Engineering

This is a demo video that shows the process of the in-situ laser machining.

Structural intervention is to restore and/or upgrade mechanical performances of structures. There are many methods for structural intervention for concrete structures, whose structural materials and structural details are often different from those in existing structures to be intervened. Not only concrete and steel, which are typical materials for concrete structures, but also fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), cementitious materials with fibers and polymers and adhesives are often applied for structural intervention. There are various fibers and polymers used for interventions. The prediction method for structural performance of concrete structures are based on mechanical properties of concrete and steel. Stress-strain relationship of steel is unique in comparison with other materials, which is characterized with the yielding point and high fracturing strain. In order to predict structural performance, therefore, we need to develop generic method applicable to not only steel but also other materials. The generic model can tell us what would be the mechanical property to make the structural performance better. External bonding, which is a typical scheme for structural intervention, is not for new structures. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the material properties and structural details to achieve better bonding strength at interface between substrate concrete and externally bonded material. This paper presents the mechanical property of substrate concrete and intervention material; (1) to achieve better shear strength and ultimate deformation of member after structural intervention, and (2) to achieve better debonding strength for external bonding. Some of the mechanical properties and structural details necessary for better structural performance for structures with structural intervention are different and new from those for structures without intervention. For example, high strength and stiffness are properties for materials in structures without structural intervention, while high fracturing strain and low stiffness are properties for structural intervention materials.

Novalesa municipality (NW Italy) historical official census data (years 1861-2016) by the Italian institute of Statistics

Supplementary material A includes the mathematical models of the total water network optimization, and the data for the case study. Supplementary material B presents the full calculations of contaminants removal processes.

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