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Soil samples for the analysis of soil carbon and edaphic factors
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After air-drying, these soil samples were subsequently passed through 2 mm sieves in preparation for the analysis of soil carbon and edaphic factors. Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC, S/cm) were analyzed using the Multiparameter Analyzer (SevenExcellence S470-BIO, Mettler Toledo, USA). Soil anions and cations, including Fluoride ion (F-), Chloride ion (Cl-), Nitrate ion (NO3-, mg/L), Sulfate ion (SO42-, mg/L), Sodium ion (Na+, mg/L), Kalium ion (K+, mg/L), Calcium ion (Ca2+, mg/L), and Magnesium ion (Mg2+, mg/L) were analyzed using an ion chromatography system (ICS-2500, Dionex Corporation, USA). Soil nutrient content including total phosphorus (TP, g/kg), total kalium (TK, g/kg), available phosphorus (AP, mg/kg), and available kalium (AK, mg/kg) were analyzed using the Olsen’s Method. The content of soil total carbon (STC, g/kg) and total nitrogen (TN, g/kg) were analyzed by a C/N element analyzer (CN802, VELP, Italy). The SOC (g/kg) was quantified using the potassium permanganate method with external heating. Subsequently, the SIC (g/kg) was calculated by subtracting SOC from STC (Yu et al., 2024). Soil moisture content (SMC, %) was measured using the gravimetric method by oven-drying at 105°C for 48 hours. Bulk density (BD, g/cm3) was measured using ring excavation with a constant volume, 100 cm3. Soil particle size was analyzed using a laser particle analyzer (Mastersizer 3000, Malvern Company, UK), after which the percentage of Clay (< 0.002 mm, %), Silt (0.002~0.05 mm, %) and Sand (0.05~2 mm, %) were classified and plotted based on Soil Texture Triangle following USDA standard (Fig. S1).