequency oscillations to median nerve stimulation in Patient 7. (A) Typical high-frequency oscillation potential recorded at electrode C1. (B) The location of recording electrodes on the 3-dimensional MRI reconstruction. (C) Cortical distributions of the SEPs and high-frequency oscillations. Most oscillation potentials are distributed similar to or more diffusely than P20/N20. Three later oscillations (n18, p18 and n19) are elicited in a restricted cortical area similar to P25. ...High-frequency oscillation...Objective: To elucidate the generator sources of high-frequency oscillations of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), we recorded somatosensory evoked high-frequency oscillations directly from the human cerebral cortex....The locations of the subdural electrode array and functional brain mapping in each patient. SEPs and high-frequency oscillations were recorded from the electrodes enclosed by solid lines. Electrodes A7 and C4, and A4 were not used for recording because of disconnection of the wires in Patients 5 and 7, respectively. CS, central sulcus. ... Objective: To elucidate the generator sources of high-frequency oscillations of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), we recorded somatosensory evoked high-frequency oscillations directly from the human cerebral cortex.
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