Light-Adapted Electroretinogram and Oscillatory Potentials (LEOPs) Dataset for Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Individuals

Description

The LEOPs (Light-ERG-Oscillatory Potentials) dataset provides light-adapted electroretinogram (ERG) and oscillatory potentials (OPs) waveforms recorded from children and adolescents diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ASD with co-occurring Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ASD + ADHD), and typically developing (TD) controls. Data were collected at two sites: Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia and University College London, United Kingdom, using the RETeval handheld device with skin electrodes. The dataset comprises 5309 averaged ERG waveforms and 4434 OPs waveforms from 253 participants (157 TD, 75 ASD, 21 ASD + ADHD) across three stimulus protocols: - 9-step protocol: 4,246 waveforms (173 participants) from a randomised nine-flash-strength series (12–446 Td.s) describing the photopic hill luminance–response function, with 60 averages per flash strength. - 2-step protocol: 415 waveforms (61 participants) at two flash strengths (113 and 446 Td.s) with an extended recording window (50 ms baseline, 0–170 ms), with 30 averages. - LA3 protocol: 648 waveforms (217 participants) at the ISCEV standard Light-Adapted 3 cd.s.m⁻² flash (85 Td.s), with 30 averages. The dataset folder contains three items: 1. LEOPs_dataset.xlsx — Excel spreadsheet with five worksheets. Three waveform sheets (9_step, 2_step, LA3) store per-recording metadata and paired time–amplitude arrays (ms, µV) for each ERG and, where available, OPs waveform. Two participant sheets provide a tabular summary of demographics, stimulus parameters, and time-domain features. Per-waveform metadata includes: diagnostic group, diagnosis confidence, site, age, sex, electrode position, medication status, clinical scores (FSIQ, ASD severity, CARS), iris colour ratio, test date/time, tested eye, flash strength, and ERG features (a-wave and b-wave amplitude and implicit time, summed OPs). 2. jsons/ — 253 structured JSON files (one per participant) designed for machine learning workflows. Each file aggregates all recordings across protocols under a single participant identifier, with participant-level demographics and per-recording waveforms, metadata, and features. 3. ImagesERG/ — 558 PNG eye images (278 right eye, 279 left eye) from 244 participants, showing the RETeval skin electrode position relative to the lower eyelid. Electrode position has been subjectively graded (+1, 0, −1, −2 relative to the manufacturer's recommended height). Images are cross-referenced in both the Excel and JSON files. Keywords: electroretinogram, ERG, oscillatory potentials, autism spectrum disorder, ASD, ADHD, retina, biomarker, light-adapted, photopic hill, machine learning, RETeval, skin electrode, paediatric

Institutions

• Flinders University

  South Australia, Adelaide
• Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust

  England, London
• University College London

  England, London
• Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg

  Bavaria, Erlangen

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