Digital-Real Integration and Urban Export Resilience in Emerging Economies
Description
The data for all variables are drawn from multiple sources, including the Patent Application Database, the China City Statistical Yearbook, various provincial statistical yearbooks and statistical bulletins, and the EPS data platform. For observations with missing values, we apply linear interpolation to complete the dataset. Table 4-2 presents the descriptive statistics for all variables. (1) Dependent Variable For export resilience, this study adopts the composite indicator approach. (2) Explanatory Variable For digital–real integration (DRI), this study employs the patent co-classification method. (3) Mediating Variables This study selects the factor allocation optimization (Fao), regional innovation (Ino), and entrepreneurship activity (Act) as mediating variables. Factor allocation efficiency is measured following Liu (2023), who uses the degree of factor market distortion estimated from a Cobb–Douglas production function as a proxy for factor allocation efficiency. Regional innovation is measured following Shang et al. (2024), who use the weighted sum of patent applications—with weights of 0.5 for invention patents, 0.3 for utility model patents, and 0.2 for design patents—to construct a composite measure of regional innovation, accounting for the potential lag in patent grants. Entrepreneurship activity is measured following Bai et al. (2022), who use the self-employment rate of the urban workforce, defined as the ratio of private and individual employees to the total regional population. (4) Control Variables Following Jin and Guan (2024) and Dai et al. (2023), this study selects the following control variables: urban economic development level (Pgdp), education expenditure level (Edu), financial development level (Fin), commodity market development degree (Cus), and human capital level (Stu). Urban economic development level is measured by real per capita GDP; education expenditure level is measured by the ratio of education expenditure to GDP; financial development level is measured by the ratio of total deposits and loans of financial institutions to GDP; and commodity market development degree is measured by the ratio of total retail sales of consumer goods to GDP.
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Institutions
- Ningbo UniversityZhejiang, Ningbo