Zoology

The data of prevalence and intensity of blood parasite for six bisexual and parthenogenetic lizards from zone of sympatry

The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (cox1) were sequenced and analyzed among 710 samples representing 88 geographic locations. 205 haplotypes of cox1 were identified. Four clades with 12 subclades were identified. Dating analyses from 3 calibrations supported that the divergence of the 4 clades happened in the Oligocene -Miocene (30.54-13.66 million years ago)

Sheet 1: Application of Kagurasho’s method (Kagurasho, M., Yamada, S., Uwabe, C., Kose, K., Takakuwa, T., 2012. Movement of the external ear in human embryo. Head Face Med. 8, 2.) to the little owl data in a lateral view. The center of the anatomical coordinate system was defined by the condylus occipitalis. The Y-axis crossed the pituitary gland. The X-axis was arranged orthogonally. Sheet 2: Application of Kagurasho’s method (Kagurasho, M., Yamada, S., Uwabe, C., Kose, K., Takakuwa, T., 2012. Movement of the external ear in human embryo. Head Face Med. 8, 2.) to the little owl data in a frontal view. The center of the anatomical coordinate system was defined by the condylus occipitalis. The Y-axis crossed the pituitary gland. The X-axis was arranged orthogonally. Sheet 3: Maximum and orthogonal diameters of the ear openings of little owls. The area and eccentricity were calculated from these diameters.

Average monthly field temperatures of tuatara between 2008 and 2011 on Stephens Island/takapourewa, New Zealand.

The document shows coordinates measured with an anatomical coordinate system based on Kagurasho et al. (2012). Measurements were taken in embryos of the American barn owl (Tyto furcata pratincola). The embryos were in different developmental stages. Staging followed Köppl et al. (2005). Embryos are from the collection of the Institute for Biology 2 at RWTH Aachen University. Embryo ID is given.

Microsatellite genotypes of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from the island of North Uist, UK.

The transfer of immunity from parents to offspring (trans-generational immune priming (TGIP)) boosts offspring immune defence and parasite resistance. TGIP is usually a maternal trait. However, if fathers have a physical connection to their offspring, and if offspring are born in the paternal parasitic environment, evolution of paternal TGIP can become adaptive. In Syngnathus typhle, a sex-role reversed pipefish with male pregnancy, both parents invest into offspring immune defence. To connect TGIP with parental investment, we need to know how parents share the task of TGIP, whether TGIP is asymmetrically distributed between the parents, and how the maternal and paternal effects interact in case of biparentalTGIP. We experimentally investigated the strength and differences but also the costs of maternal and paternal contribution, and their interactive biparental influence on offspring immune defence through-out offspring maturation. To disentangle maternal and paternal influences, two different bacteria were used in a fully reciprocal design for parental and offspring exposure. In offspring, we measured gene expression of 29 immune genes, 15 genes associated with epigenetic regulation, immune cell activity and life-history traits. We identified asymmetric maternal and paternal immune priming with a dominating,long-lasting paternal effect. We could not detect an additive adaptive biparental TGIP impact. However, biparental TGIP harbours additive costs as shown in delayed sexual maturity. Epigenetic regulation may play a role both in maternal and paternal TGIP.