Journal of Food Engineering

The consistent and slow flow rate of granular materials through a small diameter orifice (D) at the centre of the bottom of a hopper is difficult to obtain when D is less than 5 times the characteristic seed size. Rotation of the bottom in the horizontal plane with the location of the orifice at an off-center distance (R) from the center of hopper can sustain controlled flow rates even at small D. In this study, a simple feeding system has been developed to discharge roasted makhana seeds of different sizes (7.48-12.40 mm diameter) to maintain 10-30 kg.h-1 consistent flow rate. The feeding system consists of a rotating orifice plate at an off-center distance placed inside a pipe connected with the bottom of a trapezoidal hopper. The effects of rotation rate (ω), D, and R on the mass flow rates of makhana seeds of different sizes have been investigated. The discharge of seeds did not take place when the orifice remains stationary. The mass flow rate increased with the increase in ω, D and R. Finite mass flow rates in the range of 2.25-29.81 kg.h-1 were obtained for all size of seeds at varying D (15-20 mm), R (20-30 mm), and ω (0.52-7.86 rad.s-1). The mass flow rates >30 kg.h-1 were obtained for D ≥ 25 mm, however, finite flow rate ranges may not be obtained for all seed sizes at R ≥20 mm. The discharge was in funnel flow regime for all the values of D, R, ω and seed sizes due to the geometry of the hopper and feeding system. The existing Beverloo equation was not appropriate to describe the mass flow rate adequately for the developed system and therefore modified using a function similar to the Froude number to describe the mass flow rate satisfactorily. The developed feeding system performed well in feeding makhana seeds of different sizes and maintained finite mass flow rates.

All raw data from HPLC, DSC and Rheometry which was exported and processed in Excel files.

Lab-scale data: "Initial membrane rig trials" Pilot-scale data: "1.4 µm large scale"

In the spreadsheet is experimental RO data which was used to develop a batch RO model for the concentration of maple sap into maple syrup. The spreadsheet then uses this model to simulate the economic concentration for RO indicating at what stage evaporation should be used to get to the final sucrose concentration required. The costing parameters are based off New Zealand data which will differ for other regions in the world.

Raw data and modeling analysis

Rheological and tribological data discussed in this study.

Tribological, DSC, and XRD data of cocoa butter, palm oil, and anhydrous milk fat crystallized under various conditions.

This article contains dataset regarding to apple juice freeze concentration, including freezing point depression, concentration ratio, and ice fraction, ice/concentrate partition coefficient of sugar, juice concentration, vitamin C and aromatic substance changes of apple juice before and after freeze concentration. Visualization data on ice accumulation, ice bed development and consolidation in the crystallizer/wash-column of the freeze concentrator is presented as appendix materials. These data refer to the companion research article “Concentration of Apple Juice with an Intelligent Freeze Concentrator”.

Cereal processing industry removes the fibrous tissues from kernels via abrasive milling, but this tends to remove part of the valuable endosperm components as well.Therefore, endosperm recovery from such abraded barley malt material (53% endosperm and 47% husk) was evaluated for three dry separation technologies.Electrostatic separation recovered 25% of the endosperm at 85% purity and this recovery increased to 39% in a second run, which indicated potential to further improve the setup.Increasingly finer sieves removed up to 40% of the husk with little endosperm loss, but further husk removal up to 95% by the finest sieve reduced the endosperm yield to 54% due to decreasing differences in smallest diameter between the endosperm and husk particles.Air classification outperformed sieving by yielding 71% of the endosperm while removing 95% of the husk, and further, less selective air classification steps could yield up to 94% of the endosperm while still removing 59% of the husk.Moreover, such additional air classification steps currently recovered residual endosperm particles more selectively than electrostatic separation after an initial air classification.Overall, air classification after abrasive milling increased the removal of insoluble matter from malted barley kernels.The loss of soluble endosperm components remained similar to the loss as observed in a single abrasive milling step.

Cereal processing industry removes the fibrous tissues from kernels via abrasive milling, but this tends to remove part of the valuable endosperm components as well.Therefore, endosperm recovery from such abraded barley malt material (53% endosperm and 47% husk) was evaluated for three dry separation technologies.Electrostatic separation recovered 25% of the endosperm at 85% purity and this recovery increased to 39% in a second run, which indicated potential to further improve the setup.Increasingly finer sieves removed up to 40% of the husk with little endosperm loss, but further husk removal up to 95% by the finest sieve reduced the endosperm yield to 54% due to decreasing differences in smallest diameter between the endosperm and husk particles.Air classification outperformed sieving by yielding 71% of the endosperm while removing 95% of the husk, and further, less selective air classification steps could yield up to 94% of the endosperm while still removing 59% of the husk.Moreover, such additional air classification steps currently recovered residual endosperm particles more selectively than electrostatic separation after an initial air classification.Overall, air classification after abrasive milling increased the removal of insoluble matter from malted barley kernels.The loss of soluble endosperm components remained similar to the loss as observed in a single abrasive milling step.