The Effects of AI-Supported Programming Environments and Pair Programming Role Strategy on Secondary School Students’ Learning Outcomes

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AI integration in coding education is growing fast. Yet, existing research has largely focused on human-AI or individual learning, with limited attention to human-human-AI collaboration and role strategy. This study employed a 2 (AI support: yes/no) × 2 (role strategy: fixed/rotating) between-subjects design involving 198 junior high school students over an 8-week programming course. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine students’ learning outcomes, and structural equation modeling was employed to test the mediating roles of cognitive load, programming anxiety, and computational thinking.

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