Impact of Intermittent Water Supply on Disinfection By-Products Formation and Water Quality Deterioration Pathways: a review
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Impact of Intermittent Water Supply on Disinfection By-Products Formation and Water Quality Deterioration Pathways: a review Wasana Gunawardanaa*, Sujithra K. Weragodaa, Madhubhashini Makehelwalaa, Thejani N. Premachandraa, S.H.P. Parakrama Karunaratneb, Chandika D. Gamagec, Rohan Weerasooriyad* aChina Sri Lanka Joint Research and Demonstration Centre (JRDC) for Water Technology, Ministry of Water Supply, E.O.E Pereira Mawatha, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (chinasrilankargp17@gmail.com) bDepartment of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (shppk@pdn.ac.lk) cDepartment of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka (gamagecd@gmail.com, chandika.gamage@med.pdn.ac.lk) d*National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka (rohan.we@nifs.ac.lk) *Correspondence: E.G.W. Gunawaradana Email: wasanagun@gmail.com, wasanagun@jrdc.lk Postal address: China Sri Lanka Joint Research and Demonstration Centre (JRDC) for Water Technology, Ministry of Water Supply, E.O.E Pereira Mawatha, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Phone: +94 71 699 1843, Fax: +94 81 205 8116 Abstract The water distribution under the intermittent water supply (IWS) is a common practice in drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs) in many developing countries to manage water demand. As chlorination is widely utilized for water disinfection, the intermittent chlorinated water supply (ICWS) is prevalent in developing countries. However, ICWS poses numerous challenges in maintaining water quality during distribution and storage, and thus understanding the specific factors contributing to water quality deterioration in ICWS is crucial in addressing issues such as the intrusion of disinfection by-product (DBP) formation precursors into water distribution lines, water stagnation, post-chlorine water age, bacteria regrowth, biofilm formation, and DBP formation during water distribution. Consequently, the authors conducted a comprehensive analysis of over 141 peer-reviewed publications to assess the impact of ICWS on the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and microbial water quality deterioration pathways. Thorough investigations into various pathways including hydraulic, water quality, and pipeline biofilm conditions, in which DBPs are formed under ICWS are important. Additionally, the influence of ICWS on the growth of slow-growing nitrifiers and their role in DBP formation, the dynamics of bacterial community structures within supply cycles, and the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) deserve further research. Keywords: Drinking water distribution, Intermittent Water Supply, Intermittent Chlorinated Water Supply, DBP formation, biofilms, water quality deterioration.
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The literature search was conducted using prominent online databases such as keywords and a combination of keywords ScienceDirect, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar, using keywords and combination of keywords.