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This prospective study was conducted at the Jinan Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, China, from January 2021 to May 2023. The characteristics of all the participants were collected, and their pelvic floor function was tested by electromyography (EMG) at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Participants also completed the questionnaires. Diagnostic criteria: Patients with urinary discharge when sneezing, coughing, laughing, or lifting heavy objects were classified as having symptoms of stress incontinence with urinary tract infection ruled out ≥3 times during the 42-day postpartum visit.

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