Food Restriction Patterns and Their Association with Growth and Nutrition in Chinese Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis
Description
Supplementary Legends Supplementary Figures Legends Supplementary Figure 1. Status of food restriction and food sensitization among children and adolescents with AD. (A) The overall mismatch rate between food sensitization and food restriction. The left section indicates the presence of food sensitization, while the right section shows whether food restriction was implemented. (B) Prevalence and food-specific patterns of food restrictions. The left panel lists various food items; the right panel indicates the corresponding restriction status for each food. (C) Prevalence and food-specific patterns of allergic sensitization. The left panel displays food categories; the right panel shows the sensitization status for each food. Food sensitization was defined based on specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) testing to food allergens. Serum allergen-sIgE levels were measured using the ImmunoCAP system (Phadia). Food restriction was determined based on self- or caregiver-reported dietary avoidance practices. Supplementary Figure 2. Association of food restriction with nutritional status in pediatric AD. (A) Serum albumin, hematocrit, and hemoglobin levels. (B) Serum electrolyte and mineral levels (potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium). (C) Serum sodium and chloride levels. ns, not significant; *P < 0.05, ***P<0.001. Supplementary Figure 3. Association of food restriction duration and number of restricted food items with growth in children and adolescents with AD. (A) Differences in height z-scores, weight z-scores, and body mass index (BMI) z-scores across groups with varying durations of food restriction. (B) Height, weight, and BMI z-scores across groups with varying numbers of restricted food items. All z-scores are standardized for age and sex. ns, not significant; ***P<0.001. Supplementary Tables Legends Supplementary Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the AD patients in food restriction group and non-food restriction group Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index. Bold indicates significant values (P<0.05). Supplementary Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the AD patients in food restriction group and non-food restriction group (matched) Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index. Supplementary Table 3. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the factors associated with differences in the degree of food restriction Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; CI, Confidence Interval; OR, Odds Ratio. *Moderate food restriction is defined as a restriction duration of ≤3 months and a restriction of ≤2 types of food. All other types of food restriction are classified as excessive food restriction. Bold indicates significant values (P<0.05).
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Data were collected between July 2024 and July 2025 at the Dermatology Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Jinan, China). Children and adolescents aged 2–18 years who met the Hanifin-Rajka diagnostic criteria for atopic dermatitis (AD) were enrolled after obtaining informed consent. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were taken using an RGZ-160 digital scale (precision 0.1 kg and 0.1 cm). AD severity was assessed using the Patient-Oriented Eczema Measure (POEM). Serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels were measured using the ImmunoCAP system (Phadia), with sensitization defined as sIgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L. Demographic, clinical, and food restriction data were collected via researcher-administered face-to-face questionnaires. All statistical analyses were performed using R software (version 4.4.3).
Institutions
- Shandong UniversityShandong, Jinan
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and VenereologyShandong, Jinan