ESCAPE approach for the sustainability evaluation of spent lithium-ion batteries recovery: dataset of 33 available technologies
Description
Several studies have proposed the possibility to recover a variety of materials from LIBs, even if the processes are developed only at the lab-scale. The ESCAPE approach is presented and applied to evaluate the available strategies to recover materials from LIBs. Following this approach, the data about energy consumption and emissions are calculated for all the steps of the 33 selected literature processes, proposed for LIBs recovery. The calculated data are used to evaluate the sustainability of selected technologies, allowing to provide an instrument to support the most suitable activities able to extract materials from waste acting in substitution of natural resources use. The parameters evaluated in the ESCAPE approach (embodied energy and carbon footprint) are evaluated for the technologies presented in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493. Table 5 reports the detailed values of the embodied energy and the carbon footprint evaluated for all the steps of each considered process (see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493), divided into four categories: thermal treatments, mechanical treatments, chemicals, and water use. The data were calculated considering the processes as exactly described by the authors. Table 6 reports the detailed values of the embodied energy and the carbon footprint evaluated for all the steps of each considered process (see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493), divided into four categories: thermal treatments, mechanical treatments, chemicals, and water use. The data were calculated considering the use of distilled water instead of ultrapure water or deionized water for chemicals dilution. In addition, for the products washing, only tap water was considered.
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ESCAPE method, for the evaluation of materials and/or processes sustainability, considers CO2 (or carbon) footprint and embodied energy as the only two parameters to be accounted for sustainability analysis. This approach was developed to support design decisions of technologies at low TRL (3-5) or at pilot-scale (TRL 6–8), when a full and exhaustive LCA cannot be realized. In particular, embodied energy of a product refers to all the energies necessary to extract raw materials from minerals and ores, plus the energies used for the final product manufacturing. Carbon footprint corresponds to the greenhouse gases (GHG) generated in material production. These parameters were selected on the premise that global warming potential and energy consumption are two of the main LCA impact parameters and that they can be calculated for all life cycle phases of a product/process. They depend on the selected materials and on the energy for their manufacturing (for example mechanical and/or thermal energy). See https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130493 for more information.