About adolescents’ goal systems

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Participants were randomly selected from three middle schools in China, covering urban and rural areas, economically developed and underdeveloped regions, and key and non-key schools. Whole-class sampling was conducted by grade, with class teachers distributing the questionnaire to parents and students for informed consent. Student participation was voluntary. A total of 806 responses were collected, of which 772 were valid after removing incomplete, high school-level, or careless responses.

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