Baliospermum montanum
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Phytochemical Profiling and Therapeutic Potential of Baliospermum montanum: A Promising Inhibitor of COX-2/15-LOX Enzymes and NO Production in LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages
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HPLC method: The crude extract, fractions, and isolated compounds were analyzed in HPLC using a Waters SunFire C18 analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm x 5 µm) in an Arc HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA). The peaks were monitored at 220, 254, and 365 nm. The gradient mobile phase solvent system was A - 0.1 % orthophosphoric acid in water and B - methanol at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with a column temperature of 35 °C. The gradient program was: 0 min, 80 % of A, 20 % of B; 28 min, 60 % of A, 40 % of B; 39 min, 40 % of A, 60 % of B; 50 min, 10 % of A, 90 % of B; 55–65 min, 80 % of A, 20 % of B. Compounds were quantified by plotting calibration curve of compounds at different concentrations ranging from 25-100 ppm. High-purity grade solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). In vitro assays: Assays were carried out as per the literature methods given below DPPH: I. Bakhouche, T. Aliat, T. Boubellouta, L. Gali, A. Şen & Y. Bellik. Phenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, and anti-inflammatory effects of leaves and roots extracts of the halophyte Limonium delicatulum, S. Afr. J. Bot. 125 (2021), 139, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.01.030. ABTS: S.K. Das, D. Samantaray, S.K. Sahoo, J.K. Patra, L. Samanta, H. Thatoi, Bioactivity-guided isolation and structural characterization of the antidiabetic and antioxidant compound from bark extract of Avicennia officinalis L, S. Afr. J. Bot. 125 (2019) 109–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.07.011. FRAP: H.I. Chiu, C.N.A. Che Mood, N.N. Mohamad Zain, M.R. Ramachandran, N. Yahaya, N.N.S. Nik Mohamed Kamal, W.H. Tung, Y.K. Yong, C.K. Lee, V. Lim, Biogenic silver nanoparticles of Clinacanthus nutans as antioxidant with antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects, Bioinorg Chem Appl. 2021 (2021) 9920890. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9920890. COX: R. Mogana, K. Teng-Jin, C. Wiart, The Medicinal timber Canarium patentinervium Miq. (Burseraceae Kunth.) is anti-inflammatory bioresource of dual inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), ISRN Biotechnol. 2013 (2013) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.5402/2013/986361. LOX: J.P. Dzoyem, J.N. Eloff, Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of twelve plants used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammation in South Africa, J Ethnopharmacol. 160 (2015) 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.034. MTT: G. George, G.L. Shyni, B. Abraham, P. Nisha, K.G. Raghu, Downregulation of TLR4/MyD88/p38MAPK and JAK/STAT pathway in RAW 264.7 cells by Alpinia galanga reveals its beneficial effects in inflammation: Immunomodulatory effect of Alpinia galanga, J Ethnopharmacol. 275 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114132. NO: A. Nabatanzi, S.M. Nkadimeng, N. Lall, J.D. Kabasa, L.J. McGaw, Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth., Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2020 (2020) 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4352084.