Pollution Assessment of Untreated Textile and Dye-Intermediate Wastewater in Ahmedabad Industrial Estate, Gujarat, India: Implications for Water Quality Management for Effective Treatment Strategies
Description
Our study focused on characterizing the physicochemical properties of untreated textile and dye-intermediate effluents from Ahmedabad Industrial Estate, Gujarat, India. This crucial pre-treatment assessment helps us understand the pollution levels and environmental impact of these industrial wastewaters and ensures regulatory compliance. We comprehensively tested various parameters to determine their environmental footprint. Beyond measuring the particulate and dissolved matter through Total Solids (TS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), we also assessed pH (indicating acidity or alkalinity), turbidity, and colour (revealing suspended particles and dyes). Other vital metrics included Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), which quantifies organic pollutants, along with levels of nitrate, ammoniacal nitrogen, sulphate, and chloride, helping us in pinpointing specific contaminants and salts. Monitoring these characteristics is paramount for evaluating pollution and upholding water quality standards. For sample collection, we gathered textile and dye-intermediate industrial effluent directly from discharge points in 10-liter plastic containers. These containers were rigorously cleaned with distilled water, then rinsed with the sample water itself before being filled, leaving a small air gap, and finally sealed with airtight lids. The collected samples were subsequently transported to the Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research & Testing (SICART) for detailed physicochemical examination. We analysed the various physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater using standard procedures from Indian Standards (IS), American Public Health Association (APHA), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Our findings revealed that the textile and dye-intermediate wastewater exhibited a pH range of 6 to 7.4. Turbidity levels were recorded at 554 NTU and 188 NTU, with colour measurements reaching 3462 Pt. Co. and 1090 Pt. Co. Total Solids (TS) ranged from 3042 to 3396 mg/l, while Total Suspended Solids (TSS) were between 632 and 146 mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) fell within the range of 2410 to 3250 mg/l. Chloride levels were found to be 299.90 and 499.84 mg/l. Furthermore, ammoniacal nitrogen and nitrate levels were 8.44 - 34 mg/l and 101.8 - 608.8 mg/l, respectively. Sulphate levels ranged between 295 and 608 mg/l. Notably, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), a critical indicator of organic pollution, was remarkably high, ranging from 4800 to 8800 mg/l. Based on these significant findings, it is imperative to implement various treatment techniques, such as oxidation processes (like Fenton and photo-Fenton) and enzymatic treatment, to effectively reduce the severe wastewater pollution originating from these industrial sectors in Ahmedabad Industrial Estate, Gujarat, India.
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Sample Collection: Raw textile and dye-intermediate industrial effluents were collected directly from the discharge points within the Ahmedabad Industrial Estate. The collection utilized 10-liter plastic containers. To prevent contamination, these containers underwent a rigorous cleaning process: first being washed with distilled water, then rinsed thoroughly with the specific sample water at the site before final collection. Samples were filled leaving a small air gap to accommodate thermal expansion and sealed with airtight lids to maintain the integrity of volatile or reactive components. Transportation and Handling: All collected samples were promptly transported to the Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research & Testing (SICART) for analysis. Maintaining a controlled chain of custody and temperature during transit was essential for accurate physicochemical examination. Analytical Procedures: The wastewater was analyzed using standard, globally recognized procedures. These included methodologies from: Indian Standards (IS), American Public Health Association (APHA), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Specific Methodology per Parameter: pH: Measured using Potentiometry. Turbidity: Determined using the Nephelometric method. Color: Quantified via the Platinum-Cobalt method. Solids (TS, TSS, TDS): Analyzed using Gravimetric methods, involving drying and weighing filtered and unfiltered samples. COD: Measured using the Open Reflux method to quantify the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content. Chloride: Assessed via the Argentometric titration method. Nitrogen Compounds: Ammoniacal Nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method, and Nitrate was measured using Phenol Disulphonic Acid (PDA). Sulphate: Measured using the Turbidimetric method.
Institutions
- The Charutar Vidya Mandal (CVM) UniversityGujarat, Vallabh Vidyanagar