A novel approach to reduce the application of sulfurized olefins in gear oil by synergistic action of nano-TiO2
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Data of munuscript "A novel approach to reduce the application of sulfurized olefins in gear oil by synergistic action of nano-TiO2" Folder 1 is the raw data from figure 3 in the manuscript, which describes the size distributions of the as-prepared SA-TiO2 nanoparticles. Diameter (nm) and number (%) are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 2 is the raw data from figure 5 in the manuscript, which describes the FTIR spectrum of SA-TiO2. Wavenumber (cm-1) and transmittance (%) are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 3 is the raw data from figure 6a1 in the manuscript, which describes the TGA of SA-TiO2. Temperature (℃) and weight (%) are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 4 is the raw data from figure 6b1 in the manuscript, which describes the DSC of SA-TiO2. Temperature (℃) and heat Flow (W/g) are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 5 is the raw data from figure 7 in the manuscript, which describes the PD values of oil samples with various contents of the SA-TiO2 and SIB in base oil by four-ball tribometer.Pd (N) and SA-TiO2 content (%) are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 6 is the raw data from figure 8 in the manuscript, which describes COF and WSD of GCr15 steel balls lubricated by oil samples with 1.5 wt.% SIB and various contents of the SA-TiO2 in base oil under 196 N by four-ball tribometer. Wear Scar Dameter (mm) and SA-TiO2 content (%) are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 7 is the raw data from figure 9 in the manuscript, which describes the Friction coefficient curves of GCr15 steel balls lubricated by oil samples with 1.5 wt.% SIB and various contents of SA-TiO2 in base oil under 196 N by four-ball tribometer. Time (s) and Friction coefficient are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 8 is the raw data from figure 10 in the manuscript, which describes the Friction coefficient curves of different oil samples under 17.9 N by UMT tester. Time (s) and Friction coefficient are used as the x and Y axes respectively. Folder 9 is the raw data from figure 12 in the manuscript, which describes the XPS spectra of C1s, O1s, Fe2p, S2p and Ti2p on the wear scar of steel ball lubricated by base oil alone and oil sample containing additives on four-ball tribometer at 196 N for 30 min. Binding energy (eV) and Counts (s) are used as the x and Y axes respectively.
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Fodlder1, 2, 3 and 4: The particle size distribution of SA-TiO2 was investigated using a Malvern Zetasizer Nano S photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). In PCS, N-pentane was used as the dispersion, and the molar refractive index was 25.21. Using a PKI Spectrum Two IR spectrometer to analyze the Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) spectra of the target products. The thermal stability of SA-TiO2 was evaluated using a TA Q500 thermal analyzer (TGA-DSC) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The heating rate was 10°C min-1 and the velocity of the nitrogen flow was maintained at 100 mL min-1, respectively. Fodlder5, 6, 7 and 8: Lubricants with various contents of SA-TiO2 (0.2-0.8 wt.%) and sulfurized isobutene (0.5-2.0 wt.%) were formulated with the above-mentioned base oil and then evaluated using a four-ball tribometer. Based on the ASTMD 278 method, some parameters were improved to test the friction performance and bearing capacity of the oil. The experimental conditions were as follows: test load of 196 N, rotation rate of 1200 rpm, time of 30 min, and 75°C temperature. The counterpart was a GCr15 steel ball with a diameter of Φ 12.7 mm and a hardness of 59-61 HRC. The wear scar diameters (WSD) were measured using an optical microscope. The average value of three wear spot diameters were used as the final measured value, and the friction coefficients of the test were recorded automatically during the test by a computer. The weld load (PD) was determined based on ASTMD 278, which is similar to ASTMD 2783. In the EP tests, a series of tests were carried out under continuously increasing loads until the critical value of PD was observed. All of the tests were conducted at a rotation speed of 1450 rpm for 10 s under ambient temperature. Each experiment was conducted twice, and the average value was used as the test result. A Bruker UMT-tribolab tester was used to evaluate the antifriction performance of the additives. The tests were performed in a ball-on-block configuration. The contact between the friction pairs was achieved by applying pressure pressure to the upper running ball (5 mm in diameter, GCr15 steel, hardness of approximately 59-61 HRC) against the lower stationary block (ϕ 50 mm× 25 mm × 2 mm, SUS 304 steel) in the reciprocating mode. The test was under a load of 17.9 N at a frequency of 2 Hz for 30 min at 75°C. The stroke was 5 mm. The steel plate used was 304 stainless steel with a modulus of elasticity of 194 GPa, a density of 790 kg m-3, and a Poisson's ratio of 0.247. The pressure between the friction pairs under above condition was approximately 1,814 MPa, similar to the condition under 196 N using a four-ball tribometer.