Ketogenic diet (but not sugar restriction) alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype and the gut microbiome: an RCT.

Description

This aim of this study was to investigate how dietary sugar and carbohydrates influence metabolism and health across a 12-week period, with a focus on physical activity. One third of participants will eat a diet with typical amounts of sugar and carbohydrate, one third of participants will eat a diet with sugar intake restricted, and the final third of participants will eat a diet where both sugar and total carbohydrates are restricted and replaced with fat. To achieve this, healthy non-obese adults, aged 18-65 years were recruited to take part in an intervention study with measures of energy intake, energy expenditure, metabolic health, gut microbiota, and appetite. All laboratory trials took place at the University of Bath. Participants were be randomised to consume one of three diets for a period of 12 weeks, with laboratory visits at baseline, at week 4, and at week 12: CONTROL (moderate sugar) - reflecting the composition of a typical European diet Low sugar - the same composition of a typical European diet but with <5% energy intake from sugar Low carbohydrate - low carbohydrate diet with <5% energy intake from sugar, replacing carbohydrate energy with fat The dataset includes demographic data of the participants (n=60) randomised and data from the trials they participated in. The types of data that were collected during the trials are as follows: Age Height Body mass Body composition (by Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry) Resting metabolic rate Postprandial substrate oxidation Exercise metabolism Physical activity energy expenditure Fasting and postprandial concentrations of circulating metabolites (e.g., glucose, lactate triacylglycerol) and hormones (e.g. insulin, C-peptide) Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measures of plasma (e.g., lipoprotein size and particle number) Skeletal muscle protein levels Adipose tissue mRNA levels Fasting haemotology (e.g., white blood cell count, haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration) Urinary acetoacetate concentrations Self-reported macronutrient and energy intake Calculated change in energy intake Visual analogue scales for appetite and mood Continuous glucose monitoring

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