The characteristics of an archaeological site related to the production of Korean bronze bells through the analysis of slag and soil
Description
Fig 1. Bell casting remains found in Korea and Japan: a) archaeological site in Hasachang-dong, Hanam; b) Gameunsa Temple in Gyeongju; c) Bongeopsa Temple in Anseong; d) archaeological site in Yaksa-dong, Ulsan 1; e) archaeological site in Yaksa-dong, Ulsan 2; and f) bell casting remains in Japan Fig 2. a) Location of Seocheon and a map of major cities in South Korea; b) Drawing of the casting workshop site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon. Fig 3. Casting mold found in a workshop at the Singeom-ri, Seocheon archeological site Fig. 4 Bronze slag and soil samples excavated from the archaeological site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon Fig. 5 X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of slag excavated from the Singeom-ri archaeological site (Cu: cuprite, Ca: cassiterite, Q: quartz, Ma: malachite) Fig. 6 a) Metallurgical microscopic image of SC-1 metal prill and tin oxide on the vitrified matrix; b) metallurgical microscopic image of SC-2 metal prill and tin oxide on the vitrified matrix; c) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of SC-1 slag with SnO2 crystal (Cs) and bronze prill (Br); d) SEM image of SC-2 slag with acicular tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) crystal (Cs) and bronze prill (Br); and e) Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) mapping image of SC-2 Fig. 7 a) Reduction of a bronze structure observed in SC-3 microscopic metallurgical image; b) α phase and eutectic phase (α+δ) observed in the microscopic metallurgical image of SC-4; c) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of SC-3 with observed α and eutectic phases, and chlorine (Cl) detected in the corroded eutectic phase; d) SEM image of SC-4 α and eutectic phases Fig. 8 a) Map of zones according to the lead isotope ratio of galenas in South Korea; b) comparison of lead isotope ratios of slag samples and galenas in South Korea Fig. 9 a) Location of the archaeological site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon, and excavation sites of Korean bronze bells; and b) a comparison of the distribution of lead isotope ratio of slag samples and galenas of bronze bells in South Korea. Table 1 Composition of Korean bronze bells Table 2 Bell casting remains in Korea Table 3 Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WD-XRF) analysis of slag samples SC-1 and 2 from the archaeological site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon Table 4 Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (WD-XRF) analysis of slag samples SC-3 and 4 from the archaeological site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon Table 5 Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) analysis of SC-3 and SC-4 Table 6 Lead isotope ratio of the slag found at the archaeological site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon Table 7 Analysis of soil samples from bell foundry remains at the archaeological site in Singeom-ri, Seocheon