Cyclic sediment deposition by orbital forcing in the Miocene wetland of western Amazonia? New insights from a multidisciplinary approach
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Authors: Carina Hoorn*, Tyler Kukla, Giovanni Bogotá-Angel, Els van Soelen, Catalina González-Arango, Frank P. Wesselingh, Hubert Vonhof, Pedro Val, Gaspar Morcote-Rios, Martin Roddaz, Elton Luiz Dantas, Roberto Ventura Santos, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Jung-Hyun Kim, Robert J. Morley* Supplementary data In the Miocene, a large wetland system extended from the Andean foothills into western Amazonia. This system has no modern analogue and the driving mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In this study we investigate the presumed orbital cyclicity that controlled sediment deposition, while also assessing sediment source and biomes in the Miocene wetland. We do this by integrating lithological, palynological, malacological and geochemical data from the Los Chorros site (Amazon River, Colombia), and by placing our data in a sequence stratigraphic framework. In this sequence biostratigraphic evaluation, the Los Chorros succession is visualised to be composed of a series of flood-fill packages, with a rapid initial flood, marine-influenced conditions at the time of maximum flood, followed by a longer regressive infill phase. Marine, mangrove, and lacustrine indicators suggest that the outcrops at Los Chorros represent predominant marine-influenced lacustrine conditions during periods of sea level highstand. The sequence biostratigraphic evaluation further points to eight 41 kyr obliquity-driven depositional cycles, with rapid phases of transgression. Mangrove elements would have colonised within the timeframe of each sea level rise. Based on this relative age constraint and comparison to regional records, deposition likely took place prior to the 13.8 Myr global sea level fall, and most likely during the period just after 14.5 Ma, towards the end of the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO). Palynological evidence further suggests that to the west, surface elevation ranged from ~1000 up to ~3500 m and hosted protoparamo vegetation, the oldest yet reported and in agreement with predictions from molecular studies. In contrast, contemporaneous sites to the northeast of the wetland consisted of fluvial and cratonic formations, as shown by their Nd and Sr isotopic sediment signature. In summary, our data lead to an improved understanding of how geological and astronomical mechanisms controlled the floral and faunal distribution and controlled sediment deposition in western Amazonia during the middle Miocene. As Miocene conditions strongly contrast with modern western Amazonia, our data provide an important context for the deep time history and evolution of the modern western Amazon rainforest.
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See paper in special issue of Global and Planetary Change (status: resubmitted)