International Journal for Parasitology

The single-celled parasite Giardia intestinalis (Diplomonadida) has two equally sized nuclei in one cell. The nuclei have been considered identical. We have previously shown that they contain different chromosomal sets and proceed through the cell cycle with some asynchrony. Here, we demonstrate by fluorescence in situ hybridization that several genes from chromosome 5 are lost in one of the two nuclei of the WBc6 Giardia line. The lacking segment stretches over at least 50 kb near the 5´ chromosome end. In both WB and WBc6 Giardia cell lines, chromosome 5 is trisomic in one nucleus and monosomic in the other nucleus. The described chromosomal deletion has always been observed at the monosomic chromosome in WBc6; however, the deletion was not detected in the parent line WB. The chromosomal segment was thus initially lost after biological cloning of WB, which gave rise to clone WBc6. We show that Giardia is capable of carrying out gene expression from only one nucleus. The two nuclei display a certain level of diversity, making each of them irreplaceable. The doubled karyomastigonts of diplomonads likely have separate functions both in the mastigont/flagellar organization and in chromosomal and gene content. Our results offer the first methodical approach to differentiating the two, so far indistinguishable nuclei.

Complete cox1 gene sequences for Metagonimus suifunensis from Russia

Supplementary files of Avian malaria on Madagascar: Prevalence, biodiversity and specialization of haemosporidian parasites Abstract: Previous studies about geographic patterns of species diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites did not include the avian biodiversity hotspot Madagascar. Since there are only few data available on avian malaria parasites on Madagascar we conducted the first large-scale molecular based study to investigate their biodiversity. 1,067 samples of 55 bird species were examined by a PCR method amplifying nearly the whole haemosporidian cytochrome b gene (1,063 bp). The parasite lineages found were further characterized phylogenetically and additionally the degree of specialization was determined with a newly introduced "Host-diversity" index (Hd). Our results demonstrate that Madagascar indeed represents a biodiversity hotspot for avian haemosporidian parasites as we detected 88 genetically distinct parasite lineages. Furthermore, by using a phylogenetic approach and including the sequence divergence we were able to assign the lineages to 29 groups i.e. supposed species. The here presented Hd-values for each parasite regarding host species, genus and family strongly support previous works demonstrating the elastic host ranges of some avian Haemosporida. In general, Plasmodium and Leucocytozoon species seem to be generalists whereas Haemoproteus species might be considered specialists. However, as demonstrated in various examples, single parasite species or lineages can deviate from this rule and should be examined individually.

Supplementary Table S1 includes data for all sequences of Myxobolidae analyzed in the study (Species name; GenBank AccNos; References; Site of infection; Host fish species; Fish order; Geography, Biogeography; Environment). SSU rDNA alignment - alignment of SSUrDNA sequences of Myxobolidae (Myxozoa) analyzed in the study.

Raw data files for the dose experiment, resource weight experiment, and mite reproduction experiment. Burying beetles with Poecilochirus carabi mites (dose, resource value) or only mites (mite reproduction experiments) were set up for reproduction with different mite doses (mite_dose) and carrion of different weight (carcass_weight; only resource value experiment). Readout variables: mite_offspring: number of mite offspring individuals that developed (deuteronymphs) beetle_offpring_no: number of beetle offspring (pupae) beetle_brood_weight_µg: sum of the weight of all beetle pupae in µg

Raw morphometric data used for descriptions and comparisons, R code file for PCA (plus .csv files used which were generated from the raw morphometric file), and 28S sequence alignment.

These files here are supporting data for the manuscript "Meloidogyne incognita (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae) sterol-binding protein Mi-sbp-1 as a target for its management". Supporting Information Legends Supporting Information 1: Supplementary figures 1 to 4. Supplementary figure 1- Amplification and copy number analysis of M. incognita Mi-sbp-1 gene Supplementary figure 2- The RNAi construct of Mi-sbp-1 for in-planta validation Supplementary figure 3- PCR confirmation of RNAi constructs of Mi-sbp-1 in tobacco transgenic events (T0) Supplementary figure 4- Detection of Mi-sbp-1 expression in T1 tobacco plants by qRT-PCR and effect of HIGS (host induced gene silencing) on transcript abundance of Mi-sbp-1 gene in feeding females. Supporting Information 2: A list of all the differentially expressed genes between dsRNA fed (FD) and starved (ST) nematode J2s as compared to control (FR) J2s, and information on genes of carbon and fat metabolism pathways as determined by the RNA-Seq experiment. The qRT PCR validation of expression of the selected carbon and fat metabolism pathway genes is also provided. Supporting information 3: A list of important pathways differentially expressed between dsRNA fed (FD) and starved (ST) nematode J2s as compared to control (FR) J2s, as identified by the GO-Elite analysis of the RNA-Seq experiment.

This dataset supplements the Material and Methods section of the paper "The Leishmania donovani species complex: a new insight into taxonomy". It includes the codes and data used to perform the SH test on PAUP* v 4.0a165, as well as the codes, raw data and matrices used to perform the Mantel test on the package ade4 of R software.

Of anthropogenic methane emissions 40% can be attributed to agriculture, a majority of which is from enteric fermentation in livestock. With international commitments to tackle drivers of climate change, there is a need to lower global methane emissions from livestock production. Gastrointestinal helminths (parasitic worms) are globally ubiquitous and represent one of the most pervasive challenges to the health and productivity of grazing livestock. These parasites influence a number of factors affecting methane emissions including feed efficiency, nutrient use, and production traits. However their effects on methane emissions are unknown. This is the first study that empirically demonstrates disease-driven increases in methane yield in livestock (grams of CH4 per kg of dry matter intake). We do this by measuring methane emissions (in respiration chambers), dry matter intake (DMI), and production parameters for parasitised and parasite-free lambs. This study shows that parasite infections in lambs can lead to a 33% increase in methane yield (g CH4/kg DMI). This knowledge will facilitate more accurate calculations of the true environmental costs of parasitism in livestock, and reveals the potential benefits of mitigating emission through controlling parasite burdens.

Supplementary Figure S1 and Tables S1-4 for manuscript entitled "Patterns of parasite distribution in the hybrids of non-congeneric cyprinid fish species: is asymmetry in parasite infection the result of limited coadaptation? " by Krasnovyd V, Vetešník L, Gettová L, Civáňová K and Šimková A published in International Journal for Parasitology