Data of the article : Fine tuning protocols for accurate studying of nanoparticle adhesion and uptake following foliar deposition

Description

These data are the results used in the article "Fine tuning protocols for accurate studying of nanoparticle adhesion and uptake following foliar deposition" Abstract : Understanding interactions between plant leaves and (nano)particles (NPs) is crucial for addressing phytochemical and environmental challenges. Recent studies show how NPs adhesion, uptake, and transformation on leaf surfaces are influenced by NPs properties, plant surface, and environmental factors. However, variability results from inconsistent protocols for leaf exposure and rinsing to determine the uptake fraction of NPs. This work explores how exposure methods affect dose reproducibility, NPs distribution on the leaf surface, and how rinsing protocols influence NPs element remobilization. This work assessed how the methods commonly used in the literature to expose leaves to NP -drop-deposition, spraying, dipping, and brushing- compare in term of dose reproducibility and control over the exposure. The efficacy of rinsing strategies was evaluated with Au and CuO NPs which have contrasting solubility. They have been deposited on tomato leaves (var. micro-tom), and sequentially rinsed with diluted ethanol (EtOH), nitric acid (HNO3), and ultra-pure water, in various sequential order. The results indicate that drop-deposition offers better dose reproducibility control, while spraying, dipping, and brushing cause lower reproducibility. The spatial distribution and surface agglomeration of NPs vary with the exposure methods, influencing their fate on/in leaves. Regarding rinsing, soluble NPs (CuO) are more efficiently rinsed by HNO3-2%, while EtOH-3% does not remove Cu, indicating strong attachment to the leaf. In contrast, Au NPs are better rinsed with ethanol-based solvents, possibly due to solvent lower polarity, surface tension or wax damage effect. Changing the rinsing solvent sequence helped identify different NP-leaf attachment fractions and their interaction nature. This study highlights the need for fine-tuned exposure and rinsing protocols tailored to the specific research question.

Steps to reproduce

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. micro-tom) were germinated on water saturated paper towels and after 1 week were carefully transplanted into 100ml plastic pots filled with commercial soil (black peat 40%; blond peat 60%; perlite (100 L/m3); pH 5.8 (± 0.5)) and wetted at water holding capacity (WHC, 74.7%). Suspension of CuO and Au NPs were prepared in ultra-pure water. Au NPs suspensions were diluted to 12.51 ± 2.29 and 8.11 ± 0.53 mg L-1 for the NPs washability comparison experiment and the rinsing sequence comparison experiment (defined in rinsing methods section). For the preparation of CuO NPs suspension, 25 mg of powder was weighed and suspended and diluted to 39.45 ± 2.87 mg L-1 For the comparison experiment, each exposure methods was used to expose freshly detached 4th leaf of five plant replicates. Exposure methods (drop-depposition, spraying, dipping, and brushing) were compared using Au NPs. For the washability comparison experiment CuO and Au NPs were applied on 4th leaf of three plant replicates. After 6 hours of drying, NPs were rinsed by 2 min bath in 15ml of each the following solvents : 3% diluted ethanol (EtOH-3%), then 2% diluted nitric acid (HNO3-2%) and finally Ultra-Pure Water (UPW). For the rinsing sequence comparison experiment Au NPs were applied on 4th leaf of three plant replicates. After 6 hours of drying, NPs were rinsed by 2 min bath in 15ml of each of the following solvents : HNO3-2% and then EtOH-100%. Unexposed leaves, and leaves exposed to UPW were used as solvents. Metal content in each exposed, unexeposed leaves and rinsing solvent was measured with ICPMS. Element leaching (K, Zn, Fe) was used to discuss rinsing related damages on leaves. NPs and NPs aggregates were observed on leaves using Scanning electron microscope (SEM). For more detailed informations see the Materiel & Method section of the article.

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