Dataset#1 The sedentary pastoralism at the turn of the III–II millennium BC in the Southern Trans-Urals based on archaeozoological materials of the settlement Kamennyi Ambar
Description
The dataset contains primary data, the measurements of the bones of livestock, a list of all pathologies and the size of bones with pathologies, as well as a list of bone products. The dataset is part of the article ""The sedentary pastoralism at the turn of the III–II millennium BC in the Southern Trans-Urals based on archaeozoological materials of the settlement Kamennyi Ambar"". The work is devoted to the analysis of archaezooological material of one of two dozen fortified settlements of the Middle Bronze Age, which are located in a compact group in the steppe zone on the border of Russia and Kazakhstan. The early construction horizons of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement are associated with Sintashta culture. The second stage of the functioning of the settlement is associated with the Srubno-Alakul period. Due to the strong mixing of the layers, animal husbandry of the inhabitants of the settlement is considered in the period from 2100–1700 cal BC. The purpose of the article is to clarify a number of aspects of livestock farming and the reconstruction of some issues that previously either were not considered, or were of a hypothetical nature. Sources of work are an extensive archaezooological collection from several excavations of the settlement and data on the characteristics of bone material from modern enclosures in the Karagaily-Ayat river valley. This includes osteological markers of summer enclosures, pathologies of modern livestock, data on osteophagia of domestic ungulates, and results of observation of modern livestock grazing. Bones from the Kamennyi Ambar settlement and modern enclosures were analyzed using standard and generally accepted archaezooological methods. An analysis of the archaeozoological collection has confirmed the pastoralist character of the settlement throughout its existence. The inhabitants of the settlement complexly exploited cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Paleopathological analysis allows you to reconstruct the possible working exploitation of bulls, but there is no reason for a horse to make such a conclusion. A number of direct and indirect evidence allows us to consider this archaeological site under study the year-round inhabited settlement of settled cattle breeders. Collectives of the Kamennyi Ambar actively exploited the resources of the valley within a radius of 15 km. Favorable conditions of the Karagaily-Ayat river valley made it possible to switch to a settled model of animal husbandry and supposedly improve the dimensional characteristics of livestock. The houses of the settlement were used as a stall not only in winter, but probably in summer.