Julian Jackson Telecommunications
Description
Table 1. Variable definitions and data sources Variable Definition Measurement Source Expected sign FI Formal financial-system access index Average of ATM density and bank-branch density per 100,000 adults IMF Financial Access Survey + FINTECH Mobile-money account penetration Adults with registered mobile-money accounts (%) GSMA mobile-money data; Global Findex; national regulators + FINLIT1 Financial-literacy awareness Survey-based awareness measure aligned to a common scale Global and national financial-literacy surveys + FINLIT2 Financial-literacy knowledge Survey-based financial-knowledge measure; primary moderator Global and national financial-literacy surveys + FINLIT3 Financial-literacy behaviour Survey-based financial-behaviour measure; robustness moderator Global and national financial-literacy surveys + REGQUAL Regulatory quality World Bank governance score (standardised, range approx. −2.5 to +2.5) World Bank Worldwide Governance Indicators +/− INFRA Telecommunications and electricity infrastructure Average of mobile-network coverage and access to electricity (%) ITU DataHub; World Bank WDI + LNGDPPC GDP per capita Real GDP per capita, constant 2015 USD, log-transformed World Bank WDI + INFLATION Inflation rate Annual consumer-price inflation (%) IMF; World Bank WDI − INTERNET Internet penetration Individuals using the internet (% of population) ITU DataHub; World Bank WDI + Notes: ATM = automated teller machine; ITU = International Telecommunication Union; WDI = World Development Indicators; IMF = International Monetary Fund. FINLIT2 is the primary financial-literacy moderator; FINLIT1 and FINLIT3 are alternative survey-based measures used for robustness. The literacy indicators are aligned to common definitions and scales across the underlying survey sources. Because these surveys are not annual in every country, the literacy coefficients should be interpreted as relationships with harmonised survey-based measures rather than as effects of precisely observed annual changes
Files
Steps to reproduce
Steps to reproduce the results The replication package contains the data and Stata files required to reproduce the descriptive statistics, panel unit-root tests, baseline estimates, diagnostics and robustness checks. The study uses an annual panel of 45 countries over a maximum of 20 years. Software Use Stata 17 or later and install: ssc install xtabond2, replace ssc install xtlsdvc, replace ssc install xtdcce2, replace ssc install estout, replace ssc install moremata, replace Files and working directory Download all files into one project folder containing raw_data, processed_data, do_files, logs, tables and figures. Do not edit the raw dataset. Open the master do-file and change the working directory: cd "C:\Users\UserName\Documents\Replication" Run the analysis Execute: do "do_files/00_master.do"